Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Trichinella"

Original Articles

Activation and Recruitment of Regulatory T Cells via Chemokine Receptor Activation in Trichinella spiralis-Infected Mice: Jeong-Bin Ahn, Shin Ae Kang, Dong-Hee Kim, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):163-171.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.163

Abstract
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As most infections by the helminth parasite elicit the recruitment of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T (T_reg) cells, many scientists have suggested that these cells could be used for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammation and associated diseases. In order to investigate the distribution and alteration of activated T_reg cells, we compared the expression levels of T_reg cell activation markers in the ileum and gastrocnemius tissues 1, 2, and 4 weeks after infection. The number of T_reg cells was monitored using GFP-coded Foxp3 transgenic mice. In mice at 1 week after Trichinella spiralis infection, the number of activated T_reg cells was higher than in the control group. In mice at 2 weeks after infection, there was a significant increase in the number of cells expressing Foxp3 and CTLA-4 when compared to the control group and mice at 1 week after infection. At 4 weeks after infection, T. spiralis was easily identifiable in nurse cells in mouse muscles. In the intestine, the expression of Gzmb and Klrg1 decreased over time and that of Capg remained unchanged for the first and second week, then decreased in the 4th week. However, in the muscles, the expression of most chemokine genes was increased due to T. spiralis infection, in particular the expression levels of Gzmb, OX40, and CTLA-4 increased until week 4. In addition, increased gene expression of all chemokine receptors in muscle, CXCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR9, and CCR10, was observed up until the 4th week. In conclusion, various chemokine receptors showed increased expressions combined with recruitment of T_reg cells in the muscle tissue.

Citations

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Trichinella spiralis adult excretory-secretory antigen promotes peripheral regulatory T cell differentiation and attenuates experimental colitis via TGF-β-like mechanisms
Xi-Meng Sun, Ze-Ni Luo, Wei Wang, Chun-Yue Hao, Zhi-Ang Li, Saeed El-Ashram, Xin-Ping Zhu
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Chemokines and chemokine receptors: Insights from human disease and experimental models of helminthiasis
Lucas Kraemer, Derek M. McKay, Remo Castro Russo, Ricardo Toshio Fujiwara
Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews.2022; 66: 38. CrossRef
Trichinella-induced immunomodulation: Another tale of helminth success
F. Bruschi, D.S. Ashour, A.A. Othman
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2022; 27: e00164. CrossRef
Regulatory T‐cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential
Madeleine P. J. White, Caitlin M. McManus, Rick M. Maizels
Immunology.2020; 160(3): 248. CrossRef
Trichinella spiralis:inflammation modulator
Jing Ding, Xiaolei Liu, Xue Bai, Yang Wang, Jian Li, Chun Wang, Shicun Li, Mingyuan Liu, Xuelin Wang
Journal of Helminthology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen-4 on the Efficacy of the Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Vaccine Against Schistosoma japonicum
Chun-lian Tang, Qun Pan, Ya-ping Xie, Ying Xiong, Rong-hui Zhang, Jin Huang
Frontiers in Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Regulatory effect of two Trichinella spiralis serine protease inhibitors on the host’s immune system
Jingyun Xu, Pengcheng Yu, Lijia Wu, Mingxu Liu, Yixin Lu
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
The opposite roles of PAS-5 and Galectin-1 in immune response during the early infection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Lan-Zhu Yan, Xiao-Meng Shi, Yan-Wen Zu, Yuan-Yuan Shen, Xi-Xi Chen, Meng-Jing Zhao, Xing-Pan Li, Bao-Long Yan, Hui-Cong Huang
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Toll-Like Receptor Gene Expression during Trichinella spiralis Infection: Sin Kim, Mi Kyung Park, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):431-438.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.431

Abstract
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In Trichinella spiralis infection, type 2 helper T (Th2) cell-related and regulatory T (T_reg) cell-related immune responses are the most important immune events. In order to clarify which Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are closely associated with these responses, we analyzed the expression of mouse TLR genes in the small intestine and muscle tissue during T. spiralis infection. In addition, the expression of several chemokine- and cytokine-encoding genes, which are related to Th2 and T_reg cell mediated immune responses, were analyzed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/TIR-associated proteins (TIRAP) and Toll receptor-associated activator of interferons (TRIF) adapter protein deficient and wild type (WT) mice. The results showed significantly increased TLR4 and TLR9 gene expression in the small intestine after 2 weeks of T. spiralis infection. In the muscle, TLR1, TLR2, TLR5, and TLR9 gene expression significantly increased after 4 weeks of infection. Only the expression of the TLR4 and TLR9 genes was significantly elevated in WT MEF cells after treatment with excretory-secretory (ES) proteins. Gene expression for Th2 chemokine genes were highly enhanced by ES proteins in WT MEF cells, while this elevation was slightly reduced in MyD88/TIRAP^-/- MEF cells, and quite substantially decreased in TRIF^-/- MEF cells. In contrast, IL-10 and TGF-β expression levels were not elevated in MyD88/TIRAP^-/- MEF cells. In conclusion, we suggest that TLR4 and TLR9 might be closely linked to Th2 cell and T_reg cell mediated immune responses, although additional data are needed to convincingly prove this observation.

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A Novel Trichinella spiralis Galectin Strengthens the Macrophage ADCC Killing of Larvae via Driving M1 Polarization
Minmin Weng, Ru Zhang, Zhaoyu Zhang, Jinyi Wu, Wenwen Zheng, Qiqi Lu, Shaorong Long, Ruodan Liu, Zhongquan Wang, Jing Cui
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(20): 10920. CrossRef
Trichinella spiralis galectin binding to toll-like receptor 4 induces intestinal inflammation and mediates larval invasion of gut mucosa
Kai Ning Ma, Yao Zhang, Zhao Yu Zhang, Bo Ning Wang, Yan Yan Song, Lu Lu Han, Xin Zhuo Zhang, Shao Rong Long, Jing Cui, Zhong Quan Wang
Veterinary Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichinella spiralis nurse cell formation is regulated via CCR7+ dendritic cells
Mi‐Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Min‐Kyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu
Parasite Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Anisakis simplex: Immunomodulatory effects of larval antigens on the activation of Toll like Receptors
Vega Zamora, Juan Carlos Andreu-Ballester, Marta Rodero, Carmen Cuéllar
International Immunopharmacology.2021; 100: 108120. CrossRef
Effects of TLR agonists on immune responses in Trichinella spiralis infected mice
Bin Tang, Xiaolei Liu, Mingyuan Liu, Xue Bai, Yang Wang, Jing Ding, Xuelin Wang
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(8): 2505. CrossRef
Trichinella spiralis:inflammation modulator
Jing Ding, Xiaolei Liu, Xue Bai, Yang Wang, Jian Li, Chun Wang, Shicun Li, Mingyuan Liu, Xuelin Wang
Journal of Helminthology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Changes in the expression of TLR2 during the intestinal phase of trichinellosis
Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Giera, Monika Derda, Elżbieta Wandurska-Nowak, Paweł P. Jagodziński, Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk, Danuta Kosik-Bogacka, Edward Hadaś
Journal of Veterinary Research.2020; 64(2): 269. CrossRef
Toll-like receptor signal is required in maintenance of immune suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells
Miao Zhao, Hao-Tao Zeng, Gui Yang, Xiao-Rui Geng, Yuan-Yi Zhang, Fei Ma, Jiang-Qi Liu, Zhi-Qiang Liu, Mei-Zhen Zhao, Li-Hua Mo, Xiang-Qian Luo, Xiao-Wen Zhang, Da-Bo Liu, Ping-Chang Yang
Immunology Letters.2019; 210: 47. CrossRef
Trichinella spiralis: impact on the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene during the intestinal phase of experimental trichinellosis
Agnieszka Wojtkowiak-Giera, Elżbieta Wandurska-Nowak, Monika Derda, Wiesława Jankowska, Paweł P. Jagodziński, Edward Hadaś
Journal of Veterinary Research.2018; 62(4): 493. CrossRef
Modulation of TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophages following Trichinella spiralis infection
C. Han, J. Xu, Ch. Liu, X. Li, P. Zhai, A. Hashan, M. Song
Helminthologia.2018; 55(3): 195. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence of Trichinella sp. in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea: Hye-Jung Lee, Ok-Sik Chung, Jae-Lip Kim, Seung-Ha Lee, Young-Bok Yoo, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):233-236.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.233

Abstract
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A total 7 outbreaks of trichinellosis have occurred in Korea, mostly as a result of consumption of raw wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat. Since only 1 serological survey on wild boars had yet been performed in Korea, the present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of trichinellosis in wild boars and some species of rodents by artificial digestion and serological examinations in Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, the endemic area of trichinellosis. Both the wild boar and rodent muscle samples revealed no Trichinella larvae by direct examination and artificial digestion method. However, serological examinations revealed that 4 wild boar sera samples out of 118 (3.4%) were positive to Trichinella antigen. Although the recovery of Trichinella larvae ended in a failure, it is proved for the first time that the sylvatic cycle of Trichinella has been maintained in wild boars of Gangwon-do, Korea.

Citations

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Differences in larval survival and IgG response patterns in long-lasting infections by Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella britovi and Trichinella pseudospiralis in pigs
Edoardo Pozio, Giuseppe Merialdi, Elio Licata, Giacinto Della Casa, Massimo Fabiani, Marco Amati, Simona Cherchi, Mattia Ramini, Valerio Faeti, Maria Interisano, Alessandra Ludovisi, Gianluca Rugna, Gianluca Marucci, Daniele Tonanzi, Maria Angeles Gómez-M
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Wild Boar: A Reservoir of Foodborne Zoonoses
Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2019; 16(3): 153. CrossRef
A systematic review and meta-analysis on the global seroprevalence of Trichinella infection among wild boars
Ali Rostami, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Reza Ghadimi, Hooman Hanifehpour, Faezeh Hamidi, Hooshang Khazan, H. Ray Gamble
Food Control.2018; 91: 404. CrossRef
Screening and characterization of early diagnostic antigens in excretory–secretory proteins from Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae by immunoproteomics
Ruo Dan Liu, Peng Jiang, Hui Wen, Jiang Yang Duan, Li Ang Wang, Jie Feng Li, Chun Ying Liu, Ge Ge Sun, Zhong Quan Wang, Jing Cui
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(2): 615. CrossRef

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Case Report

An Outbreak of Trichinellosis by Consumption of Raw Soft-Shelled Turtle Meat in Korea: Joon Taek Jeong, Min Seo, Sung-Tae Hong, Young Keun Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):219-222.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.219

Abstract
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Trichinellosis transmission to humans via the consumption of reptile meat is rare worldwide. In Korea, however, 2 such outbreaks, possibly via consumption of soft-shelled turtle meat, have occurred in 2 successive years. In 17 August 2014, 6 patients were admitted to Wonju Severance Christian Hospital complaining of myalgia, fever, and headache. Eosinophilia was the indication of the initial laboratory results, and they were eventually diagnosed as trichinellosis by ELISA. All of the patients worked at the same company and had eaten raw soft-shelled turtle meat at a company dinner 10 days prior to their admission. They were treated with albendazole for 2 weeks, upon which all of their symptoms disappeared. This is the 8th report on human trichinellosis in Korea, and the second implicating raw soft-shelled turtle meat.

Citations

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Blood recovery of wild Mekong snail-eating turtles (Malayemys subtrijuga Schlegel and Müller, 1845) in captivity from leech infestation
Poramad Trivalairat, Krittiya Trivalairat, Awirut Tassamakorn, Watchariya Purivirojkul
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2023; 22: 126. CrossRef
Human Outbreak of Trichinellosis Caused by Trichinella papuae Nematodes, Central Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia
Yannick Caron, Sotharith Bory, Michel Pluot, Mary Nheb, Sarin Chan, Sang Houn Prum, Sun Bun Hong Lim, Mala Sim, Yi Sengdoeurn, Ly Sovann, Virak Khieu, Isabelle Vallée, Hélène Yera
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2020; 26(8): 1759. CrossRef
No evidence of Trichinella spp. in domestic pig carcasses at a selected abattoir in southern Botswana
Basiamisi Ernest Segwagwe, James Machete, Mpho Ntwaetsile, Borden Mushonga, Erick Kandiwa
Tropical Animal Health and Production.2019; 51(5): 1273. CrossRef
Meat sources of infection for outbreaks of human trichinellosis
Ali Rostami, H. Ray Gamble, Jean Dupouy-Camet, Hooshang Khazan, Fabrizio Bruschi
Food Microbiology.2017; 64: 65. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Susceptibility of Laboratory Rodents to Trichinella papuae: Lakkhana Sadaow, Pewpan M. Intapan, Thidarut Boonmars, Nimit Morakote, Wanchai Maleewong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):629-632.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.629

Abstract
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Members of the genus Trichinella are small nematodes that can infect a wide range of animal hosts. However, their infectivity varies depending on the parasite and host species combination. In this study, we examined the susceptibility of 4 species of laboratory rodents, i.e., mice, rats, hamsters, and gerbils to Trichinella papuae, an emerging non-encapsulated Trichinella species. Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis were also included in this study for comparison. Fifteen animals of each rodent species were infected orally with 100 muscle larvae of each Trichinella species. Intestinal worm burden was determined at day 6 and 10 post-inoculation (PI). The numbers of muscle larvae were examined at day 45 PI. The reproductive capacity index (RCI) of the 3 Trichinella species in different rodent hosts was determined. By day 6 PI, 33.2-69.6% of the inoculated larvae of the 3 Trichinella species became adult worms in the small intestines of the host animals. However, in rats, more than 96% of adult worms of all 3 Trichinella species were expelled from the gut by day 10 PI. In gerbils, only 4.8-18.1% of adult worms were expelled by day 10 PI. In accordance with the intestinal worm burden and the persistence of adults, the RCI was the highest in gerbils with values of 241.5±41.0 for T. papuae, 432.6±48 for T. pseudospiralis, and 528.6±20.6 for T. spiralis. Hamsters ranked second and mice ranked third in susceptibility in terms of the RCI, Rats yielded the lowest parasite RCI for all 3 Trichinella species. Gerbils may be an alternative laboratory animal for isolation and maintenance of Trichinella spp.

Citations

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Viability of Trichinella spiralis in traditional sour pork fermentation and its inactivation by microwave heating: Implications for zoonotic risk and food safety
Atchara Artchayasawat, Benjamabhorn Pumhirunroj, Sukhonthip Khueangchiangkhwang, Thidarut Boonmars, Parichart Boueroy, Porntip Laummaunwai, Panaratana Rattanasuwan
Veterinary World.2025; : 1660. CrossRef
Real-time PCR versus traditional and Nano-based ELISA in early detection of murine trichinellosis
S. M. Mohammad, L. A. Hegazy, R. S. Abdel Hady, M. A. Salama, S. K. Hammad, S. M. Ibrahim
Journal of Helminthology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A potential herbal therapeutic for trichinellosis
Asmaa M. El-kady, Iman A. M. Abdel-Rahman, Eman Sayed, Majed H. Wakid, Hussah M. Alobaid, Khalil Mohamed, Eman Abdullah Alshehri, Hayam Elshazly, Wafa Abdullah I. Al-Megrin, Furhan Iqbal, Hatem A. Elshabrawy, Ashraf G. Timsah
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Reprint of: Survival of Trichinella spiralis in cured meat products
Annette Johne, Matthias Filter, Jennifer Gayda, Anja Buschulte, Niels Bandick, Karsten Nöckler, Anne Mayer-Scholl
Veterinary Parasitology.2021; 297: 109544. CrossRef
Human Outbreak of Trichinellosis Caused by Trichinella papuae Nematodes, Central Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia
Yannick Caron, Sotharith Bory, Michel Pluot, Mary Nheb, Sarin Chan, Sang Houn Prum, Sun Bun Hong Lim, Mala Sim, Yi Sengdoeurn, Ly Sovann, Virak Khieu, Isabelle Vallée, Hélène Yera
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2020; 26(8): 1759. CrossRef
Survival of Trichinella spiralis in cured meat products
Annette Johne, Matthias Filter, Jennifer Gayda, Anja Buschulte, Niels Bandick, Karsten Nöckler, Anne Mayer-Scholl
Veterinary Parasitology.2020; 287: 109260. CrossRef
Immuno-proteomic analysis of Trichinella spiralis, T. pseudospiralis, and T. papuae extracts recognized by human T. spiralis-infected sera
Chalermchai Somboonpatarakun, Rutchanee Rodpai, Pewpan M. Intapan, Oranuch Sanpool, Lakkhana Sadaow, Chaisiri Wongkham, Tonkla Insawang, Thidarut Boonmars, Wanchai Maleewong
Parasitology Research.2018; 117(1): 201. CrossRef
Differential immune responses in mice infected with the tissue-dwelling nematode Trichinella zimbabwensis
W.N. Onkoba, M.J. Chimbari, J.M. Kamau, S. Mukaratirwa
Journal of Helminthology.2016; 90(5): 547. CrossRef

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Therapeutic Potential of Myrrh and Ivermectin against Experimental Trichinella spiralis Infection in Mice: Maha M.A. Basyoni, Abdel-Aleem A. El-Sabaa; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):297-304.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.297

Abstract
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Trichinosis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the nematode Trichinella spiralis. Anthelmintics are used to eliminate intestinal adults as well as tissue-migrating and encysted larvae. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ivermectin and myrrh obtained from the aloe-gum resin of Commiphora molmol on experimental trichinosis. Ninety albino mice were orally infected with 300 T. spiralis larvae. Drugs were tested against adult worms at day 0 and day 5 and against encysted larvae on day 15 and day 35 post-infection (PI). Mature worms and encysted larvae were counted in addition to histopathological examination of muscle specimens. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, and creatinine values were estimated. Significant reductions in mean worm numbers were detected in ivermectin treated mice at day 0 and day 5 PI achieving efficacies of 98.5% and 80.0%, while efficacies of myrrh in treated mice were 80.7% and 51.5%, respectively. At days 15 and 35 post-infection, ivermectin induced significant reduction in encysted larval counts achieving efficacies of 76.5% and 54.0%, respectively, while myrrh efficacies were 76.6% and 35.0%, respectively. AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine levels were reduced, while total proteins were increased in response to both treatments compared to their values in the infected non-treated mice. Ivermectin use for controlling T. spiralis could be continued. Myrrh was effective and could be a promising drug against the Egyptian strains of T. spiralis with results nearly comparable to ivermectin.

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Case Report

Trichinosis Caused by Ingestion of Raw Soft-Shelled Turtle Meat in Korea: Sang-Rok Lee, Sang-Hoon Yoo, Hyun-Seon Kim, Seung-Ha Lee, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):219-221.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.219

Abstract
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Reptiles, unlike mammals, have been considered to be unsuitable hosts of Trichinella spp., though larvae have been detected in their muscles and human outbreaks related to their consumption have, in fact, occurred. Herein we report 2 Korean cases of trichinosis, possibly transmitted via consumption of reptile meat. Both patients suffered from myalgia, headache, and facial edema. Laboratory examinations revealed leukocytosis with eosinophilia (54% and 39%, respectively) and elevated creatinine phosphokinase. ELISA was performed under the suspicion of trichinosis, showing positivity at the 29th and 60th day post-infection. Since they had consumed raw soft-shelled turtle meat, turtle was strongly suggested to be an infection source of trichinosis in Korea next to the wild boar and badger.

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JINGMEI LUO, LI YU, GUANGCHENG XIE, DAN LI, MENG SU, XUERONG ZHAO, LUANYING DU
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Brief Communication

Trichinella spiralis Infection Suppressed Gut Inflammation with CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T Cell Recruitment: Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Seon Hee Choi, Soon Cheol Ahn, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):385-390.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.385

Abstract
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In order to know the effect of pre-existing Trichinella spiralis infection on experimentally induced intestinal inflammation and immune responses, we induced colitis in T. spiralis-infected mice and observed the severity of colitis and the levels of Th1, Th2, and regulatory cytokines and recruitment of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T (regulatory T; T_reg) cells. Female C57BL/6 mice were infected with 250 muscle larvae; after 4 weeks, induction of experimental colitis was performed using 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). During the induction period, we observed severity of colitis, including weight loss and status of stool, and evaluated the disease activity index (DAI). A significantly low DAI and degree of weight loss were observed in infected mice, compared with uninfected mice. In addition, colon length in infected mice was not contracted, compared with uninfected mice. We also observed a significant increase in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IFN-γ, in spleen lymphocytes treated with DSS; however, such an increase was not observed in infected mice treated with DSS. Of particular interest, production of regulatory cytokines, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, in spleen lymphocytes showed a significant increase in mice infected with T. spiralis. A similar result was observed in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Subsets of the population of T_reg cells in MLN and spleen showed significant increases in mice infected with T. spiralis. In conclusion, T. spiralis infection can inhibit the DSS-induced colitis in mice by enhancing the regulatory cytokine and T_reg cells recruitment.

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Case Reports

An Outbreak of Trichinosis with Molecular Identification of Trichinella sp. in Vietnam: Nguyen Van De, Nguyen Vu Trung, Nguyen Hong Ha, Vu Thi Nga, Nguyen Minh Ha, Pham Thanh Thuy, Le Van Duyet, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):339-343.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.339

Abstract
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The 5th outbreak of trichinosis occurred in a mountainous area of North Vietnam in 2012, involving 24 patients among 27 people who consumed raw pork together. Six of these patients visited several hospitals in Hanoi for treatment. Similar clinical symptoms appeared in these patients within 5-8 days after eating infected raw pork, which consisted of fever, muscle pain, difficult moving, edema, difficult swallowing, and difficult breathing. ELISA revealed all (6/6) positive reactions against Trichinella spiralis antigen and all cases showed positive biopsy results for Trichinella sp. larvae in the muscle. The larvae detected in the patients were identified as T. spiralis (Vietnamese strain) by the molecular analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (cox3) gene.

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The Fifth Outbreak of Trichinosis in Korea: Ji-Young Rhee, Sung-Tae Hong, Hye-Jung Lee, Min Seo, Suk-Bae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):405-408.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.405

Abstract
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Trichinosis is a food-borne zoonotic disease caused by the nematode, Trichinella spp., and had been reported several times in Korea. Recently, there was an additional outbreak, involving 5 patients, the findings from which are reported herein. On 30 November 2010, 8 persons ate sashimi of the meat of a wild boar. Then, 2-3 weeks later, they complained of myalgia and fever. Unfortunately, muscle biopsy was not performed, but ELISA was performed using their sera. Two people among 8 were positive for Trichinella on the 34th day post-infection (PI), and 3 patients who initially revealed negative ELISA were additionally proved to be positive for trichinosis on the 42nd day PI. Hence, the confirmed patients of trichinosis were 5 in total in the present outbreak. They were treated with albendazole and discharged uneventfully. This was the fifth outbreak of trichinosis in Korea.

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Prevalence of Trichinella spp. antibodies in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and domestic pigs in Korea
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Original Articles

Molecular Identification of a Trichinella Isolate from a Naturally Infected Pig in Tibet, China: Ling Zhao Li, Zhong Quan Wang, Peng Jiang, Xi Zhang, Hui Jun Ren, Jing Cui; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):381-384.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.381

Abstract
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The first human case with trichinellosis was reported in 1964 in Tibet, China. However, up to the present, the etiological agent of trichinellosis has been unclear. The aim of this study was to identify a Tibet Trichinella isolate at a species level by PCR-based methods. Multiplex PCR revealed amplicon of the expected size (173 bp) for Trichinella spiralis in assays containing larval DNA from Tibet Trichinella isolate from a naturally infected pig. The Tibet Trichinella isolate was also identified by PCR amplification of the 5S ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer region (5S ISR) and mitochondrial large-subunit ribosomal RNA (mt-lsrDNA) gene sequences. The results showed that 2 DNA fragments (749 bp and 445 bp) of the Tibet Trichinella isolate were identical to that of the reference isolates of T. spiralis. The Tibet Trichinella isolate might be classifiable to T. spiralis. This is the first report on T. spiralis in southwestern China.

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Genetic identification of Trichinella species found in wild carnivores from the territory of Kazakhstan
Rabiga Uakhit, Anne Mayer-Scholl, Chincher Shin, Ainura Smagulova, Lyudmila Lider, Sergey Leontyev, Vladimir Kiyan
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular characterization of a Trichinella spiralis elastase-1 and its potential as a diagnostic antigen for trichinellosis
Chen Xi Hu, Peng Jiang, Xin Yue, Jie Zeng, Xin Zhuo Zhang, Yan Yan Song, Ruo Dan Liu, Xi Zhang, Zhong Quan Wang, Jing Cui
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Surveillance and diagnosis of zoonotic foodborne parasites
Reza Zolfaghari Emameh, Sami Purmonen, Antti Sukura, Seppo Parkkila
Food Science & Nutrition.2018; 6(1): 3. CrossRef
Innovative molecular diagnosis of Trichinella species based on β‐carbonic anhydrase genomic sequence
Reza Zolfaghari Emameh, Marianne Kuuslahti, Anu Näreaho, Antti Sukura, Seppo Parkkila
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Comparison of three molecular detection methods for detection of Trichinella in infected pigs
Zhibing Lin, Jie Cao, Houshuang Zhang, Yongzhi Zhou, Mingjun Deng, Guoqing Li, Jinlin Zhou
Parasitology Research.2013; 112(5): 2087. CrossRef

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Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Is Involved in Th2 Responses against Trichinella spiralis Infection: Mi Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Shin Ae Kang, Hye-Kyung Park, Yun Seong Kim, Ki Uk Kim, Soon Cheol Ahn, Dong-Hee Kim, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):235-243.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.235

Abstract
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In order to get a better understanding of the role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in type 2 helper T (Th2) cell responses against Trichinella spiralis infection, we analyzed Th2 responses in T. spiralis-infected PAR2 knockout (KO) mice. The levels of the Th2 cell-secreted cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were markedly reduced in the PAR2 KO mice as compared to the wild type mice following infection with T. spiralis. The serum levels of parasite-specific IgE increased significantly in the wild type mice as the result of T. spiralis infection, but this level was not significantly increased in PAR2 KO mice. The expression level of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25, and eotaxin gene (the genes were recently known as Th2 response initiators) of mouse intestinal epithelial cells were increased as the result of treatment with T. spiralis excretory-secretory proteins. However, the expression of these chemokine genes was inhibited by protease inhibitor treatments. In conclusion, PAR2 might involve in Th2 responses against T. spiralis infection.

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Expressed Sequence Tags of Trichinella spiralis Muscle Stage Larvae: Hae Kyung Park, Seong Won Chang, Se Won Kang, Min Kyoung Cho, Sun Hee Choi, Yeon Chul Hong, Yong Seok Lee, Hae Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(2):59-63.
Published online June 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.2.59

Abstract
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In order to obtain greater insight into the relevant genomic expression patterns of Trichinella spiralis, 992 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were collected from a cDNA library of T. spiralis muscle stage larvae and assembled into 60 clusters and 385 singletons. Of them, 445 (44.7%) ESTs were annotated to their homologous genes, and small fractions were matched to known genes of nematodes. The annotated ESTs were classified into 25 eukaryotic orthologous groups (KOG). Cytochrome C oxidase (34 clones) was found to be most frequent species.

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Characterisation of a high-frequency gene encoding a strongly antigenic cystatin-like protein from Trichinella spiralis at its early invasion stage
Bin Tang, Mingyuan Liu, Libo Wang, Shenye Yu, Haining Shi, Pascal Boireau, Vasile Cozma, Xiuping Wu, Xiaolei Liu
Parasites & Vectors.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular characterization of 45kDa aspartic protease of Trichinella spiralis
Jong Nam Park, Sang Kyun Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi-Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Dong-Hee Kim, Hak Sun Yu
Veterinary Parasitology.2012; 190(3-4): 510. CrossRef
Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Is Involved in Th2 Responses againstTrichinella spiralisInfection
Mi Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Shin Ae Kang, Hye-Kyung Park, Yun Seong Kim, Ki Uk Kim, Soon Cheol Ahn, Dong-Hee Kim, Hak Sun Yu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 235. CrossRef
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Veterinary Parasitology.2009; 164(2-4): 242. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Application of Giemsa stain for easy detection of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae: Carmen Ram?rez-Melgar, Alberto G?mez-Priego, Jorge-Luis De-La-Rosa; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):65-68.
Published online March 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.65

Abstract
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The application of Giemsa technique to stain compressed diaphragm samples obtained from rodents experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis is described. Diaphragm samples from rats heavily infected with 20 muscle larvae per gram of body weight (20 ML/gbw) were cut into several pieces and stained with Giemsa; on the other hand, whole diaphragms from slightly infected mice (1 ML/gbw) were also stained with Giemsa. Besides, muscle samples were also stained with Giemsa. Observation at 10 × magnification revealed that both ML and nurse cells (NC) look as bluish structures clearly contrasting with the pinkish color of the non-infected muscle fibers. NC in the diaphragms of mice could be easily observed at naked eye as blue points contrasting with the pink surrounding areas formed by the non-infected muscle fibers. Among NC observed in the diaphragms of rats infected with 20 ML/gbw, 4.4% was multiple infection. These findings were confirmed in sectioned and hematoxylin-eosin stained specimens. This data could be usefulness for a rapid diagnosis of trichinellosis in post-mortem mammals without magnification procedures.

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Kinetics of Eosinophils during Development of the Cellular Infiltrate Surrounding the Nurse Cell of Trichinella spiralis in Experimentally Infected Mice
Vicente Vega-Sánchez, Fabián-Ricardo Gómez-De-Anda, Georgina Calderón-Domínguez, Mary-Carmen-del-Sol Ramírez-y-Ramírez, Nydia-E. Reyes-Rodríguez, Andrea-P. Zepeda-Velázquez, Raquel Tapia-Romero, Jorge-Luis de-la-Rosa-Arana
Pathogens.2021; 10(11): 1382. CrossRef
Immune response to aTrichinella spiralisinfection in house mice from lines selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running
Elizabeth M. Dlugosz, Heidi Schutz, Thomas H. Meek, Wendy Acosta, Cynthia J. Downs, Edward G. Platzer, Mark A. Chappell, Theodore Garland
Journal of Experimental Biology.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative effects of levamisole, Staphylococcus, and Freund's adjuvant on rat immunization with excretory and secretory antigens of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae
Jorge-Luis de-la-Rosa-Arana, Rafael Campos-Rodríguez, Víctor Rivera-Aguilar, Alejandro Escobar-Gutiérrez, Ángel Miliar-García, Norma-Elena Herrera-González, Rosa-Adriana Jarillo-Luna
Parasitology Research.2012; 111(4): 1599. CrossRef
Influence of different processing procedures on the reproductive capacity of Trichinella spiralis in pork meat
M. S. Medina-Lerena, A. Ramirez-Álvarez, M. Kühne, A. Gómez-Priego, J.-L. de-la-Rosa
Tropical Animal Health and Production.2009; 41(4): 437. CrossRef

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Molecular identification of Korean Trichinella isolates: Woon-Mok Sohn, Sun Huh, Dong-Il Chung, Edoardo Pozio; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(2):125-127.
Published online June 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.2.125

Abstract
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Muscle larvae of Trichinella isolates from two outbreaks in Korea were analyzed by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and multiple-PCR. All of the muscle larvae showed a band similar to that of T. spiralis larvae of the reference strain. The two Korean Trichinella isolates (isolate code ISS623 and ISS1078) might be classifiable to Trichinella spiralis.

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From wildlife to humans: The global distribution of Trichinella species and genotypes in wildlife and wildlife-associated human trichinellosis
Cody J. Malone, Antti Oksanen, Samson Mukaratirwa, Rajnish Sharma, Emily Jenkins
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2024; 24: 100934. CrossRef
The dynamics of Trichinella spiralis epidemiology: Out to pasture?
K.D. Murrell
Veterinary Parasitology.2016; 231: 92. CrossRef
The induction of the collagen capsule synthesis by Trichinella spiralis is closely related to protease-activated receptor 2
Mi Kyung Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Shin Ae Kang, Bo Young Kim, Hak Sun Yu
Veterinary Parasitology.2016; 230: 56. CrossRef
Immune Correlates of Resistance to Trichinella spiralis Reinfection in Mice
Ki-Back Chu, Sang-Soo Kim, Su-Hwa Lee, Dong-Hun Lee, Ah-Ra Kim, Fu-Shi Quan
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(5): 637. CrossRef
Chemotherapeutic drugs for common parasitic diseases in Korea
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2013; 56(6): 513. CrossRef
An Outbreak of Trichinosis with Molecular Identification of Trichinella sp. in Vietnam
Nguyen Van De, Nguyen Vu Trung, Nguyen Hong Ha, Vu Thi Nga, Nguyen Minh Ha, Pham Thanh Thuy, Le Van Duyet, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(4): 339. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of 45kDa aspartic protease of Trichinella spiralis
Jong Nam Park, Sang Kyun Park, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi-Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Dong-Hee Kim, Hak Sun Yu
Veterinary Parasitology.2012; 190(3-4): 510. CrossRef
The Fifth Outbreak of Trichinosis in Korea
Ji-Young Rhee, Sung-Tae Hong, Hye-Jung Lee, Min Seo, Suk-Bae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(4): 405. CrossRef
The epidemiology of human trichinellosis in China during 2004–2009
J. Cui, Z.Q. Wang, B.L. Xu
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World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans
Edoardo Pozio
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R. Kurdova, N. Müller, N. Tsvetkova, L. Michov, D. Georgieva, M. Ivanova, B Gottstein
Veterinary Parasitology.2004; 123(3-4): 179. CrossRef

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Trichinella spiralis antibodies and the surveillance of selected pig breeding farms in the Republic of Korea: Sung-Hwan Wee, Chung-Gil Lee, Hoo-Don Joo, Yung-Bai Kang; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(3):261-264.
Published online September 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.3.261

Abstract
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Trichinellosis is a parasitic zoonosis of public health importance. It is caused by Trichinella spiralis which has a wide host range including humans. In the present communication, the ELISA technique was employed on a total of 803 blood samples from 7 selected pig breeding farms in 1996 for diagnosis and surveillance of trichinellosis. Out of the entire 803 samples, nine were found to be suspected while one was positive by ELISA. But western blot analyses employed for further confirmation have shown that all of 10 samples did not react to larval excretory-secretory product antigens. These results indicate that pig breeding farms included in the present study are free from trichinellosis. However, it does not mean Korea is free from trichinellosis since human trichinellosis has recently been reported. The necessity of continued surveillance for trichinellosis in both pigs and wild animals was discussed.

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Prevalence of Trichinella spp. antibodies in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and domestic pigs in Korea
H.J. Kim, W.S. Jeong, E.M. Kim, S.G. Yeo, D.J. An, H. Yoon, E.J. Kim, C.K. Park
Veterinární medicína.2015; 60(4): 181. CrossRef
Primary characterization and assessment of a T. spiralis antigen for the detection of Trichinella infection in pigs
Aleksandar Zocevic, Sandrine A. Lacour, Pauline Mace, Baldissera Giovani, Aurelie Grasset-Chevillot, Isabelle Vallee, Pascal Boireau
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Leigh Cuttell, Maria Angeles Gómez-Morales, Beth Cookson, Peter J. Adams, Simon A. Reid, Paul B. Vanderlinde, Louise A. Jackson, C. Gray, Rebecca J. Traub
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N. Vu Thi, N.V. De, N. Praet, L. Claes, S. Gabriël, P. Dorny
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Original Article

PCR-RFLP patterns of four isolates of Trichinella for rDNA ITS1 region: Hye Soo Kwon, Myung Sook Chung, Kyoung Hwan Joo; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(1):43-48.
Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.1.43

Abstract
PDF

We have studied the genetic differences among four isolates of Trichinella including a new strain of Trichinella spiralis (ISS 623) recently found from a human case who took a badger in Korea. Because they have a different host origin and came from geographically separated regions, we supposed the genetic pattern of the isolates might be different as had been previously reported. It was analysed by PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA repeat that can readily distinguish a species or strain from others. Isolated genomic DNA of each isolate of Trichinella larvae was amplified with ITS1 specific primers and digested with restriction endonucleases. The PCR product of ITS1 was confirmed using Southern blot analysis to be a 910 bp fragment. The restriction fragments of each isolate had variable patterns when it was digested with Rsa I only. According to the RFLP patterns, the estimated genetic divergence between each isolate was different. In conclusion, four isolates of Trichinella including a new strain of T. spiralis obtained from a Korean patient may have genetic differences in the ITS1 region and the Shanghai isolate was genetically more similar to the Japanese unknown isolate than others in the ITS1 region.

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K.D. Murrell
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Yixin Lu, Caixia Han, Jinyu Yang, Xiaoyun Li, Mingxin Song
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