Primary amebic encephalitis (PAM) is a devastating central nervous system infection caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba, which can survive in soil and warm fresh water. Here, a 43-year-old healthy male was exposed to warm freshwater 5 days before the symptom onset. He rapidly developed severe cerebral edema before the diagnosis of PAM and was treated with intravenous conventional amphotericin B while died of terminal cerebral hernia finally. Comparing the patients with PAM who has similar clinical symptoms to those with other common types of meningoencephalitis, this infection is probably curable if treated early and aggressively. PAM should be considered in the differential diagnosis of purulent meningoencephalitis, especially in patients with recent freshwater-related activities during the hot season.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Fatal Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis in Coastal Areas of North China in an Immunocompetent Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review Qian Li Wang, Sheng Nan Teng, Xiao Jing Zhang, Yu Xin Guo, Yang Kong, Xing Han Tian, Yi Zhang Infection and Drug Resistance.2026; Volume 19: 1. CrossRef
Enlightening the promising role of nanoparticle-based treatments against Naegleria fowleri-induced primary amoebic meningoencephalitis: A brain-eating disease Sunita Jhulki, Biplab Bhowmik, Aparajita Pal Microbial Pathogenesis.2025; 199: 107234. CrossRef
Naegleria fowleri Infections: Bridging Clinical Observations and Epidemiological Insights Carmen Rîpă, Roxana Gabriela Cobzaru, Miruna Raluca Rîpă, Alexandra Maștaleru, Andra Oancea, Carmen Marinela Cumpăt, Maria Magdalena Leon Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(2): 526. CrossRef
Naegleria fowleri: An Amoeba That Eats your Brain Siddhi Suhas Shinde, Anuradha Prajapati, Sachin B. Narkhede, Shailesh Luhar Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology.2025; : 37. CrossRef
Amoebicidal effect of chlorine dioxide gas against pathogenic Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba polyphaga Hae-Jin Sohn, A-Young Park, Jeong-Heon Lee, Kyu-Hwa Yun, Kyoung-Ju Song, Jong-Hyun Kim, Ho-Joon Shin Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A scoping review on epidemiology and pathogenesis of death due to primary amoebic meningoencephalitis Krishneswari Rajasekharan Nair Saraswathy International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health.2024; 12(1): 598. CrossRef
Systematic Review of Brain-Eating Amoeba: A Decade Update Mohd ‘Ammar Ihsan Ahmad Zamzuri, Farah Nabila Abd Majid, Massitah Mihat, Siti Salwa Ibrahim, Muhammad Ismail, Suriyati Abd Aziz, Zuraida Mohamed, Lokman Rejali, Hazlina Yahaya, Zulhizzam Abdullah, Mohd Rohaizat Hassan, Rahmat Dapari, Abd Majid Mohd Isa International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(4): 3021. CrossRef
Distribution and Current State of Molecular Genetic Characterization in Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae Alejandro Otero-Ruiz, Leobardo Daniel Gonzalez-Zuñiga, Libia Zulema Rodriguez-Anaya, Luis Fernando Lares-Jiménez, Jose Reyes Gonzalez-Galaviz, Fernando Lares-Villa Pathogens.2022; 11(10): 1199. CrossRef
Photolysis of sodium chloride and sodium hypochlorite by ultraviolet light inactivates the trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba castellanii in the water matrix Beni J. M. Chaúque, Marilise B. Rott Journal of Water and Health.2021; 19(1): 190. CrossRef
Drugs used for the treatment of cerebral and disseminated infections caused by free‐living amoebae Alexandre Taravaud, Zineb Fechtali‐Moute, Philippe M. Loiseau, Sébastien Pomel Clinical and Translational Science.2021; 14(3): 791. CrossRef
Death From Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis After Recreational Water Exposure During Recent Travel to India—Santa Clara County, California, 2020 Glenn R Harris, Ellora N Karmarkar, Rebecca Quenelle, Lyndsey Chaille, Jai Madhok, Vivian Tien, Jyoti Gupta, Seema Jain, Maria Liu, Shantanu Roy, Supriya Narasimhan, Akiko Kimura, Jennifer R Cope, Ibne Karim M Ali Open Forum Infectious Diseases.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Various brain-eating amoebae: the protozoa, the pathogenesis, and the disease Hongze Zhang, Xunjia Cheng Frontiers of Medicine.2021; 15(6): 842. CrossRef
Understanding the true burden of “Naegleria fowleri” (Vahlkampfiidae) in patients from Northern states of India: Source tracking and significance Ashutosh Panda, Bijay Ranjan Mirdha, Neha Rastogi, Samander Kasuhik European Journal of Protistology.2020; 76: 125726. CrossRef
A Fatal Case of Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) Complicated with Diabetes Insipidus (DI): A Case Report and Review of the Literature Muhammad Zain Mushtaq, Saad Bin Zafar Mahmood, Adil Aziz Case Reports in Infectious Diseases.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-1 (PvMSP1) gene codes for a major malaria vaccine candidate antigen. However, its polymorphic nature represents an obstacle to the design of a protective vaccine. In this study, we analyzed the genetic polymorphism and natural selection of the C-terminal 42 kDa fragment within PvMSP1 gene (Pv MSP142) from 77 P. vivax isolates, collected from imported cases of China-Myanmar border (CMB) areas in Yunnan province and the inland cases from Anhui, Yunnan, and Zhejiang province in China during 2009-2012. Totally, 41 haplotypes were identified and 30 of them were new haplotypes. The differences between the rates of non-synonymous and synonymous mutations suggest that PvMSP142 has evolved under natural selection, and a high selective pressure preferentially acted on regions identified of PvMSP133. Our results also demonstrated that PvMSP142 of P. vivax isolates collected on China-Myanmar border areas display higher genetic polymorphisms than those collected from inland of China. Such results have significant implications for understanding the dynamic of the P. vivax population and may be useful information towards China malaria elimination campaign strategies.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein and Merozoite Surface Protein-1 in northwestern Thailand Parsakorn Tapaopong, Gustavo da Silva, Sittinont Chainarin, Chayanut Suansomjit, Khajohnpong Manopwisedjaroen, Liwang Cui, Cristian Koepfli, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Wang Nguitragool Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2023; 113: 105467. CrossRef
Spatiotemporal Changes in Plasmodium vivax msp142 Haplotypes in Southern Mexico: From the Control to the Pre-Elimination Phase Alejandro Flores-Alanis, Lilia González-Cerón, Frida Santillán-Valenzuela, Cecilia Ximenez, Marco A. Sandoval-Bautista, Rene Cerritos Microorganisms.2022; 10(1): 186. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphisms in genes associated with drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax parasites from northeastern Myanmar Fang Huang, Shigang Li, Peng Tian, Lahpai Ja Seng Pu, Yanwen Cui, Hui Liu, Lianzhi Yang, Dahidam Yaw Bi Malaria Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Diversity and natural selection of Merozoite surface Protein-1 in three species of human malaria parasites: Contribution from South-East Asian isolates Xiang Ting Goh, Yvonne A.L. Lim, Ping Chin Lee, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, Kek Heng Chua Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2021; 244: 111390. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of Merozoite surface protein 1–42 (MSP1-42) fragment of Plasmodium vivax from Indonesian isolates: Rationale implementation of candidate MSP1 vaccine E. Elsa Herdiana Murhandarwati, E. Henny Herningtyas, Puspawati Puspawati, Fridolina Mau, Shen-Bo Chen, Hai-Mo Shen, Jun-Hu Chen Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 85: 104573. CrossRef
Exploration of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface proteins 1 and 7 genetic diversity in Brazilian Amazon and Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest Natália Ketrin Almeida-de-Oliveira, Rebecca Abreu-Fernandes, Aline Rosa Lavigne, Anielle Pina-Costa, Daiana de Souza Perce-da-Silva, Marcos Catanho, Átila Duque Rossi, Patrícia Brasil, Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro, Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 86: 104592. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism and natural selection in the C-terminal 42 kDa region of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) among Plasmodium knowlesi samples from Malaysia Nan Jiun Yap, Indra Vythilingam, Boon Peng Hoh, Xiang Ting Goh, Azdayanti Muslim, Romano Ngui, Yamuna Rajoo, Seow Huey Choy, Timothy William, Tsin Wen Yeo, Yvonne Ai-Lian Lim Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
First
Prev
