Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Soon-Jung Park"

Brief Communication

Identification and confirmation of SUMOylation-modified proteins in Giardia trophozoites: Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):264-271.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25023

Abstract
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Posttranslational modification by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is one of the crucial cellular processes in Giardia lamblia, a protozoan pathogen. In this study, 5 candidate SUMO substrate proteins of G. lamblia trophozoites were chosen based on their enrichment through affinity chromatography using a SUMO-interaction motif: never in mitosis A-related kinase (NEK), aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidase (AHD), protein disulfide isomerase 2 (PDI2), alcohol dehydrogenase 3, and ornithine carbamoyltransferase. Transgenic Giardia trophozoites expressing 1 of the 5 candidate SUMO substrate proteins were constructed, and their expression was confirmed by western blot using hemagglutinin-tag. Arginine deiminase (ADI) protein was expressed in Giardia trophozoites as a positive control. Cell extracts were processed for affinity chromatography using SUMO-interaction motif resin. As expected, the SUMOylated form of ADI was detected in the affinity chromatography extracts of ADI-expressing cells. Among the 5 candidate proteins, SUMOylated forms of NEK, AHD, and PDI2 were identified in the affinity chromatography extracts. These results suggest that NEK, AHD, and PDI2 activity is modulated via SUMOylation in Giardia trophozoites.

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Original Articles

Giardia intraflagellar transport protein 88 is involved in flagella formation: Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):12-24.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24064

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles, a multi-protein apparatus composed of complex A and B, are known to be involved in homeostasis of flagella formation. IFT particles have recently become an interesting topic in Giardia lamblia, which has 4 pairs of flagella. In this experiment, we examined the function of giardial IFT components. When 7 components (IFT121, 140, 20, 46, 52, 81, and 88) of IFT were expressed in Giardia trophozoites as a tagged form with mNeonGreen, all of them were found in both flagella pores and cytoplasmic axonemes. In addition, motor proteins for IFT particles (kinesin-13 and kinesin-2b), were localized to a median body and cytoplasmic flagella, respectively. The CRISPRi-mediated knockdown of IFT88 significantly affected the lengths of all 4 flagella compared to the control cells, Giardia expressing dead Cas9 using control guide RNA. Decreased expression of kinesin-2b also resulted in shortening of flagella, excluding the ventral flagella. Live Giardia cells expressing IFT88-mNeonGreen clearly demonstrated fluorescence in flagella pores and cytoplasmic axonemes. These results on IFT88 and kinesin-2b indicate that IFT complex plays a role in maintenance of G. lamblia flagella.

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Identification and confirmation of SUMOylation-modified proteins in Giardia trophozoites
Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 264. CrossRef

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Kinesin-13, a Motor Protein, is Regulated by Polo-like Kinase in Giardia lamblia: Eun-Ah Park, Juri Kim, Mee Young Shin, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(3):163-172.
Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.3.163

Kinesin-13 (Kin-13), a depolymerizer of microtubule (MT), has been known to affect the length of Giardia. Giardia Kin-13 (GlKin-13) was localized to axoneme, flagellar tips, and centrosomes, where phosphorylated forms of Giardia polo-like kinase (GlPLK) were distributed. We observed the interaction between GlKin-13 and GlPLK via co-immunoprecipitation using transgenic Giardia cells expressing Myc-tagged GlKin-13, hemagglutinin-tagged GlPLK, and in vitro-synthesized GlKin-13 and GlPLK proteins. In vitro-synthesized GlPLK was demonstrated to auto-phosphorylate and phosphorylate GlKin-13 upon incubation with [γ-³²P]ATP. Morpholino-mediated depletion of both GlKin-13 and GlPLK caused an extension of flagella and a decreased volume of median bodies in Giardia trophozoites. Our results suggest that GlPLK plays a pertinent role in formation of flagella and median bodies by modulating MT depolymerizing activity of GlKin-13.

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Giardia intraflagellar transport protein 88 is involved in flagella formation
Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(1): 12. CrossRef
In silico characterisation of a mitotic kinesin-related protein from Leishmania donovani KE16
Suad Gazi AL Kufi, Amjed Qays Ibrahim Alqaisi, Mohammad Mahmoud Farhan Al- Halbosiy, Ikhlass Ali Hussain AlHilaly
Asia Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology.2025; : 62. CrossRef
Optimization of 18 S rRNA metabarcoding for the simultaneous diagnosis of intestinal parasites
Dongjun Kang, Jun Ho Choi, Myungjun Kim, Sohyeon Yun, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Tai-Soon Yong, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin, Ju Yeong Kim
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Functional Differentiation of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Giardia lamblia
Juri Kim, Eun-Ah Park, Mee Young Shin, Soon-Jung Park, Björn F. C. Kafsack
Microbiology Spectrum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Tubulin as a potential molecular target for resveratrol in Giardia lamblia trophozoites, in vitro and in silico approaches
José Roberto Vargas-Villanueva, Filiberto Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Mariana Garza-Ontiveros, Sendar Daniel Nery-Flores, Lizeth Guadalupe Campos-Múzquiz, Dagoberto Vazquez-Obregón, Raul Rodriguez-Herrera, Lissethe Palomo-Ligas
Acta Tropica.2023; 248: 107026. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Functional Identification of a Nuclear Localization Signal of MYB2 Protein in Giardia lamblia: Juri Kim, Mee Young Shin, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):675-679.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.675

MYB2 protein was identified as a transcription factor that showed encystation-induced expression in Giardia lamblia. Although nuclear import is essential for the functioning of a transcription factor, an evident nuclear localization signal (NLS) of G. lamblia MYB2 (GlMYB2) has not been defined. Based on putative GlMYB2 NLSs predicted by 2 programs, a series of plasmids expressing hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged GlMYB2 from the promoter of G. lamblia glutamate dehydrogenase were constructed and transfected into Giardia trophozoites. Immunofluorescence assays using anti-HA antibodies indicated that GlMYB2 amino acid sequence #507?#530 was required for the nuclear localization of GlMYB2, and this sequence was named as NLS_GlMYB2. We further verified this finding by demonstrating the nuclear location of a protein obtained by the fusion of NLS_GlMYB2 and G. lamblia glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a non-nuclear protein. Our data on GlMYB2 will expand our understanding on NLSs functioning in G. lamblia.

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Mlf mediates proteotoxic response via formation of cellular foci for protein folding and degradation in Giardia
Martina Vinopalová, Lenka Arbonová, Zoltán Füssy, Vít Dohnálek, Abdul Samad, Tomáš Bílý, Marie Vancová, Pavel Doležal, Carmen Faso
PLOS Pathogens.2024; 20(10): e1012617. CrossRef
Identification of target genes regulated by encystation-induced transcription factor Myb2 using knockout mutagenesis in Giardia lamblia
Juri Kim, Eun-Ah Park, Mee Young Shin, Soon-Jung Park
Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Increased Innate Lymphoid Cell 3 and IL-17 Production in Mouse Lamina Propria Stimulated with Giardia lamblia: Hye-Yeon Lee, Eun-Ah Park, Kyung-Jo Lee, Kyu-Ho Lee, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):225-232.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.225

Abstract
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Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are key players during an immune response at the mucosal surfaces, such as lung, skin, and gastrointestinal tract. Giardia lamblia is an extracellular protozoan pathogen that inhabits the human small intestine. In this study, ILCs prepared from the lamina propria of mouse small intestine were incubated with G. lamblia trophozoites. Transcriptional changes in G. lamblia-exposed ILCs resulted in identification of activation of several immune pathways. Secretion of interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F, IL-1β, and interferon-γ was increased, whereas levels of IL-13, IL-5, and IL22, was maintained or reduced upon exposure to G. lamblia. Goup 3 ILC (ILC3) was found to be dominant amongst the ILCs, and increased significantly upon co-cultivation with G. lamblia trophozoites. Oral inoculation of G. lamblia trophozoites into mice resulted in their presence in the small intestine, of which, the highest number of parasites was detected at the 5 days-post infection. Increased ILC3 was observed amongst the ILC population at the 5 days-post infection. These findings indicate that ILC3 from the lamina propria secretes IL-17 in response to G. lamblia, leading to the intestinal pathology observed in giardiasis.

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Giardia duodenalis stabilizes HIF-1α and induces glycolytic alterations in intestinal epithelial cells
Emily DeMichele, Olivia Sosnowski, Darragh Flood, Cormac T. Taylor, Ian A. Lewis, Thibault Allain, Andre G. Buret
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Unravelling the cellular sources and location of IL-17A production during a Giardia infection
Charlotte E. Van Crombrugge, Bregt Decorte, Leen J. M. Seys, Peter Geldhof
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbiota, metabolites and mucosal immunity as potential targets of traditional Chinese medicine for respiratory diseases based on the lung-gut crosstalk
Wei Wang, Shaoqing Zhu, Yuanbin Zhang, Lin Chu, Siyao Liu, Huan Yang, Hao Wu
Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine.2024; 10: 100374. CrossRef
Conserved Candidate Antigens and Nanoparticles to Develop Vaccine against Giardia intestinalis
Suthinee Sangkanu, Alok K. Paul, Julalak Chuprom, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Rachasak Boonhok, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Sonia Marlene Rodrigues Oliveira, Polrat Wilairatana, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Christophe Wiart, Muhammad Nawaz, Chea Sin, Sunil Kayesth, Vee
Vaccines.2022; 11(1): 96. CrossRef
Probiotics in the management of Giardia duodenalis: an update on potential mechanisms and outcomes
Nasrin Dashti, Mitra Zarebavani
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.2021; 394(9): 1869. CrossRef
Type 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells as Regulators of the Host-Pathogen Interaction
Ana Valle-Noguera, Anne Ochoa-Ramos, Maria José Gomez-Sánchez, Aranzazu Cruz-Adalia
Frontiers in Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of innate lymphoid cells in response to microbes at mucosal surfaces
Goo-Young Seo, Daniel A. Giles, Mitchell Kronenberg
Mucosal Immunology.2020; 13(3): 399. CrossRef
Physiological function and regulatory signal of intestinal type 3 innate lymphoid cell(s)
Yin Xian, Xiaodong Lv, Minjia Xie, Fuyang Xiao, Chenyang Kong, Yixing Ren
Life Sciences.2020; 262: 118504. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Production of Inflammatory Cytokines and Nitric Oxide by Human Mast Cells Incubated with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate: Eun-Ah Park, Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Sook Ryu, Myoung-Hee Ahn; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):201-206.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.201

Abstract
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The roles of mast cells in allergic diseases and helminth infections are well known. However, the roles of mast cells in T. gondii infection is poorly understood. This study was focused on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4), chemokines (CXCL8, MCP-1) and nitric oxide (NO) by mast cells in response to soluble lysate of T. gondii tachyzoites. Production of CXCL8 (IL-8), MCP-1, TNF-α and IL-4 were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA. Western blot were used for detection of CXCR-1 and CXCR2. Our results showed that T. gondii lysates triggered mast cells to release CXCL8, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-4 and to produce NO. This suggests that mast cells play an important role in inflammatory responses to T. gondii.

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Ashley Catchpole, Brinley N. Zabriskie, Bradley Embley, Hannah Kharazi, Rachelle Clarke, Grace Templeton, Christopher Hunt, Shawn D. Gale, Dawson W. Hedges
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Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Rosuvastatin enhances alterations caused by Toxoplasma gondii in the duodenum of mice
Nelson Raimundo de Miranda Júnior, Amanda Gubert Alves dos Santos, Andréia Vieira Pereira, Isabela Alessandra Mariano, Ana Lucia Falavigna Guilherme, Priscilla de Laet Santana, Lucimara de Fátima Beletini, Fernanda Ferreira Evangelista, Gessilda de Alcant
Tissue and Cell.2023; 84: 102194. CrossRef
TNF-α Triggers RIP1/FADD/Caspase-8-Mediated Apoptosis of Astrocytes and RIP3/MLKL-Mediated Necroptosis of Neurons Induced by Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection
Hongli Zhou, Minyu Zhou, Yue Hu, Yanin Limpanon, Yubin Ma, Ping Huang, Paron Dekumyoy, Wanchai Maleewong, Zhiyue Lv
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology.2022; 42(6): 1841. CrossRef
Exhaled Nitric Oxide Level in Pharynx Angioedema
Łukasz Moos, Magdalena Zajac, Zenon Brzoza
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(3): 637. CrossRef
Nitric oxide in parasitic infections: a friend or foe?
Marwa Omar, Heba O. Abdelal
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2022; 46(4): 1147. CrossRef

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RNA-sequencing Profiles of Cell Cycle?Related Genes Upregulated during the G2-Phase in Giardia lamblia: Juri Kim, Mee Young Shin, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):185-189.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.185

To identify the component(s) involved in cell cycle control in the protozoan Giardia lamblia, cells arrested at the G1/S- or G2-phase by treatment with nocodazole and aphidicolin were prepared from the synchronized cell cultures. RNA-sequencing analysis of the 2 stages of Giardia cell cycle identified several cell cycle genes that were up-regulated at the G2-phase. Transcriptome analysis of cells in 2 distinct cell cycle stages of G. lamblia confirmed previously reported components of cell cycle (PcnA, cyclin B, and CDK) and identified additional cell cycle components (NEKs, Mad2, spindle pole protein, and CDC14A). This result indicates that the cell cycle machinery operates in this protozoan, one of the earliest diverging eukaryotic lineages.

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Identification and confirmation of SUMOylation-modified proteins in Giardia trophozoites
Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 264. CrossRef
Functional Differentiation of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Giardia lamblia
Juri Kim, Eun-Ah Park, Mee Young Shin, Soon-Jung Park, Björn F. C. Kafsack
Microbiology Spectrum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
In vitro erythrocyte production using human-induced pluripotent stem cells: determining the best hematopoietic stem cell sources
Youn Keong Cho, Hyun-Kyung Kim, Soon Sung Kwon, Su-Hee Jeon, June-Won Cheong, Ki Taek Nam, Han-Soo Kim, Sinyoung Kim, Hyun Ok Kim
Stem Cell Research & Therapy.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Spliceosomal introns in the diplomonad parasite Giardia duodenalis revisited
Matthew H. Seabolt, Dawn M. Roellig, Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis
Microbial Genomics .2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A cell-cycle–dependent GARP-like transcriptional repressor regulates the initiation of differentiation in Giardia lamblia
Han-Wei Shih, Germain C. M. Alas, Alexander R. Paredez
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Kinesin-13, a Motor Protein, is Regulated by Polo-like Kinase in Giardia lamblia
Eun-Ah Park, Juri Kim, Mee Young Shin, Soon-Jung Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(3): 163. CrossRef
Hidden Diversity within Common Protozoan Parasites as Revealed by a Novel Genomotyping Scheme
Matthew H. Seabolt, Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis, Dawn M. Roellig, Johanna Björkroth
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A polo-like kinase modulates cytokinesis and flagella biogenesis in Giardia lamblia
Eun-Ah Park, Juri Kim, Mee Young Shin, Soon-Jung Park
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
An update on cell division of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites
Francisco Alejandro Lagunas-Rangel, Janet Yee, Rosa María Bermúdez-Cruz
Microbiological Research.2021; 250: 126807. CrossRef
Nicotinamide induces G2 cell cycle arrest in Giardia duodenalis trophozoites and promotes changes in sirtuins transcriptional expression
Francisco Alejandro Lagunas-Rangel, María Luisa Bazán-Tejeda, Enrique García-Villa, Rosa María Bermúdez-Cruz
Experimental Parasitology.2020; 209: 107822. CrossRef

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Original Article

Trichomonas vaginalis α-Actinin 2 Modulates Host Immune Responses by Inducing Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells via IL-10 Production from Regulatory T Cells: Hye-Yeon Lee, Juri Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(4):375-384.
Published online August 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.4.375

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a pathogen that triggers severe immune responses in hosts. T. vaginalis α-actinin 2, Tvα-actinin 2, has been used to diagnose trichomoniasis. This study was undertaken to examine the role of Tvα-actinin 2 as an antigenic molecule to induce immune responses from humans. Western blot analysis using anti-Tvα-actinin 2 antibodies indicated its presence in the secreted proteins of T. vaginalis. ELISA was employed to measure cytokine production by vaginal epithelial cells, prostate cells, mouse dendritic cells (DCs), or T cells stimulated with T. vaginalis or Tvα-actinin 2 protein. Both T. vaginalis and rTvα-actinin 2 induced cytokine production from epithelial cell lines, including IL-10. Moreover, CD4⁺CD25^- regulatory T cells (Treg cells) incubated with rTvα-actinin 2-treated DCs produced high levels of IL-10. These data indicate that Tvα-actinin 2 modulates immune responses via IL-10 production by Treg cells.

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Identification and Characterization of α-Actinin 1 of Histomonas meleagridis and Its Potential Vaccine Candidates against Histomonosis
Dandan Liu, Chen Chen, Qiaoguang Chen, Shuang Wang, Zaifan Li, Jie Rong, Yuming Zhang, Zhaofeng Hou, Jianping Tao, Jinjun Xu
Animals.2023; 13(14): 2330. CrossRef
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering of secretory proteins for the cytotoxicity analysis of low‐dose doxorubicin
Mengmeng Zheng, Siqi Gao, Yamin Lin, Yating Lin, Zufang Huang, Shusen Xie, Yun Yu, Juqiang Lin
Journal of Raman Spectroscopy.2020; 51(11): 2217. CrossRef
Vasoactive intestinal peptide is required in the maintenance of immune regulatory competency of immune regulatory monocytes
L Guan, D Yu, G-H Wu, H-J Ning, S-D He, S-S Li, T-Y Hu, G Yang, Z-Q Liu, H-Q Yu, X-Z Sun, Z-G Liu, P-C Yang
Clinical and Experimental Immunology.2019; 196(2): 276. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Interaction between Trichomonas vaginalis and the Prostate Epithelium: Jung-Hyun Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Sang-Su Kim, Soon-Jung Park, Duk-Young Min, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):213-218.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.213

Abstract
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Most men infected with Trichomonas vaginalis are asymptomatic and can remain undiagnosed and untreated. This has been hypothesized to result in chronic persistent prostatic infection. Adhesion of the protozoan organisms to mucosal cells is considered a first and prerequisite step for T. vaginalis infection. Adhesion of T. vaginalis to prostate epithelial cells has not yet been observed; however, there are several reports about inflammation of prostate epithelial cells induced by T. vaginalis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether adhesion and cytotoxicity of T. vaginalis are involved in inflammation of prostate epithelial cells. When RWPE-1 cells were infected with T. vaginalis (1:0.4 or 1:4), adhesion of T. vaginalis continuously increased for 24 hr or 3 hr, respectively. The cytotoxicity of prostate epithelial cells infected with T. vaginalis (RWPE-1: T. vaginalis=1:0.4) increased at 9 hr; at an infection ratio of 1:4, cytotoxicity increased after 3 hr. When the RWPE-1 to T. vaginalis ratio was 1:0.4 or 1:4, production of IL-1β, IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL8 also increased. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was verified by measuring decreased E-cadherin and increased vimentin expression at 24 hr and 48 hr. Taken together, the results indicate that T. vaginalis adhered to prostate epithelial cells, causing cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and EMT. Our findings suggest for the first time that T. vaginalis may induce inflammation via adhesion to normal prostate epithelial cells.

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The Role of Colposcopy in Women with Normal Cytology and High-risk Human Papilloma Virus Positivity, Except for Types 16 and 18
Necim Yalçın, Aysun Alcı, Mustafa Gökkaya, Mehmet Göksu, Tayfun Toptaş, Işın Üreyen
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Parasite Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Olivia T Van Gerwen, Andres F Camino, Jyoti Sharma, Patricia J Kissinger, Christina A Muzny
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2021; 73(6): 1119. CrossRef
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Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(16): 3602. CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors for Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adults in the U.S., 2013–2014
Erin L. Tompkins, Thomas A. Beltran, Elizabeth J. Gelner, Aaron R. Farmer, Ethan Morgan
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(6): e0234704. CrossRef
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John F. Alderete
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The Prostate.2019; 79(10): 1133. CrossRef
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Parasite Immunology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Identification of a Novel Microtubule-Binding Protein in Giardia lamblia: Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):461-469.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.461

Abstract
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Giardia lamblia is a protozoan that causes diarrheal diseases in humans. Cytoskeletal structures of Giardia trophozoites must be finely reorganized during cell division. To identify Giardia proteins which interact with microtubules (MTs), Giardia lysates were incubated with in vitro-polymerized MTs and then precipitated by ultracentifugation. A hypothetical protein (GL50803_8405) was identified in the precipitated fraction with polymerized MTs and was named GlMBP1 (G. lamblia microtubule-binding protein 1). Interaction of GlMBP1 with MTs was confirmed by MT binding assays using recombinant GlMBP1 (rGlMBP1). In vivo expression of GlMBP1 was shown by a real-time PCR and western blot analysis using anti-rGlMBP1 antibodies. Transgenic G. lamblia trophozoites were constructed by integrating a chimeric gene encoding hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged GlMBP1 into a Giardia chromosome. Immunofluorescence assays of this transgenic G. lamblia, using anti-HA antibodies, revealed that GlMBP1 mainly localized at the basal bodies, axonemes, and median bodies of G. lamblia trophozoites. This result indicates that GlMBP1 is a component of the G. lamblia cytoskeleton.

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Giardia intraflagellar transport protein 88 is involved in flagella formation
Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(1): 12. CrossRef
Giardia intestinalis coiled-coil cytolinker protein 259 interacts with actin and tubulin
Omar Rojas-Gutiérrez, Armando Pérez-Rangel, Araceli Castillo-Romero, José Tapia-Ramírez, Emmanuel Ríos-Castro, Minerva Camacho-Nuez, Silvia Giono-Cerezo, Benjamín Nogueda-Torres, Gloria León-Avila, José Manuel Hernández
Parasitology Research.2021; 120(3): 1067. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

NF-κB and CREB Are Involved in IL-8 Production of Human Neutrophils Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-Derived Secretory Products: Young Hee Nam, Deulle Min, Soon-Jung Park, Kyeong Ah Kim, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):291-294.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.291

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated lumen-dwelling extracellular protozoan parasite that causes human trichomoniasis via sexual intercourse. Human neutrophils play a crucial role in acute tissue inflammatory responses in T. vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated the signaling mechanism of neutrophil responses when stimulated with T. vaginalis-derived secretory products (TvSP), which were collected from 1×10⁷ live trichomonads. Incubation of human neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood with TvSP induced up-regulation of IL-8 protein secretion. In addition, stimulation with TvSP induced phosphorylation of NF-κB and CREB in neutrophils. Moreover, TvSP-induced IL-8 production was also significantly inhibited by pretreatment of neutrophils with iκB inhibitor or CREB inhibitor. These results suggest that transcription factors NF-κB and CREB are involved in IL-8 production in human neutrophils induced by stimulation with T. vaginalis infection.

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Trichomonas vaginalis extracellular vesicles suppress IFNε-mediated responses driven by its intracellular bacterial symbiont Mycoplasma hominis
Joshua A. Kochanowsky, Emma L. Betts, Gabriel Encinas, Johnson Amoah, Patricia J. Johnson
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CysLT receptor-mediated NOX2 activation is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
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Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 270. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis excretory secretory proteins reduce semen quality and male fertility
Zhenchao Zhang, Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Yuhua Li, Wanxin Sheng, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lihua Guo, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei
Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106794. CrossRef
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Shao-Chun Wu, Pao-Jen Kuo, Cheng-Shyuan Rau, Lien-Hung Huang, Chia-Wei Lin, Yi-Chan Wu, Chia-Jung Wu, Chia-Wen Tsai, Ting-Min Hsieh, Hang-Tsung Liu, Chun-Ying Huang, Ching-Hua Hsieh
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(16): 8877. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis‐secreted cysteinyl leukotrienes promote migration, degranulation and MCP‐1 production in mast cells
Young Ah Lee, Young Hee Nam, Arim Min, Myeong Heon Shin
Parasite Immunology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
PKA/CREB and NF-κB pathway regulates AKNA transcription: A novel insight into T-2 toxin-induced inflammation and GH deficiency in GH3 cells
Xianglian Liu, Deyu Huang, Pu Guo, Qinghua Wu, Menghong Dai, Guyue Cheng, Haihong Hao, Shuyu Xie, Zonghui Yuan, Xu Wang
Toxicology.2017; 392: 81. CrossRef
SNAP23-Dependent Surface Translocation of Leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) Receptor 1 Is Essential for NOX2-Mediated Exocytotic Degranulation in Human Mast Cells Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-Secrete
Arim Min, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Jamel El-Benna, Myeong Heon Shin, Judith A. Appleton
Infection and Immunity.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Influence of functional polymorphisms in TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10 cytokine genes on mRNA expression levels and risk of gastric cancer
Juliana Garcia de Oliveira, Ana Flávia Teixeira Rossi, Daniela Manchini Nizato, Aline Cristina Targa Cadamuro, Yvana Cristina Jorge, Marina Curado Valsechi, Larissa Paola Rodrigues Venâncio, Paula Rahal, Érika Cristina Pavarino, Eny Maria Goloni-Bertollo,
Tumor Biology.2015; 36(12): 9159. CrossRef
The Pathogenesis of Human Cervical Epithelium Cells Induced by Interacting with Trichomonas vaginalis
Wei-Chen Lin, Wei-Ting Chang, Tsuey-Yu Chang, Jyh-Wei Shin, Xuefeng Liu
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(4): e0124087. CrossRef

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Identification of Antigenic Proteins in Trichomonas vaginalis: Hye-Yeon Lee, Sujin Hyung, Jong Woong Lee, Juri Kim, Myeong Heon Shin, Jae-Sook Ryu, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):79-83.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.79

Abstract
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Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease due to infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, and it can cause serious consequences for women's health. To study the virulence factors of this pathogen, T. vaginalis surface proteins were investigated using polyclonal antibodies specific to the membrane fractions of T. vaginalis. The T. vaginalis expression library was constructed by cloning the cDNA derived from mRNA of T. vaginalis into a phage λ Uni-ZAP XR vector, and then used for immunoscreening with the anti-membrane proteins of T. vaginalis antibodies. The immunoreactive proteins identified included adhesion protein AP65-1, α-actinin, kinesin-associated protein, teneurin, and 2 independent hypothetical proteins. Immunofluorescence assays showed that AP65-1, one of the identified immunogenic clones, is prevalent in the whole body of T. vaginalis. This study led us to identify T. vaginalis proteins which may stimulate immune responses by human cells.

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The Multifaceted Functions of Lactoferrin in Antimicrobial Defense and Inflammation
Jung Won Kim, Ji Seok Lee, Yu Jung Choi, Chaekyun Kim
Biomolecules.2025; 15(8): 1174. CrossRef
Exposure of Tritrichomonas foetus to sublethal doses of metronidazole induces a specific proinflammatory response in murine macrophages
Emanuel Ceballos‐Góngora, Julio César Torres‐Romero, Victor Ermilo Arana‐Argáez, María Elizbeth Alvarez‐Sánchez, Karla Acosta‐Viana, Antonio Euan‐Canto, Leidi Cristal Alvarez‐Sánchez
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Activation of murine macrophages by membrane proteins from Tritrichomonas foetus grown on iron‐ and calcium‐rich conditions
Antonio Euan‐Canto, Julio César Torres‐Romero, María Elizbeth Alvarez‐Sánchez, Victor Ermilo Arana‐Argáez, Karla Acosta‐Viana, Emanuel Ceballos‐Góngora, Laura Vázquez‐Carrillo, Leidi Alvarez‐Sánchez
Parasite Immunology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis adhesion protein 65 (TvAP65) modulates parasite pathogenicity by interacting with host cell proteins
Zhenchao Zhang, Xiaoxiao Song, Yangyang Deng, Yuhua Li, Fakun Li, Wanxin Sheng, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Xuefang Mei, Shuai Wang
Acta Tropica.2023; 246: 106996. CrossRef
The molecular characterization and immune protection of adhesion protein 65 (AP65) of Trichomonas vaginalis
Zhenchao Zhang, Xiaoxiao Song, Zhengbo Zhang, Haoran Li, Yujuan Duan, Hao Zhang, Haoran Lu, Chengyang Luo, Mingyong Wang
Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 152: 104750. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis α-Actinin 2 Modulates Host Immune Responses by Inducing Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells via IL-10 Production from Regulatory T Cells
Hye-Yeon Lee, Juri Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu, Soon-Jung Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(4): 375. CrossRef
TvMP50 is an Immunogenic Metalloproteinase during Male Trichomoniasis
Laura Itzel Quintas-Granados, José Luis Villalpando, Laura Isabel Vázquez-Carrillo, Rossana Arroyo, Guillermo Mendoza-Hernández, María Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics.2013; 12(7): 1953. CrossRef
Epitopes of the Highly Immunogenic Trichomonas vaginalis α-Actinin Are Serodiagnostic Targets for Both Women and Men
Calvin J. Neace, J. F. Alderete
Journal of Clinical Microbiology.2013; 51(8): 2483. CrossRef

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Evaluation of α-Tubulin as an Antigenic and Molecular Probe to Detect Giardia lamblia: Juri Kim, Myeong Heon Shin, Kyoung-Ju Song, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):287-291.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.287

Abstract
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The α/β-tubulin heterodimer is the basic subunit of microtubules in eukaryotes. Polyclonal antibodies specific to recombinant α-tubulin of Giardia lamblia were made, and found effective as a probe to specifically detect G. lamblia by immunofluorescence assays. Nucleotide sequences of α-tubulin genes were compared between G. lamblia WB and GS strains, prototypes of assemblage A and assemblage B, respectively. A set of primers was designed and used to amplify a portion of the α-tubulin gene from G. lamblia. PCR-RFLP analysis of this α-tubulin PCR product successfully differentiated G. lamblia into 2 distinct groups, assemblages A and B. The results indicate that α-tubulin can be used as a molecular probe to detect G. lamblia.

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Host defences against Giardia lamblia
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Zoonotic potential of Giardia
Una Ryan, Simone M. Cacciò
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Identification of Antigenic Proteins in Trichomonas vaginalis
Hye-Yeon Lee, Sujin Hyung, Jong Woong Lee, Juri Kim, Myeong Heon Shin, Jae-Sook Ryu, Soon-Jung Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(1): 79. CrossRef

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Original Article

Proinflammatory Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis: Ik-Hwan Han, Sung Young Goo, Soon-Jung Park, Se-Jin Hwang, Yong-Seok Kim, Michael Sungwoo Yang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):205-212.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.205

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis commonly causes vaginitis and perhaps cervicitis in women and urethritis in men and women. Macrophages are important immune cells in response to T. vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated whether human macrophages could be involved in inflammation induced by T. vaginalis. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) were co-cultured with T. vaginalis. Live, opsonized-live trichomonads, and T. vaginalis lysates increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by HMDM. The involvement of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in cytokine production induced by T. vaginalis was confirmed by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB. In addition, stimulation with live T. vaginalis induced marked augmentation of nitric oxide (NO) production and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) levels in HMDM. However, trichomonad-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α production in macrophages were significantly inhibited by inhibition of iNOS levels with L-NMMA (NO synthase inhibitor). Moreover, pretreatment with NF-κB inhibitors (PDTC or Bay11-7082) caused human macrophages to produce less TNF-α. These results suggest that T. vaginalis stimulates human macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, and NO. In particular, we showed that T. vaginalis induced TNF-α production in macrophages through NO-dependent activation of NF-κB, which might be closely involved in inflammation caused by T. vaginalis.

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Brief Communications

Effect of Iron on Adherence and Cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica to CHO Cell Monolayers: Jongweon Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):37-40.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.37

Abstract
PDF

Iron is an essential element for almost all living organisms. The possible role of iron for growth, adherence and cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica was evaluated in this study. The absence of iron from TYI-S-33 medium stopped amebic growth in vitro. However, iron concentrations in the culture media of 21.4-285.6 ?M did not affect the growth of the amebae. Although growth was not retarded at these concentrations, the adhesive abilities of E. histolytica and their cytotoxicities to CHO cell monolayer were correlated with iron concentration. Amebic adhesion to CHO cell monolayers was significantly reduced by low-iron (24.6 ± 2.1%) compared with 62.7 ± 2.8 and 63.1 ± 1.4% of amebae grown in a normal-iron and high-iron media, respectively. E. histolytica cultured in the normal- and high-iron media destroyed 69.1 ± 4.3% and 72.6 ± 5.7% of cultured CHO cell monolayers, but amebae grown in the low-iron medium showed a significantly reduced level of cytotoxicity to CHO cells (2.8 ± 0.2%). Addition of divalent cations other than iron to amebic trophozoites grown in the low-iron medium failed to restore levels of the cytotoxicity. However, when E. histolytica grown in low-iron medium were transferred to normal-iron medium, the amebae showed completely restored cytotoxicity within 7 days. The result suggests that iron is an important factor in the adherence and cytotoxicity of E. histolytica to CHO cell monolayer.

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Hydrogenosomal activity of Trichomonas vaginalis cultivated under different iron conditions: Yong-Seok Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Ik-Hwa Choi, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):373-378.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.373

Abstract
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To evaluate whether iron concentration in TYM medium influence on hydrogenosomal enzyme gene expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential of Trichomonas vaginalis, trophozoites were cultivated in iron-depleted, normal and iron-supplemented TYM media. The mRNA of hydrogenosomal enzymes, such as pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), hydrogenase, ferredoxin and malic enzyme, was increased with iron concentrations in T. vaginalis culture media, measured by RT-PCR. Hydrogenosomal membrane potentials measured with DiOC₆ also showed similar tendency, e.g. T. vaginalis cultivated in iron-depleted and iron-supplemented media for 3 days showed a significantly reduced and enhanced hydrogenosomal membrane potential compared with that of normal TYM media, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that iron may regulate hydrogenosomal activity through hydrogenosomal enzyme expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential.

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Molecular Targets Implicated in the Antiparasitic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Phytochemical Curcumin in Trichomoniasis
Natalia Mallo, Jesús Lamas, Rosa Ana Sueiro, José Manuel Leiro
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Influence of 120 kDa Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase on Pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis
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Nitric oxide maintains cell survival of Trichomonas vaginalis upon iron depletion
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RNA-Binding Proteins in Trichomonas vaginalis: Atypical Multifunctional Proteins
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Prostatic Disease Associated withTrichomonas vaginalis
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Natalia Mallo, Jesús Lamas, José M. Leiro
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Responsiveness of Trichomonas vaginalis to iron concentrations: Evidence for a post-transcriptional iron regulation by an IRE/IRP-like system
J.C. Torres-Romero, R. Arroyo
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Proinflammatory Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis
Ik-Hwan Han, Sung Young Goo, Soon-Jung Park, Se-Jin Hwang, Yong-Seok Kim, Michael Sungwoo Yang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu
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Original Articles

Detection and genotyping of Giardia intestinalis isolates using intergenic spacer (IGS)-based PCR: Jong-Ho Lee, Jongweon Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong, Ui-Wook Hwang; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):343-353.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.343

Abstract
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Giardia intestinalis infections arise primarily from contaminated food or water. Zoonotic transmission is possible, and at least 7 major assemblages including 2 assemblages recovered from humans have been identified. The determination of the genotype of G. intestinalis is useful not only for assessing the correlation of clinical symptoms and genotypes, but also for finding the infection route and its causative agent in epidemiological studies. In this study, methods to identify the genotypes more specifically than the known 2 genotypes recovered from humans have been developed using the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of rDNA. The IGS region contains varying sequences and is thus suitable for comparing isolates once they are classified as the same strain. Genomic DNA was extracted from cysts isolated from the feces of 5 Chinese, 2 Laotians and 2 Koreans infected with G. intestinalis and the trophozoites of WB, K1, and GS strains cultured in the laboratory, respectively. The rDNA containing the IGS region was amplified by PCR and cloned. The nucleotide sequence of the 3' end of IGS region was determined and examined by multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the IGS region, 13 G. intestinalis isolates were classified to assemblages A and B, and assemblage A was subdivided into A1 and A2. Then, the primers specific to each assemblage were designed, and PCR was performed using those primers. It detected as little as 10 pg of DNA, and the PCR amplified products with the specific length to each assemblage (A1, 176 bp; A2, 261 bp; B, 319 bp) were found. The PCR specific to 3 assemblages of G. intestinalis did not react with other bacteria or protozoans, and it did not react with G. intestinalis isolates obtained from dogs and rats. It was thus confirmed that by applying this PCR method amplifying the IGS region, the detection of G. intestinalis and its genotyping can be determined simultaneously.

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Yankai Chang, Junqiang Li, Longxian Zhang
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The controversies surrounding Giardia intestinalis assemblages A and B
Patricia Zajaczkowski, Rogan Lee, Stephanie M. Fletcher-Lartey, Kate Alexander, Abela Mahimbo, Damien Stark, John T. Ellis
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2021; 1: 100055. CrossRef
Concordance of Giardia duodenalis assemblages determined by different PCR methodologies in three observational studies in Cuba
Luis Enrique Jerez Puebla, Fidel A. Núñez Fernández, Jorge Fraga, Lázara Rojas Rivero, Iraís Atencio Millán, Lucía Ayllón Valdés, Isabel Martínez Silva, Norbert Müller, Lucy J. Robertson
Experimental Parasitology.2020; 209: 107814. CrossRef
Nested PCR targeting intergenic spacer (IGS) in genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic infected Egyptian school children
Eman M. Hussein, Ola A. Ismail, Amira B. Mokhtar, Samer E. Mohamed, Rania M. Saad
Parasitology Research.2017; 116(2): 763. CrossRef
Predominance of Giardia lamblia assemblage A among iron deficiency anaemic pre-school Egyptian children
Eman M. Hussein, Wafaa M. Zaki, Shahira A. Ahmed, Amal M. Almatary, Nader I. Nemr, Abdalla M. Hussein
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(4): 1537. CrossRef
Correlation of Giardia duodenalis assemblages with clinical and epidemiological data in Cuban children
Luis Jerez Puebla, Fidel A. Núñez, Yenisey Alfonso Fernández, Jorge Fraga, Lázara Rojas Rivero, Iraís Atencio Millán, Lucía Ayllón Valdés, Isabel Martínez Silva
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2014; 23: 7. CrossRef
Development of a Diagnostic Kit to Detect Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia
Hyeng-Il Cheun, Byung-Suk Chung, Da-Won Ma, Bo-La Goo, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Mi-jung Ji, Won-Ja Lee
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(3): 146. CrossRef
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Una Ryan, Simone M. Cacciò
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Peter W. Hunt
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Leticia Eligio-García, Adrián Cortes-Campos, Silvia Cota-Guajardo, Soyla Gaxiola, Enedina Jiménez-Cardoso
Veterinary Parasitology.2008; 156(3-4): 205. CrossRef
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The molecular characterisation of Giardia from dogs in southern Germany
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Veterinary Parasitology.2007; 150(1-2): 33. CrossRef

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In vivo determination of the gap2 gene promoter activity in Giardia lamblia: Hye-Won Yang, Juri Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):21-26.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.21

Abstract
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A shuttle vector for Escherichia coli and Giardia lamblia was modified to produce a reporter plasmid, which monitors the expression of prescribed gene in G. lamblia by measuring its luciferase activity. Promoter regions of the gap2 gene, one of the genes induced during encystation, were cloned into this plasmid, and the resultant constructs were then transfected into trophozoites of G. lamblia. Transgenic trophozoites containing one of the 3 gap2-luc reporters were induced to encystation, and characterized with respect to gap2 gene expression by measuring their luciferase activities. Giardia containing a gap2-luc fusion of 112-bp upstream region showed full induction of luciferase activity during encystation.

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Eukaryote-conserved histone post-translational modification landscape in Giardia duodenalis revealed by mass spectrometry
Samantha J. Emery-Corbin, Joshua J. Hamey, Balu Balan, Laura Rojas-López, Staffan G. Svärd, Aaron R. Jex
International Journal for Parasitology.2021; 51(4): 225. CrossRef
Trans-spliced Heat Shock Protein 90 Modulates Encystation in Giardia lamblia
Rishi Kumar Nageshan, Nainita Roy, Shatakshi Ranade, Utpal Tatu, Rhoel Ramos Dinglasan
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2014; 8(5): e2829. CrossRef

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Identification of differentially expressed cDNAs in Acanthamoeba culbertsoni after mouse brain passage: Kyu-Lee Han, Jongweon Lee, Don-Soo Kim, Soon-Jung Park, Kyung-il Im, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):15-20.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.15

Abstract
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Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are causative agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis. Because the virulence of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni cultured in the laboratory is restored by consecutive brain passages, we examined the genes induced in mouse brain-passaged A. culbertsoni by differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR). Enhanced A. culbertsoni virulence was observed during the second mouse brain passage, i.e., infected mouse mortality increased from 5% to 70%. Ten cDNAs induced during mouse brain passage were identified by DDRT-PCR and this was confirmed by northern blot analysis. BlastX searches of these cDNAs indicated the upregulations of genes encoding predictive NADH-dehydrogenase, proteasomal ATPase, and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase B, which have previously been reported to be associated with A. culbertsoni virulence factors.

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Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2016; 63(6): 744. CrossRef
Identification of a second mimicry epitope from Acanthamoeba castellanii that induces CNS autoimmunity by generating cross-reactive T cells for MBP 89-101 in SJL mice
C. Massilamany, O. A. Asojo, A. Gangaplara, D. Steffen, J. Reddy
International Immunology.2011; 23(12): 729. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba healyi: Expressed gene profiles with enhanced virulence after mouse-brain passage
Ying-Hua Xuan, Yeon-Chul Hong, Yong-Seok Lee, Se-Won Kang, Hak-Sun Yu, Tae-In Ahn, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2009; 123(3): 226. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Ultrastructural observation of human neutrophils during apoptotic cell death triggered by Entamoeba histolytica: Seobo Sim, Kyeong Ah Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Soon-Jung Park, Kyung-il Im, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):205-208.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.205

Abstract
PDF

Neutrophils are important effector cells against protozoan extracellular parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amoebic colitis and liver abscess in human beings. Apoptotic cell death of neutrophils is an important event in the resolution of inflammation and parasite's survival in vivo. This study was undertaken to investigate the ultrastructural aspects of apoptotic cells during neutrophil death triggered by Entamoeba histolytica. Isolated human neutrophils from the peripheral blood were incubated with or without live trophozoites of E. histolytica and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Neutrophils incubated with E. histolytica were observed to show apoptotic characteristics, such as compaction of the nuclear chromatin and swelling of the nuclear envelop. In contrast, neutrophils incubated in the absence of the amoeba had many protrusions of irregular cell surfaces and heterogenous nuclear chromatin. Therefore, it is suggested that Entamoeba-induced neutrophil apoptosis contribute to prevent unwanted tissue inflammation and damage in the amoeba-invaded lesions in vivo.

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Signaling Role of NADPH Oxidases in ROS-Dependent Host Cell Death Induced by Pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica
Young Ah Lee, Seobo Sim, Kyeong Ah Kim, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(3): 155. CrossRef
The state of art of neutrophil extracellular traps in protozoan and helminthic infections
César Díaz-Godínez, Julio C. Carrero
Bioscience Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites Induce a Rapid Non-classical NETosis Mechanism Independent of NOX2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species and PAD4 Activity
César Díaz-Godínez, Zayda Fonseca, Mario Néquiz, Juan P. Laclette, Carlos Rosales, Julio C. Carrero
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Entamoeba histolytica induces human neutrophils to form NETs
J. Ventura‐Juarez, MR. Campos‐Esparza, J. Pacheco‐Yepez, J. A López‐Blanco, A. Adabache‐Ortíz, M. Silva‐Briano, R. Campos‐Rodríguez
Parasite Immunology.2016; 38(8): 503. CrossRef
Modulatory mechanisms of enterocyte apoptosis by viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens
Andre G Buret, Amol Bhargava
Critical Reviews in Microbiology.2014; 40(1): 1. CrossRef
Anoikis potential of Entameba histolytica secretory cysteine proteases: Evidence of contact independent host cell death
Sudeep Kumar, Rajdeep Banerjee, Nilay Nandi, Abul Hasan Sardar, Pradeep Das
Microbial Pathogenesis.2012; 52(1): 69. CrossRef
In vivo programmed cell death of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in a hamster model of amoebic liver abscess
J. D. Villalba-Magdaleno, G. Perez-Ishiwara, J. Serrano-Luna, V. Tsutsumi, M. Shibayama
Microbiology.2011; 157(5): 1489. CrossRef
TGF‐β‐regulated tyrosine phosphatases induce lymphocyte apoptosis in Leishmania donovani‐infected hamsters
Rajdeep Banerjee, Sudeep Kumar, Abhik Sen, Ananda Mookerjee, Syamal Roy, Subrata Pal, Pradeep Das
Immunology & Cell Biology.2011; 89(3): 466. CrossRef
Involvement of Src Family Tyrosine Kinase in Apoptosis of Human Neutrophils Induced by Protozoan ParasiteEntamoeba histolytica
Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(4): 285. CrossRef
Calpain-dependent calpastatin cleavage regulates caspase-3 activation during apoptosis of Jurkat T cells induced by Entamoeba histolytica
Kyeong Ah Kim, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
International Journal for Parasitology.2007; 37(11): 1209. CrossRef
Involvement of β2-integrin in ROS-mediated neutrophil apoptosis induced by Entamoeba histolytica
Seobo Sim, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong, Kyung-Il Im, Myeong Heon Shin
Microbes and Infection.2007; 9(11): 1368. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis promotes apoptosis of human neutrophils by activating caspase‐3 and reducing Mcl‐1 expression
J. H. KANG, H. O. SONG, J. S. RYU, M. H. SHIN, J. M. KIM, Y. S. CHO, J. F. ALDERETE, M. H. AHN, D. Y. MIN
Parasite Immunology.2006; 28(9): 439. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii Inhibits Apoptosis in Infected Cells by Caspase Inactivation and NF-κB Activation
Ji-Young Kim, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Hye-Sun Jun, Jai-Won Jung, Jae-Sook Ryu, Duk-Young Min
Yonsei Medical Journal.2006; 47(6): 862. CrossRef

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Genotype and animal infectivity of a human isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum in the Republic of Korea: Sang-Mee Guk, Tai-Soon Yong, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Hwan Park, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(2):85-89.
Published online June 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.2.85

Abstract
PDF

Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were isolated from a child suffering from acute gastroenteritis and successfully passaged in a calf and mice (designated hereafter SNU-H1) in the Republic of Korea; its molecular genotype has been analyzed. The GAG microsatellite region was amplified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with a 238 base pair product, which is commonly displayed in C. parvum. The isolate was shown to be a mixture of the genotypes 1 (anthroponotic) and 2 (zoonotic). To study its infectivity in animals, 2 calves and 3 strains of mice were infected with the SNU-H1; in these animals, the propagation of both genotypes was successful. In immunosuppressed (ImSP) BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice the number of oocysts decreased after day 10 post-infection (PI); but in ImSP ICR mice, they remained constant until day 27 PI. The results show that both the C. parvum genotypes 1 and 2 can be propagated in calves and ImSP mice.

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Intestinal parasite infections at an institution for the handicapped in Korea: Jongweon Lee, Gab-Man Park, Du-Ho Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(3):179-181.
Published online September 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.3.179

Abstract
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Stool and cellotape anal swab examinations were carried out in August 1997 on handicapped people at an institution located in Chorwon-gun, Kangwon-do, Korea. A total of 112 stool samples (78 males and 34 females) revealed three cases of Trichuris trichiura infection and one case of Enterobius vermicularis infection. Other helminth eggs were not detected. The overall prevalence rate was 35.7% (38.5% for males and 29.4% for females). More than two different kinds of parasites were found in 42.0% of the positive stool samples (17 cases). The infection rates for protozoan cysts are as follow: Entamoeba coli (25.0%), E. histolytica (1.8%), Endolimax nana (21.4%), Iodoamoeba b?tschlii (1.8%) and Giardia lamblia (0.9%). In cellotape anal swab examinations (165 samples), the prevalence rate of E. vermicularis was 20.6% (25.7% of males and 9.6% of females). In conclusion, the handicapped people in the institution showed higher infection rates of protozoan parasites and E. vermicularis, possibly due to more accessibility to the infection.

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Original Article

Identification of Chironomus kiiensis allergens, a dominant species of non-biting midges in Korea: Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Seok Lee, In-Yong Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Gab-Man Park, Han-Il Ree, Jung-Won Park, Chein-Soo Hong, Hae-Sim Park; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(3):171-179.
Published online September 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.3.171

Abstract
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Non-biting midges are known to contain potent inhalant allergens. IgE antibody responses to the crude extract of Chironomus kiiensis adults, a dominant chironomid species in Korea, were examined. With the IgE-ELISA or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions, increased levels of chironomid-specific IgE were detected in the skin test positive human sera, or immunized BALB/c mouse sera with the crude extract adsorbed to alum. IgE-immunoblot analysis showed major IgE-reacting protein band patterns, which reacted with more than 50% of the skin test positive human sera, at 110, 80, 73, 46, 40, 37, 34, and 31 kDa. The reactive band patterns were largely similar between skin test positive humans and immune BALB/c mice. However, the bands of 55, 31, 27, 26, 24, and 23 kDa were found only in sensitized humans, but not in immunized mice.

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Han Il Ree
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Household Arthropod Allergens in Korea
Tai-Soon Yong, Kyoung Yong Jeong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S143. CrossRef
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Tropomyosin, a Major Allergen of Chironomus kiiensis , a Dominant Species of Nonbiting Midges in Korea
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Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2004; 11(2): 320. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Axenic cultivation and characterization of Giardia lamblia isolated from humans in Korea: Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong, Hye-Won Yang, Du-Ho Lee, Kyungwon Lee; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):121-125.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.121

Abstract
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Inoculating of human fecal cysts to suckling Mongolian gerbils, two Giardia lamblia isolates, K1 and K2, were established as axenic cultures. Using this in vitro culture, both isolates were characterized as a "medium-rate grower" upon its growth pattern. These two Giardia isolates were grouped by using two genetic analysis. With genetic analysis of SSU-rDNA sequences, both K1 and K2 were found as members of Hopkins' group 1, despite some nucleotide differences noticed in K1 (5 differences/292 bases). The other genetic study used PCR-RFLP of the tim (triose phosphate isomerase) gene. Both of K1 and K2 were found to belong to Nash's group 2. Our results suggest that Nash's group 2 can not be a separate group, but a part of Hopkins' group 1.

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Simone M. Cacciò, Marco Lalle, Staffan G. Svärd
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2018; 66: 335. CrossRef
Impaired Parasite Attachment as Fitness Cost of Metronidazole Resistance in Giardia lamblia
Noa Tejman-Yarden, Maya Millman, Tineke Lauwaet, Barbara J. Davids, Frances D. Gillin, Linda Dunn, Jacqueline A. Upcroft, Yukiko Miyamoto, Lars Eckmann
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2011; 55(10): 4643. CrossRef
Evaluation of α-Tubulin as an Antigenic and Molecular Probe to Detect Giardia lamblia
Juri Kim, Myeong Heon Shin, Kyoung-Ju Song, Soon-Jung Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(3): 287. CrossRef
Detection and genotyping of Giardia intestinalis isolates using intergenic spacer (IGS)-based PCR
Jong-Ho Lee, Jongweon Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong, Ui-Wook Hwang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2006; 44(4): 343. CrossRef
Genotyping of Giardia lamblia Isolates from Humans in China and Korea Using Ribosomal DNA Sequences
T.-S. Yong, S.-J. Park, U.-W. Hwang, H.-W. Yang, K.-W. Lee, D.-Y. Min, H.-J. Rim, Y. Wang, F. Zheng
Journal of Parasitology.2000; 86(4): 887. CrossRef

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Characterization of YS-27, an axenic Korean strain of Entamoeba histolytica: Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong, Jae-Kyung Chang, Kyung-Il Im, Chin-Thack Soh; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(1):59-62.
Published online March 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.1.59

Abstract
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Characterization of YS-27, an axenic Entamoeba strain, was performed by three different laboratory methods. Zymodeme analysis using starch gel electrophoresis and PCR with species-specific primers showed that YS-27 is a pathogenic Entamoeba which belongs to the group II zymodeme. Pathogenicity of YS-27 was further confirmed by observing the formation of liver abscess in Mongolian gerbils. These results showed that YS-27 is E. hisolytica.

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Original Article

Immunodiagnosis of clonorchiasis using a recombinant antigen: Tai-Soon Yong, Hye-Jin Yang, Soon-Jung Park, Yu-Kyoung Kim, Du-Ho Lee, Sang-Mi Lee; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(3):183-190.
Published online September 30, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.3.183

Abstract
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A cDNA expression library of Clonorchis sinensis adult worm was constructed, and screened out immunologically. One clone, pBCs31, was selected in view of its predominant reactivity with an experimentally infected rabbit serum. Recombinant C. sinensis antigen with 28 kDa as a β-galactosidase fusion protein produced in Escherichia coli was identified by immunoblot analysis. The cloned gene was composed of 16 copies of a 30 base pair repeat and an additional 320 bases. The deduced amino acid sequence of the tandem repeat was AQPPKSGDGG. On RNA slot blot analysis. C. sinensis adult worm RNA showed a positive reaction with the cloned gene. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a purified recombinant antigen of pBCs31 showed high specificity for diagnosis of clonorchiasis.

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