Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Brief Communication

Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics: Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(4):349-353.
Published online November 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25032

The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is a wild felid species that serves as a reservoir of zoonotic parasites. In this study, we investigated intestinal parasite taxa by reanalyzing previously published shotgun metagenomic sequencing data from fecal samples of wild leopard cats using a custom 18S rRNA gene reference database constructed from the NCBI nucleotide database. Among 11 metagenomic samples, 5 parasite species were identified: Toxoplasma gondii, Clonorchis sinensis, Strongyloides planiceps, Cylicospirura petrowi, and Pharyngostomum cordatum. These findings demonstrate that shotgun metagenomic analysis of fecal samples can be a useful tool for monitoring zoonotic parasite infections in this species and for investigating parasite life cycles. However, this approach is limited by its dependence on existing reference databases and requires experimental validation of the findings.

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Original Articles

Giardia intraflagellar transport protein 88 is involved in flagella formation: Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):12-24.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24064

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles, a multi-protein apparatus composed of complex A and B, are known to be involved in homeostasis of flagella formation. IFT particles have recently become an interesting topic in Giardia lamblia, which has 4 pairs of flagella. In this experiment, we examined the function of giardial IFT components. When 7 components (IFT121, 140, 20, 46, 52, 81, and 88) of IFT were expressed in Giardia trophozoites as a tagged form with mNeonGreen, all of them were found in both flagella pores and cytoplasmic axonemes. In addition, motor proteins for IFT particles (kinesin-13 and kinesin-2b), were localized to a median body and cytoplasmic flagella, respectively. The CRISPRi-mediated knockdown of IFT88 significantly affected the lengths of all 4 flagella compared to the control cells, Giardia expressing dead Cas9 using control guide RNA. Decreased expression of kinesin-2b also resulted in shortening of flagella, excluding the ventral flagella. Live Giardia cells expressing IFT88-mNeonGreen clearly demonstrated fluorescence in flagella pores and cytoplasmic axonemes. These results on IFT88 and kinesin-2b indicate that IFT complex plays a role in maintenance of G. lamblia flagella.

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Identification and confirmation of SUMOylation-modified proteins in Giardia trophozoites
Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 264. CrossRef

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The storage mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae induces greater lung inflammation than house dust mites in mice: Eun-Min Kim, Ju Yeong Kim, You Shine Kwak, Myung-Hee Yi, Tai-Soon Yong; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):365-377.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24032

Abstract
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Exposure to storage mite (SM) and house dust mite (HDM) allergens is a risk factor for sensitization and asthma development; however, the related immune responses and their pathology have not been fully investigated. The HDMs Dermatophagoides farinae and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and SM Tyrophagus putrescentiae are potent allergens that induce asthma. Most SM-related studies have focused on the allergic reactions of individuals by measuring their immunoglobulin (Ig)E expression. Considering the limited research on this topic, the present study aims to investigate the differences in the immune responses induced by HDMs and SMs and histologically analyze lung tissues in a mouse asthma model to understand the differential effects of HDM and SM. The results revealed that all mite species induced airway inflammation. Mice challenged with T. putrescentiae had the highest airway resistance and total cell, eosinophil, and neutrophil counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The SM-sensitized groups showed more severe lesions and mucus hypersecretions than the HDM-sensitized groups. Although the degree of HDM and SM exposure was the same, the damage to the respiratory lung tissue was more severe in SM-exposed mice, which resulted in excessive mucin secretion and increased fibrosis. Furthermore, these findings suggest that SM sensitization induces a more significant hypersensitivity response in mucosal immunity than HDM sensitization in asthma models.

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Brief Communication

Update on the risk factors for opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma in Thailand: Sattrachai Prasopdee, Thittinan Rojthongpond, Yanwadee Chitkoolsamphan, Montinee Pholhelm, Siraphatsorn Yusuk, Junya Pattaraarchachai, Kritiya Butthongkomvong, Jutharat Kulsantiwong, Teva Phanaksri, Anthicha Kunjantarachot, Smarn Tesana, Thanakrit Sathavornmanee, Veerachai Thitapakorn; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):463-470.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23032

Abstract
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This study aimed to identify the recent risk factors for Opisthorchis viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) to improve disease prevention. The participants were divided into the following 3 groups based on their health status: healthy control (nonOV and nonCCA), those with O. viverrini infection (OV), and those with CCA. A questionnaire was used to explore their lifestyle and behaviors. Multivariate logistic regression and backward elimination were used to identify the significant risk factors. The results showed that the significant risk factors for both O. viverrini infection and CCA were age>50 years (odd ratio (OR)=8.44, p<0.001, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.98–23.90 and OR=43.47, p=0.001, 95% CI 14.71–128.45, respectively) and raw fish consumption (OR=8.48, p< 0.001, 95% CI 3.18–22.63 and OR=3.15, p=0.048, 95% CI 1.01–9.86, respectively). A history of O. viverrini infection was identified as an additional risk factor for CCA (OR=20.93, p=0.011, 95% CI 2.04–215.10). This study provided an update on the risk factors for O. viverrini infection and CCA. Asymptomatic patients with O. viverrini infection, particularly those>50 years old, should be carefully monitored to prevent CCA.

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Influence of knowledge, attitude and self‐efficacy on Opisthorchis viverrini and cholangiocarcinoma prevention: A One Health approach in high‐risk areas of Thailand
Worathon Busabong, Nopparat Songserm, Somkiattiyos Woradet, Banchob Sripa
Tropical Medicine & International Health.2025; 30(2): 99. CrossRef
Targeting tumor-associated genes, immune response, and circulating tumor cells in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Therapeutic potential of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC
Pongsakorn Martviset, Pathanin Chantree, Nisit Tongsiri, Tullayakorn Plengsuriyakarn, Kesara Na-Bangchang, Keun-Yeong Jeong,
PLOS One.2025; 20(5): e0323732. CrossRef
Large-scale epidemiology of opisthorchiasis in 21 provinces in Thailand based on diagnosis by fecal egg examination and urine antigen assay and analysis of risk factors for infection
Kulthida Y. Kopolrat, Chanika Worasith, Phattharaphon Wongphutorn, Anchalee Techasen, Chatanun Eamudomkarn, Jiraporn Sithithaworn, Watcharin Loilome, Nisana Namwat, Attapol Titapun, Chaiwat Tawarungruang, Bandit Thinkhamrop, Samarn Futrakul, Simon D. Tayl
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(7): e0013095. CrossRef
Chronic opisthorchiasis invasion as a factor aggravating the development of cholangiocellular carcinoma. A literature review
V. V. Ivanov, T. B. Komkova, E. A. Perina, L. Yu. Petrov, E. V. Udut, E. S. Khmelevskaya
Siberian journal of oncology.2025; 24(5): 171. CrossRef
Differential circulating miRNA profiles identified miR-423-5p, miR-93-5p, and miR-4532 as potential biomarkers for cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis
Kittiya Supradit, Sattrachai Prasopdee, Teva Phanaksri, Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang, Montinee Pholhelm, Siraphatsorn Yusuk, Kritiya Butthongkomvong, Kanokpan Wongprasert, Jutharat Kulsantiwong, Amnat Chukan, Smarn Tesana, Veerachai Thitapakorn
PeerJ.2024; 12: e18367. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Antimalarial effect of synthetic endoperoxide on synchronized Plasmodium chabaudi infected mice: Nagwa S. M. Aly, Hiroaki Matsumori, Thi Quyen Dinh, Akira Sato, Shin-Ichi Miyoshi, Kyung-Soo Chang, Hak Sun Yu, Fumie Kobayashi, Hye-Sook Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):33-41.
Published online February 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22119

Abstract
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The discovery of new antimalarial drugs can be developed using asynchronized Plasmodium berghei malaria parasites in vivo in mice. Studies on a particular stage are also required to assess the effectiveness and mode of action of drugs. In this report, we used endoperoxide 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro [7.11] nonadec-4-yl) hexan-1-ol (N-251) as a model antimalarial compound on P. chabaudi parasites. We examined the antimalarial effect of N-251 against ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich P. chabaudi parasites and asynchronized P. berghei parasites using the 4-day suppressive test. The ED₅₀ values were 27, 22, and 22 mg/kg, respectively, and the antimalarial activity of N-251 was verified in both rodent malaria parasites. To assess the stage-specific effect of N-251 in vivo, we evaluated the change of parasitemia and distribution of parasite stages using ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich P. chabaudi parasites with one-day drug administration for one life cycle. We discovered that the parasitemias decreased after 13 and 9 hours post-treatment in the ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich groups, respectively. Additionally, in the ring-stage-rich N-251 treated group, the ring-stage parasites hindered trophozoite parasite development. For the trophozoite-stage-rich N-251 treated group, the distribution of the trophozoite stage was maintained without a change in parasitemia until 9 hours. Because of these findings, it can be concluded that N-251 suppressed the trophozoite stage but not the ring stage. We report for the first time that N-251 specifically suppresses the trophozoite stage using P. chabaudi in mice. The results show that P. chabaudi is a reliable model for the characterization of stage-specific antimalarial effects.

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The Importance of Murine Models in Determining In Vivo Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy in Antimalarial Drug Discovery
Glory Adebayo, Opeyemi I. Ayanda, Matthias Rottmann, Olusola S. Ajibaye, Gbolahan Oduselu, Julius Mulindwa, Olayinka O. Ajani, Oluwagbemiga Aina, Pascal Mäser, Ezekiel Adebiyi
Pharmaceuticals.2025; 18(3): 424. CrossRef
Evaluating the activity of N-89 as an oral antimalarial drug
Nagwa S. M. Aly, Hiroaki Matsumori, Thi Quyen Dinh, Akira Sato, Shin-ichi Miyoshi, Kyung-Soo Chang, Hak Sun Yu, Takaaki Kubota, Yuji Kurosaki, Duc Tuan Cao, Gehan A. Rashed, Hye-Sook Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 282. CrossRef

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Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha Stabilization in Human Macrophages during Leishmania major Infection Is Impaired by Parasite Virulence: Ali Ben-Cheikh, Aymen Bali, Fatma Z Guerfali, Chiraz Atr, Hanène Attia, Dhafer Laouini; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(5):317-325.
Published online October 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.317

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Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is one of the master regulators of immune and metabolic cellular functions. HIF-1α, a transcriptional factor whose activity is closely related to oxygen levels, is a target for understanding infectious disease control. Several studies have demonstrated that HIF-1α plays an important role during the infectious process, while its role in relation to parasite virulence has not been addressed. In this work, we studied the expression levels of HIF-1α and related angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in human macrophages infected with promastigotes of hypo- or hyper-virulent Leishmania major human isolates. L. major parasites readily subverted host macrophage functions for their survival and induced local oxygen consumption at the site of infection. In contrast to hypo-virulent parasites that induce high HIF-1α expression levels, hyper-virulent L. major reduced HIF-1α expression in macrophages under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, and consequently impeded the expression of VEGF-A mRNA. HIF-1α may play a key role during control of disease chronicity, severity, or outcome.

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Lack of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Influences on Macrophages Ability to Deal with Leishmania braziliensis In Vitro and Affects Pathology In Vivo
Rodrigo C.O. Sanches, Leonardo G. Vaz, Fabio V. Marinho, Erika S. Guimarães, Edgar M. Carvalho, Lucas P. Carvalho, Sergio C. Oliveira
JID Innovations.2025; 5(3): 100347. CrossRef
Host–parasite interactions after in vitro infection of human macrophages by Leishmania major: Dual analysis of microRNA and mRNA profiles reveals regulation of key processes through time kinetics
Chiraz Atri, Ghada Mkannez, Hanène Attia, Rabiaa Manel Sghaier, Aymen Bali, Ali Ben-Cheikh, Imen Rabhi, Béatrice Regnault, David Piquemal, Kais Ghedira, Koussay Dellagi, Dhafer Laouini, Fatma Zahra Guerfali
Microbes and Infection.2025; 27(4): 105502. CrossRef
Stub1 Acetylation by CBP/p300 Attenuates Chronic Hypoxic-Driven Pulmonary Hypertension by Suppressing HIF-2α
Amanda Czerwinski, Paul Sidlowski, Emily Mooers, Yong Liu, Ru-Jeng Teng, Kirkwood Pritchard, Xigang Jing, Suresh Kumar, Amy Y. Pan, Pengyuan Liu, Girija G. Konduri, Adeleye J. Afolayan
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology.2025; 73(3): 369. CrossRef
mTOR signaling pathway regulation HIF-1 α effects on LPS induced intestinal mucosal epithelial model damage
Zeyong Huang, Wenbin Teng, Liuxu Yao, Kai Xie, Suqin Hang, Rui He, Yuhong Li
BMC Molecular and Cell Biology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Regulatory Functions of Hypoxia in Host–Parasite Interactions: A Focus on Enteric, Tissue, and Blood Protozoa
Emily DeMichele, Olivia Sosnowski, Andre G. Buret, Thibault Allain
Microorganisms.2023; 11(6): 1598. CrossRef

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Kinesin-13, a Motor Protein, is Regulated by Polo-like Kinase in Giardia lamblia: Eun-Ah Park, Juri Kim, Mee Young Shin, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(3):163-172.
Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.3.163

Kinesin-13 (Kin-13), a depolymerizer of microtubule (MT), has been known to affect the length of Giardia. Giardia Kin-13 (GlKin-13) was localized to axoneme, flagellar tips, and centrosomes, where phosphorylated forms of Giardia polo-like kinase (GlPLK) were distributed. We observed the interaction between GlKin-13 and GlPLK via co-immunoprecipitation using transgenic Giardia cells expressing Myc-tagged GlKin-13, hemagglutinin-tagged GlPLK, and in vitro-synthesized GlKin-13 and GlPLK proteins. In vitro-synthesized GlPLK was demonstrated to auto-phosphorylate and phosphorylate GlKin-13 upon incubation with [γ-³²P]ATP. Morpholino-mediated depletion of both GlKin-13 and GlPLK caused an extension of flagella and a decreased volume of median bodies in Giardia trophozoites. Our results suggest that GlPLK plays a pertinent role in formation of flagella and median bodies by modulating MT depolymerizing activity of GlKin-13.

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Giardia intraflagellar transport protein 88 is involved in flagella formation
Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(1): 12. CrossRef
In silico characterisation of a mitotic kinesin-related protein from Leishmania donovani KE16
Suad Gazi AL Kufi, Amjed Qays Ibrahim Alqaisi, Mohammad Mahmoud Farhan Al- Halbosiy, Ikhlass Ali Hussain AlHilaly
Asia Pacific Journal of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology.2025; : 62. CrossRef
Optimization of 18 S rRNA metabarcoding for the simultaneous diagnosis of intestinal parasites
Dongjun Kang, Jun Ho Choi, Myungjun Kim, Sohyeon Yun, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Tai-Soon Yong, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin, Ju Yeong Kim
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Functional Differentiation of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Giardia lamblia
Juri Kim, Eun-Ah Park, Mee Young Shin, Soon-Jung Park, Björn F. C. Kafsack
Microbiology Spectrum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Tubulin as a potential molecular target for resveratrol in Giardia lamblia trophozoites, in vitro and in silico approaches
José Roberto Vargas-Villanueva, Filiberto Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez, Mariana Garza-Ontiveros, Sendar Daniel Nery-Flores, Lizeth Guadalupe Campos-Múzquiz, Dagoberto Vazquez-Obregón, Raul Rodriguez-Herrera, Lissethe Palomo-Ligas
Acta Tropica.2023; 248: 107026. CrossRef

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Molecular Characteristics and Potent Immunomodulatory Activity of Fasciola hepatica Cystatin: Kai Zhang, Yucheng Liu, Guowu Zhang, Xifeng Wang, Zhiyuan Li, Yunxia Shang, Chengcheng Ning, Chunhui Ji, Xuepeng Cai, Xianzhu Xia, Jun Qiao, Qingling Meng; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(2):117-126.
Published online April 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.2.117

Cystatin, a cysteine protease inhibitor found in many parasites, plays important roles in immune evasion. This study analyzed the molecular characteristics of a cystatin from Fasciola hepatica (FhCystatin) and expressed recombinant FhCystatin (rFhcystatin) to investigate the immune modulatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced proliferation, migration, cytokine secretion, nitric oxide (NO) production, and apoptosis in mouse macrophages. The FhCystatin gene encoded 116 amino acids and contained a conserved cystatin-like domain. rFhCystatin significantly inhibited the activity of cathepsin B. rFhCystatin bound to the surface of mouse RAW264.7 cells, significantly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Moreover, rFhCystatin inhibited the expression of cellular nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and promoted the expression of transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10. These results showed that FhCystatin played an important role in regulating the activity of mouse macrophages. Our findings provide new insights into mechanisms underlying the immune evasion and contribute to the exploration of potential targets for the development of new drug to control F. hepatica infection.

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Cystatin from the helminth Ascaris lumbricoides upregulates mevalonate and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways and immunomodulatory genes in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells
Nathalie Acevedo, Ana Lozano, Josefina Zakzuk, Kevin Llinás-Caballero, David Brodin, Peter Nejsum, Andrew R. Williams, Luis Caraballo
Frontiers in Immunology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Helminth-derived molecules: Pathogenic and pharmacopeial roles
Yu Zhang, Chunxiang Shen, Xinyi Zhu, Chiuan Yee Leow, Minjun Ji, Zhipeng Xu
The Journal of Biomedical Research.2024; 38(6): 547. CrossRef
An evolutionary molecular adaptation of an unusual stefin from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica redefines the cystatin superfamily
Michal Buša, Zuzana Matoušková, Pavla Bartošová-Sojková, Petr Pachl, Pavlína Řezáčová, Ramon Marc Eichenberger, Peter Deplazes, Martin Horn, Saša Štefanić, Michael Mareš
Journal of Biological Chemistry.2023; 299(3): 102970. CrossRef
Type I Cystatin Derived from Fasciola gigantica Suppresses Macrophage-Mediated Inflammatory Responses
Pathanin Chantree, Mayuri Tarasuk, Parisa Prathaphan, Jittiporn Ruangtong, Mantana Jamklang, Sirilak Chumkiew, Pongsakorn Martviset
Pathogens.2023; 12(3): 395. CrossRef
Cystatins from the Human Liver Fluke Opisthorchis viverrini: Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis
Amornrat Geadkaew-Krenc, Rudi Grams, Sinee Siricoon, Nanthawat Kosa, Dawid Krenc, Wansika Phadungsil, Pongsakorn Martviset
Pathogens.2023; 12(7): 949. CrossRef
Antigens from the Helminth Fasciola hepatica Exert Antiviral Effects against SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro
Judit Serrat, Clara Francés-Gómez, David Becerro-Recio, Javier González-Miguel, Ron Geller, Mar Siles-Lucas
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(14): 11597. CrossRef
Cysticercus pisiformis-derived novel-miR1 targets TLR2 to inhibit the immune response in rabbits
Guoliang Chen, Guiting Pu, Liqun Wang, Yanping Li, Tingli Liu, Hong Li, Shaohua Zhang, Xuelin Wang, Xiaolei Liu, Xuenong Luo
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Fasciolosis: pathogenesis, host-parasite interactions, and implication in vaccine development
Luis Miguel Flores-Velázquez, María Teresa Ruiz-Campillo, Guillem Herrera-Torres, Álvaro Martínez-Moreno, Francisco Javier Martínez-Moreno, Rafael Zafra, Leandro Buffoni, Pablo José Rufino-Moya, Verónica Molina-Hernández, José Pérez
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Involvement of Macrophages in Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis: Kyu-Shik Kim, Hong-Sang Moon, Sang-Su Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):557-564.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.557

Abstract
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Macrophages play a key role in chronic inflammation, and are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. We investigated whether an interaction between inflamed prostate cancer cells stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis and macrophages stimulates the proliferation of the cancer cells. Conditioned medium was prepared from T. vaginalis-infected (TCM) and uninfected (CM) mouse prostate cancer (PCa) cell line (TRAMP-C2 cells). Thereafter conditioned medium was prepared from macrophages (J774A.1 cell line) after incubation with CM (MCM) or TCM (MTCM). When TRAMP-C2 cells were stimulated with T. vaginalis, protein and mRNA levels of CXCL1 and CCL2 increased, and migration of macrophages toward TCM was more extensive than towards CM. Macrophages stimulated with TCM produced higher levels of CCL2, IL-6, TNF-α, their mRNAs than macrophages stimulated with CM. MTCM stimulated the proliferation and invasiveness of TRAMP-C2 cells as well as the expression of cytokine receptors (CCR2, GP130, CXCR2). Importantly, blocking of each cytokine receptors with anti-cytokine receptor antibody significantly reduced the proliferation and invasiveness of TRAMP-C2 cells. We conclude that inflammatory mediators released by TRAMP-C2 cells in response to infection by T. vaginalis stimulate the migration and activation of macrophages and the activated macrophages stimulate the proliferation and invasiveness of the TRAMP-C2 cells via cytokine-cytokine receptor binding. Our results therefore suggested that macrophages contribute to the exacerbation of PCa due to inflammation of prostate cancer cells reacted with T. vaginalis.

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The role of proinflammatory cytokines and CXC chemokines (CXCL1–CXCL16) in the progression of prostate cancer: insights on their therapeutic management
Amin Ullah, Wang Jiao, Bairong Shen
Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
CysLT receptor-mediated NOX2 activation is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 270. CrossRef
Point-of-Care Diagnostic for Trichomonas vaginalis, the Most Prevalent, Non-Viral Sexually Transmitted Infection
John F. Alderete, Hermes Chan
Pathogens.2023; 12(1): 77. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Advanced 3rd-Stage Larvae in the Chinese Edible Frog, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Local Markets in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):519-522.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.519

Abstract
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The Chinese edible frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus (n=20), and the striped snakehead fish, Channa striata (n=34), were purchased from local markets in 3 administrative regions of Cambodia (Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces) from May 2017 to April 2019, and their infection status with Gnathostoma sp. larvae was investigated. The frogs and fish were transported to the laboratory with ice and examined using the artificial digestion method. Advanced 3rd-stage larvae (AdL₃) of Gnathostoma spinigerum, 24 in total number (1-6 larvae/frog), were detected from 6 (60.0%) out of 10 frogs purchased from Phnom Penh. No gnathostome larvae were detected in 10 frogs purchased from Takeo Province and 34 snakeheads from Phnom Penh, Pursat, and Takeo Provinces. AdL₃ isolated from the frogs were 2.55- 3.90 mm long and 0.31-0.36 mm wide. They had a characteristic head bulb (0.081×0.191 mm in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, a muscular long esophagus (0.950-1.230 mm long), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.530-0.890 mm long). The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. These features were consistent with G. spinigerum AdL₃. By the present study, it has been first confirmed that the Chinese edible frog, H. rugulosus, from Phnom Penh serves as a second intermediate host for G. spinigerum, although their intensity of infection was not so high compared to other previously reported localities.

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A Global Review of the Zoonotic Potential and Disease Risks of Amphibian Parasites in Bullfrog Aquaculture
Meiqi Weng, Xinhua Liu, Chenxi Zhang, Rui Shu, Andrew Wang, Haotian Zhang, Xingqiang Wang, Huirong Yang, Jinyong Zhang
Reviews in Aquaculture.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Zoonotic disease risk at traditional food markets
Frida E. Sparaciari, Cadhla Firth, Erik A. Karlsson, Paul F. Horwood, Suchetana Mukhopadhyay
Journal of Virology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review
Shwe Phue San, Rortana Chea, Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Sothyra Tum, Stephen Young, Tumnoon Charaslertrangsi, Nazanin Zand, Shetty Seetharama Thombathu, Ra Thorng, Leab Kong, Kuok Fidero, Linda Nicolaides
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(12): 1621. CrossRef

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Evaluation of the anti-Toxoplasma gondii Activity of Hederagenin in vitro and in vivo: Run-Hui Zhang, Runhao Jin, Hao Deng, Qing-Kun Shen, Zhe-Shan Quan, Chun-Mei Jin; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):297-301.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.297

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii infection is widespread worldwide, not only posing a serious threat to human food safety and animal husbandry, but also endangering human health. The selectivity index was employed to measure anti-T. gondii activity. Hederagenin (HE) exhibited potent anti-T. gondii activity and low cytotoxicity. For this reason, HE was selected for in vivo experiments. HE showed 64.8%±13.1% inhibition for peritoneal tachyzoites in mice, higher than spiramycin 56.8%±6.0%. Biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde, illustrated that HE was a good inhibitor of T. gondii in vivo. This compound was also effective in relieving T. gondii-induced liver damage. Collectively, it was demonstrated that HE had potential as an anti-T. gondii agent.

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An updated review of the pharmacological effects and potential mechanisms of hederagenin and its derivatives
Huize Zhang, Yong Li, Yi Liu
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Overall Prevalence and Distribution of Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutations in Aedes aegypti from Mandalay Region, Myanmar: Haung Naw, Mya Nilar Chaw Su, Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Hojong Jun, Yi Yi Mya, Moe Kyaw Myint, Jinyoung Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tong-Soo Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):709-714.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.709

Abstract
PDF

Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) of mosquitoes confer resistance to insecticides. Although insecticide resistance has been suspected to be widespread in the natural population of Aedes aegypti in Myanmar, only limited information is currently available. The overall prevalence and distribution of kdr mutations was analyzed in Ae. aegypti from Mandalay areas, Myanmar. Sequence analysis of the VGSC in Ae. aegypti from Myanmar revealed amino acid mutations at 13 and 11 positions in domains II and III of VGSC, respectively. High frequencies of S989P (68.6%), V1016G (73.5%), and F1534C (40.1%) were found in domains II and III. T1520I was also found, but the frequency was low (8.1%). The frequency of S989P/V1016G was high (55.0%), and the frequencies of V1016G/F1534C and S989P/V1016G/F1534C were also high at 30.1% and 23.5%, respectively. Novel mutations in domain II (L963Q, M976I, V977A, M994T, L995F, V996M/A, D998N, V999A, N1013D, and F1020S) and domain III (K1514R, Y1523H, V1529A, F1534L, F1537S, V1546A, F1551S, G1581D, and K1584R) were also identified. These results collectively suggest that high frequencies of kdr mutations were identified in Myanmar Ae. aegypti, indicating a high level of insecticide resistance.

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Knockdown Resistance Mutations in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Myanmar
Haung Naw, Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Yi Yi Mya, Moe Kyaw Myint, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Joon Shin, Byoung-Kuk Na
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Infection Status of Gnathostoma spinigerum Larvae in Asian Swamp Eels, Monopterus albus, Purchased from Local Markets in Cambodia: Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon Hoon Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Virak Khieu, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):695-699.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.695

Abstract
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Present study was performed to know the infection status of Gnathostoma sp. larvae in swamp eels from Cambodia. We purchased total 30 Asian swamp eels, Monopterus albus, from local markets in Pursat and Takeo Provinces and Phnom Penh on May and November 2017 and May 2018. All collected eels were transferred to our laboratory with ice and each of them was examined by artificial digestion method. A total of 15 larval gnathostomes (1-5 larvae) were detected from 55.6% (5/9) swamp eels in Pursat Province. No larval gnathostomes were found in 21 swamp eels in Takeo Province and Phnom Penh. The advanced third-stage larvae (AdL₃) detected were 2.575-3.825 (3.250) mm in length and 0.375-0.425 (0.386) mm in width. They had the characteristic head bulb (av. 0.104×0.218 mm) with 4 rows of hooklets, long muscular esophagus (1.048 mm), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.615 mm). The number of hooklets in 4 rows on the head bulb was 41, 44, 47, and 50. In scanning electron microscopy, characteristic features were 4 rows of hooklets on the head bulb, cervical papillae, tegumental spines regularly arranged in transverse striations, and anus. The larval gnathostomes were identified as AdL₃ of Gnathostoma spinigerum based on the morphological characters. By the present study, it has been confirmed that G. spinigerum larvae are infected in Asian swamp eels, M. albus, in Pursat Province, Cambodia.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 519. CrossRef

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Larval Gnathostomes and Spargana in Chinese Edible Frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Myanmar: Potential Risk of Human Infection: Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyun-Seung Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):467-473.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.467

Abstract
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Chinese edible frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, were examined to estimate the potential risks of human gnathostomiasis and sparganosis in Myanmar. A total of 20 frogs were purchased in a local market of Yangon and examined with naked eyes and the artificial digestion method after skin peeling in June 2018 and June 2019. Larvae of gnathostomes and Spirometra (=spargana) were detected in 15 (75.0%) and 15 (75.0%) frogs with average intensities of 10.5 and 6.3 larvae per infected frog, respectively. Gnathostome larvae were 2.75-3.80 (av. 3.30) mm long and 0.29-0.36 (0.33) mm wide. They had a characteristic head bulb with 4 rows of hooklets, a muscular long esophagus, and 2 pairs of cervical sac. The mean number of hooklets were 41, 44, 47, and 50 on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th row, respectively. Collected spargana were actively moving, particularly with the scolex part, and have ivory-white color and variable in size. Conclusively, it has been first confirmed that Chinese edible frogs, H. rugulosus, are highly infected with larval gnathostomes and spargana in this study. Consuming these frogs is considered a potential risk of human gnathostomiasis and sparganosis in Myanmar.

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Original Article

Polarization of M2 Macrophages by Interaction between Prostate Cancer Cells Treated with Trichomonas vaginalis and Adipocytes: Hyo-Yeoung Chung, Jung-Hyun Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):217-227.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.217

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis causes inflammation of the prostate and has been detected in tissues of prostate cancers (PCa), prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Obesity is a risk factor for PCa and causes a chronic subclinical inflammation. This chronic inflammation further exacerbates adipose tissue inflammation as results of migration and activation of macrophages. Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in the PCa microenvironment. M2 macrophages, known as Tumor-Associated Macrophages, are involved in increasing cancer malignancy. In this study, conditioned medium (TCM) of PCa cells infected with live trichomonads contained chemokines that stimulated migration of the mouse preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cells). Conditioned medium of adipocytes incubated with TCM (ATCM) contained Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13). Macrophage migration was stimulated by ATCM. In macrophages treated with ATCM, expression of M2 markers increased, while M1 markers decreased. Therefore, it is suggested that ATCM induces polarization of M0 to M2 macrophages. In addition, conditioned medium from the macrophages incubated with ATCM stimulates the proliferation and invasiveness of PCa. Our findings suggest that interaction between inflamed PCa treated with T. vaginalis and adipocytes causes M2 macrophage polarization, so contributing to the progression of PCa.

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The correlation between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and reproductive system cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhenchao Zhang, Dongxian Li, Yuhua Li, Rui Zhang, Xianghuan Xie, Yi Yao, Linfei Zhao, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Xuejing Yue, Xuefang Mei
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Chenglin Han, Yuxuan Deng, Wenchao Xu, Zhuo Liu, Tao Wang, Shaogang Wang, Jihong Liu, Xiaming Liu, Eshan Khan
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Signaling Role of Adipocyte Leptin in Prostate Cell Proliferation Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis
Jung-Hyun Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Su-Jin Shin, Sung-Yul Park, Hyo-Yeoung Chung, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 235. CrossRef
Proliferation of Mouse Prostate Cancer Cells Inflamed by Trichomonas vaginalis
Sang-Su Kim, Kyu-Shik Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Yeseul Kim, Seong Sik Bang, Jung-Hyun Kim, Yong-Suk Kim, Soo-Yeon Choi, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 547. CrossRef
Involvement of Macrophages in Proliferation of Prostate Cancer Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis
Kyu-Shik Kim, Hong-Sang Moon, Sang-Su Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 557. CrossRef
Is Trichomonas vaginalis a Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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Brief Communications

Identification of Free-Living Amoebas in Tap Water of Buildings with Storage Tanks in Korea: Da-In Lee, Sung Hee Park, Jong Hwan Baek, Jee Won Yoon, Soo Im Jin, Kwang Eon Han, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):191-194.
Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.191

Abstract
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Free-living amoebas (FLAs) can cause severe disease in humans and animals when they become infected. However, there are no accurate survey reports on the prevalence of FLAs in Korea. In this study, we collected 163 tap water samples from buildings, apartments, and restrooms of highway service areas in 7 Korean provinces with high population density. All these buildings and facilities have water storage tanks in common. The survey was separated into categories of buildings, apartments, and highway service areas. Five hundred milliliters of tap water from each building was collected and filtered with 0.2 ?m pore filter paper. The filters were incubated in agar plates with heated E. coli at 25°C. After axenization, genomic DNA was collected from each FLA, and species classification was performed using partial 18S-rDNA PCR-sequencing analysis. We found that 12.9% of tap water from buildings with storage tanks in Korea was contaminated with FLAs. The highway service areas had the highest contamination rate at 33.3%. All of the FLAs, except one, were genetically similar to Vermamoeba vermiformis (Hartmannella vermiformis). The remaining FLA (KFA21) was very similar to Acanthamoeba lugdunensis (KA/E26). Although cases of human infection by V. vermiformis are very rare, we must pay attention to the fact that one-third of tap water supplies in highway service areas have been contaminated.

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Free-Living Amoeba Vermamoeba vermiformis Induces Allergic Airway Inflammation
Da-In Lee, Sung Hee Park, Shin-Ae Kang, Do Hyun Kim, Sun Hyun Kim, So Yeon Song, Sang Eun Lee, Hak Sun Yu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(4): 229. CrossRef
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Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui, Zinb Makhlouf, Naveed Ahmed Khan
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Monitoring of Pyrethroid Resistance Allele Frequency in the Common Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius) in the Republic of Korea: Susie Cho, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Terry A. Klein, Deok Ho Kwon, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(1):99-102.
Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.99

Abstract
PDF

Two-point mutations (V419L and L925I) on the voltage-sensitive sodium channel of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are known to confer pyrethroid resistance. To determine the status of pyrethroid resistance in bed bugs in Korea, resistance allele frequencies of bed bug strains collected from several US military installations in Korea and Mokpo, Jeollanamdo, from 2009-2019 were monitored using a quantitative sequencing. Most bed bugs were determined to have both of the point mutations except a few specimens, collected in 2009, 2012 and 2014, having only a single point mutation (L925I). No susceptible allele was observed in any of the bed bugs examined, suggesting that pyrethroid resistance in bed bug populations in Korea has reached a serious level. Large scale monitoring is required to increase our knowledge on the distribution and prevalence of pyrethroid resistance in bed bug populations in Korea. Based on present study, it is urgent to restrict the use of pyrethroids and to introduce effective alternative insecticides. A nation-wide monitoring program to determine the pyrethroid resistance level in bed bugs and to select alternative insecticides should be implemented.

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Susie Cho, Hyun Kyu Shin, Heung Chul Kim, J. Marshall Clark, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2026; 217: 106874. CrossRef
Widespread fixation of kdr-associated mutations in temporal samples of Cimex lectularius collected from multi-unit buildings
Jin-Jia Yu, Warren Booth, Changlu Wang
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Multiple mechanisms associated with deltamethrin and imidacloprid resistance in field-collected common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L.
Jin-Jia Yu, Shao-Hung Lee, Chow-Yang Lee, Changlu Wang
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.2025; 210: 106357. CrossRef
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Warren Booth
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Species identification and pyrethroid resistance genotyping of recently resurgent Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus in Korea
Susie Cho, Heung Chul Kim, Hoonsik Eom, Jae Rok Lee, Chung Hyun Ko, E-hyun Shin, Won Kyu Lee, Si Hyeock Lee, Ju Hyeon Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(2): 251. CrossRef
2023–2024년 국내에서 발생한 빈대의 분포 조사
기훈 김, 선란 조, 희일 이
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Decade long upsurge in mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in bed bug populations in the USA
Cari D. Lewis, Brenna A. Levine, Coby Schal, Edward L. Vargo, Warren Booth
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The Efficacy of a Pyrethroid-impregnated Mattress Liner on Multiple International Strains ofCimex lectularius(Hemiptera: Cimicidae) andCimex hemipterus(Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
Xin-Yeng Leong, Chow-Yang Lee, G Veera Singham, Alexander Chong Shu-Chien, Richard Naylor, Alexia Naylor, Dini M Miller, Morgan M Wilson, David G Lilly, Stephen L Doggett, Changlu Wang
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Jin-Jia Yu, Sabita Ranabhat, Changlu Wang
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The first recent case ofCimex hemipterus(Hemiptera: Cimicidae) withsuper-kdrmutations in the Republic of Korea
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Journal of Medical Entomology.2023; 60(4): 822. CrossRef

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Original Article

Archaeoparasitological Analysis of Samples from the Cultural Layer of Nadym Gorodok dated Back to the 14th-Late 18th Centuries: Sergey Mikhailovich Slepchenko, Oleg Viktorovich Kardash, Vyacheslav Sergeyevich Slavinsky, Sergey Nikolaevich Ivanov, Rakultseva Daria Sergeyevna, Alexander Alekseevich Tsybankov, Dong Hoon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):567-573.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.567

Abstract
PDF

An archaeoparasitological analysis of the soil samples from Nadym Gorodok site of Western Siberia has been carried out in this study. The archaeological site was dated as the 13 to 18th century, being characterized as permafrost region ensuring good preservation of ancient parasite eggs. Parasite eggs as Opisthorchis felineus, Alaria alata, and Diphyllobothrium sp. were found in the archaeological soil samples, which made clear about the detailed aspects of Nadym Gorodok people’s life. We found the Diphyllobothrium sp. eggs throughout the 14 to 18th century specimens, allowing us to presume that raw or undercooked fish might have been commonly used for the foods of Nadym Gorodok inhabitants and their dogs for at least the past 400 years. Our study on Nadym Gorodok specimens also demonstrate that there might have been migratory interactions and strong economic ties between the people and society in Western Siberia, based on archaeoparasitological results of Opisthorchis felineus in Western Siberia.

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Men-Bao Qian, Jennifer Keiser, Jürg Utzinger, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Graeme N. Forrest
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Archaeoparasitology and pathoecology of Buchta Nakhodka, a medieval settlement in the far north of Western Siberia, dating from the 13th century
S.M. Slepchenko, T.V. Lobanova, O.V. Kardash, G.V. Alyamkin, S.N. Ivanov, A.V. Chrustalev
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.2024; 59: 104754. CrossRef
Paleoparasitology research on ancient helminth eggs and larvae in the Republic of Korea
Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo, Dong Hoon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(4): 345. CrossRef
New contribution of archaeoparasitology in the Far North of Eastern Siberia: First data about the parasitological spectrum of Stadukhinsky Fort in the 17th-18th centuries
Sergey Mikhailovich Slepchenko, Tatiana Vladimirovna Lobanova, Georgy Petrovich Vizgalov, Georgy Viktorovich Alyamkin, Sergey Nikolaevich Ivanov
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.2022; 41: 103304. CrossRef
Archaeoparasitological data and pathoecology of the town of Mangazeya in Western Siberia in the 17th century
Sergey Mikhailovich Slepchenko, Tatiana Vladimirovna Lobanova, Georgy Petrovich Vizgalov, Sergey Nikolaevich Ivanov, Daria Sergeyevna Rakultseva
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.2021; 35: 102770. CrossRef
Archaeoparasitology — a new source of reconstruction of migrations of ancient populations: opportunities, results, and prospects
S.M. Slepchenko
VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII.2021; (3(54)): 147. CrossRef
First results of the archaeoparasitological study of the Volna 1 burial ground (Temryuk District, Krasnodar Krai)
S.М. Slepchenko, N.I. Sudarev, I.V. Tsokur, A.N. Abramova
VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII.2021; (4(55)): 125. CrossRef
Opisthorchis felineus as the basis for the reconstruction of migrations using archaeoparasitological materials
Sergey Slepchenko
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports.2020; 33: 102548. CrossRef

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8 Web of Science
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Case Report

Subcapsular Splenic Hemorrhage in Vivax Malaria: Jae Hyoung Im, Moon-Hyun Chung, Areum Durey, Jin-Soo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Hea Yoon Kwon, Ji Hyeon Baek; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):405-409.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.405

Abstract
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In malaria, splenic rupture is a serious complication potentially leading to death. Subcapsular hemorrhage of spleen is thought to be an impending sign of splenic rupture; however, the characteristics of subcapsular hemorrhage are not well known. We report 3 cases of subcapsular hemorrhage of the spleen in vivax malaria, with varying degrees of severity. Case 1 showed subcapsular hemorrhage without splenic rupture, was treated by antimalarial drug without any procedure. The healing process of the patient's spleen was monitored through 6 computed tomography follow-up examinations, over 118 days. Case 2 presented subcapsular hemorrhage with splenic rupture, treated only with an antimalarial drug. Case 3 showed subcapsular hemorrhage with splenic rupture and hypotension, treated using splenic artery embolization. They all recovered from subcapsular hemorrhage without any other complications. These 3 cases reveal the process of subcapsular hemorrhage leading to rupture and a potentially fatal outcome. The treatment plan of subcapsular hemorrhage should be determined carefully considering the vital signs, changes in hemoglobin, and bleeding tendency.

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Original Articles

Development of Molecular Diagnosis Using Multiplex Real-Time PCR and T4 Phage Internal Control to Simultaneously Detect Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis from Human Stool Samples: Ji-Hun Shin, Sang-Eun Lee, Tong Soo Kim, Da-Won Ma, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):419-427.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.419

Abstract
PDF

This study aimed to develop a new multiplex real-time PCR detection method for 3 species of waterborne protozoan parasites (Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis) identified as major causes of traveler’s diarrhea. Three target genes were specifically and simultaneously detected by the TaqMan probe method for multiple parasitic infection cases, including Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein for C. parvum, glutamate dehydrogenase for G. lamblia, and internal transcribed spacer 1 for C. cayetanensis. Gene product 21 for bacteriophage T4 was used as an internal control DNA target for monitoring human stool DNA amplification. TaqMan probes were prepared using 4 fluorescent dyes, FAMTM, HEXTM, Cy5TM, and CAL Fluor Red® 610 on C. parvum, G. lamblia, C. cayetanensis, and bacteriophage T4, respectively. We developed a novel primer-probe set for each parasite, a primer-probe cocktail (a mixture of primers and probes for the parasites and the internal control) for multiplex real-time PCR analysis, and a protocol for this detection method. Multiplex real-time PCR with the primer-probe cocktail successfully and specifically detected the target genes of C. parvum, G. lamblia, and C. cayetanensis in the mixed spiked human stool sample. The limit of detection for our assay was 2×10 copies for C. parvum and for C. cayetanensis, while it was 2×103 copies for G. lamblia. We propose that the multiplex real-time PCR detection method developed here is a useful method for simultaneously diagnosing the most common causative protozoa in traveler’s diarrhea.

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Hanbi Kim, Hee Jae Huh, Eunkyoung Park, Doo-Ryeon Chung, Minhee Kang
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Damien Costa, Louise Soulieux, Romy Razakandrainibe, Louise Basmaciyan, Gilles Gargala, Stéphane Valot, Frédéric Dalle, Loic Favennec
Pathogens.2021; 10(6): 647. CrossRef
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N.P. Mthethwa, I.D. Amoah, P. Reddy, F. Bux, S. Kumari
Journal of Microbiological Methods.2021; 187: 106269. CrossRef
Comparison of Three Real-Time PCR Assays Targeting the SSU rRNA Gene, the COWP Gene and the DnaJ-Like Protein Gene for the Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium spp. in Stool Samples
Felix Weinreich, Andreas Hahn, Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt, Torsten Feldt, Fred Stephen Sarfo, Veronica Di Cristanziano, Hagen Frickmann, Ulrike Loderstädt
Pathogens.2021; 10(9): 1131. CrossRef
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Junqiang Li, Zhaohui Cui, Meng Qi, Longxian Zhang
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Comparison of commercial and in-house real-time PCR platforms for 15 parasites and microsporidia in human stool samples without a gold standard
Thomas Köller, Andreas Hahn, Enkhtsetseg Altangerel, Jaco J. Verweij, Olfert Landt, Simone Kann, Denise Dekker, Jürgen May, Ulrike Loderstädt, Andreas Podbielski, Hagen Frickmann
Acta Tropica.2020; 207: 105516. CrossRef
Biochemical Markers of the Functional State of the Liver during Giardiasis
D. V. Morozenko, K. V. Gliebova, S. V. Ivannikova, O. G. Geyderikh, O. V. Shapovalova, A. V. Derevyanko
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R.C.A. Thompson, A. Ash
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2019; 75: 103951. CrossRef
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Sonia Almeria, Hediye N. Cinar, Jitender P. Dubey
Microorganisms.2019; 7(9): 317. CrossRef

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First Paleoparasitological Report on the Animal Feces of Bronze Age Excavated from Shahr-e Sukhteh, Iran: Mahsasadat Makki, Jean Dupouy-Camet, Seyed Mansour Seyed Sajjadi, Saied Reza Naddaf, Iraj Mobedi, Mostafa Rezaeian, Mehdi Mohebali, Gholamreza Mowlavi; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):197-201.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.197

Abstract
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Shahr-e Sukhteh (meaning burnt city in Persian) in Iran is an archeological site dated back to around 3,2001,800 BC. It is located in Sistan and Baluchistan Province of Iran and known as the junction of Bronze Age trade routes crossing the Iranian plateau. It was appointed as current study area for paleoparasitological investigations. Excavations at this site have revealed various archeological materials since 1967. In the present study, sheep and carnivore coprolites excavated from this site were analyzed by means of rehydration technique using TSP solution for finding helminth eggs. Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Capillaria sp., and Taenia sp. eggs were identified, while some other objects similar to Anoplocephalidae and Toxocara spp. eggs were also retrieved from the samples but their measured parameters did not match those of these species. The present paper illustrates the first paleoparasitological findings of Bronze Age in eastern Iran supporting the economic activities, peopling, and communication as well as the appropriate condition for zoonotic helminthiasis life cycle in Shahr-e Sukhteh archeological site.

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First molecular data on the human roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides species complex from the Bronze and Iron Age in Hallstatt, Austria
Elisabeth Barsch, Kerstin Kowarik, Katharina Rodler, Christoph Hörweg, Hans Reschreiter, Helmut Sattmann, Julia Walochnik
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Gastrointestinal parasites of domestic sheep from Patagonia throughout historical times: A paleoparasitological approach
María Ornela Beltrame, Gloria Sofía Moviglia, Daniela De Tommaso, Silvina Quintana
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2023; 44: 100915. CrossRef
Paleoparasitology research on ancient helminth eggs and larvae in the Republic of Korea
Jong-Yil Chai, Min Seo, Dong Hoon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(4): 345. CrossRef
Paleoparasitology and archaeoparasitology in Iran: A retrospective in differential diagnosis
Alireza Sazmand
International Journal of Paleopathology.2021; 32: 50. CrossRef
Worldwide paleodistribution of capillariid parasites: Paleoparasitology, current status of phylogeny and taxonomic perspectives
Victor Hugo Borba, José Roberto Machado-Silva, Matthieu Le Bailly, Alena Mayo Iñiguez, Ben J Mans
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(4): e0216150. CrossRef

10,388 View
181 Download
6 Web of Science
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Codon Usage Patterns of Tyrosinase Genes in Clonorchis sinensis: Young-An Bae; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):175-183.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.175

Abstract
PDF

Codon usage bias (CUB) is a unique property of genomes and has contributed to the better understanding of the molecular features and the evolution processes of particular gene. In this study, genetic indices associated with CUB, including relative synonymous codon usage and effective numbers of codons, as well as the nucleotide composition, were investigated in the Clonorchis sinensis tyrosinase genes and their platyhelminth orthologs, which play an important role in the eggshell formation. The relative synonymous codon usage patterns substantially differed among tyrosinase genes examined. In a neutrality analysis, the correlation between GC₁₂ and GC₃ was statistically significant, and the regression line had a relatively gradual slope (0.218). NC-plot, i.e., GC₃ vs effective number of codons (ENC), showed that most of the tyrosinase genes were below the expected curve. The codon adaptation index (CAI) values of the platyhelminth tyrosinases had a narrow distribution between 0.685/0.714 and 0.797/0.837, and were negatively correlated with their ENC. Taken together, these results suggested that CUB in the tyrosinase genes seemed to be basically governed by selection pressures rather than mutational bias, although the latter factor provided an additional force in shaping CUB of the C. sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini genes. It was also apparent that the equilibrium point between selection pressure and mutational bias is much more inclined to selection pressure in highly expressed C. sinensis genes, than in poorly expressed genes.

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Analysis of codon usage bias in mitochondrial CO gene among platyhelminthes
Gulshana A. Mazumder, Arif Uddin, Supriyo Chakraborty
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2021; 245: 111410. CrossRef

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1 Web of Science
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Production of IL-1β and Inflammasome with Up-Regulated Expressions of NOD-Like Receptor Related Genes in Toxoplasma gondii-Infected THP-1 Macrophages: Jia-Qi Chu, Ge Shi, Yi-Ming Fan, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Yu Zhou, Young-Ha Lee, Juan-Hua Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):711-717.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.711

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that stimulates production of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which are important for innate immunity. NLRs, i.e., nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors, play a crucial role as innate immune sensors and form multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes, which mediate caspase-1-dependent processing of pro-IL-1β. To elucidate the role of inflammasome components in T. gondii-infected THP-1 macrophages, we examined inflammasome-related gene expression and mechanisms of inflammasome-regulated cytokine IL-1β secretion. The results revealed a significant upregulation of IL-1β after T. gondii infection. T. gondii infection also upregulated the expression of inflammasome sensors, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP6, NLRP8, NLRP13, AIM2, and NAIP, in a time-dependent manner. The infection also upregulated inflammasome adaptor protein ASC and caspase-1 mRNA levels. From this study, we newly found that T. gondii infection regulates NLRC4, NLRP6, NLRP8, NLRP13, AIM2, and neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein (NAIP) gene expressions in THP-1 macrophages and that the role of the inflammasome-related genes may be critical for mediating the innate immune responses to T. gondii infection.

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Asmaa Ibrahim, Nancy O. kamel, Fatma Rageh, Rasha Elgamal, Mohamed A. Sakr, Eman M. Osman, Samar s. Ahmed, Hend A. Yassin, Yasmine N. Kamel, Reham F. Othman, Manar Ezzelarab Ramadan
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Dominik Hanke, Zahady D. Velásquez, Kathrin Büttner, Andreas Krueger, Ralf Ross, Andreas Hecker, Sybille Mazurek, Veronika Grau, Anja Taubert, Carlos Hermosilla, Katrin Richter, Iván Conejeros
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Xueqing Zhou, Yongguang Tao, Ying Shi
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Aline Cristina Abreu Moreira-Souza, Hayandra Ferreira Nanini, Thuany Prado Rangel, Sthefani Rodrigues Batista da Silva, Beatriz Pêgo Damasceno, Beatriz Elias Ribeiro, Cynthia M. Cascabulho, Fabiano Thompson, Camille Leal, Patrícia Teixeira Santana, Siane
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Cássio Luiz Coutinho Almeida-da-Silva, Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio, Robson Coutinho-Silva, David M. Ojcius
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Tian-Xu Pan, Hai-Bin Huang, Hui-Nan Lu, Guang-Xun Zhao, Yu Quan, Jun-Yi Li, Ying Xue, Zhi-Yu Zhu, Yue Wang, Chun-Wei Shi, Nan Wang, Gui-Lian Yang, Chun-Feng Wang, De’Broski R. Herbert
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Toxoplasma gondii profilin induces NLRP3 activation and IL-1β production/secretion in THP-1 cells
Hossein Pazoki, Hamed Mirjalali, Maryam Niyyati, Seyed Javad Seyed Tabaei, Nariman Mosaffa, Shabnam Shahrokh, Hamid Asadzadeh Ahdaei, Andreas Kupz, Mohammad Reza Zali
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Xixi Wang, Junyi Lin, Zhe Wang, Zhi Li, Minghua Wang
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Toxoplasma gondii Induces Pyroptosis in Human Placental Trophoblast and Amniotic Cells by Inducing ROS Production and Activation of Cathepsin B and NLRP1/NLRP3/NLRC4/AIM2 Inflammasome
Juan-Hua Quan, Fei Fei Gao, Tian-Zhong Ma, Wei Ye, Xiang Gao, Ming-Zhu Deng, Lan-Lan Yin, In-Wook Choi, Jae-Min Yuk, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee, Jia-Qi Chu
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Feyzanur Yildirimtepe Caldiran, Caglar Berkel, Koksal Deveci, Ercan Cacan
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Chanjin Yoon, Yu Seong Ham, Woo Jin Gil, Chul-Su Yang
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Expression profiles of NOD-like receptors and regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Toxoplasma gondii-infected human small intestinal epithelial cells
Jia-Qi Chu, Fei Fei Gao, Weiyun Wu, Chunchao Li, Zhaobin Pan, Jinhui Sun, Hao Wang, Cong Huang, Sang Hyuk Lee, Juan-Hua Quan, Young-Ha Lee
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Patrick W. Cervantes, Bruno Martorelli Di Genova, Billy Joel Erazo Flores, Laura J. Knoll, Jeroen P. J. Saeij
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Soluble total antigen derived from Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites increased the expression levels of NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and the release of mature form of IL1β, but downregulated the expression of IL1β and IL18 genes in THP-1cell line
Hossein Pazoki, Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi, Hamed Mirjalali, Maryam Niyyati, Nariman Mosaffa, Seyed Javad Seyed Tabaei, Shabnam Shahrokh, Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei, Mohammad Reza Zali
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P2X7 receptor mediates NLRP3-dependent IL-1β secretion and parasite proliferation in Toxoplasma gondii-infected human small intestinal epithelial cells
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Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

Painless Jaundice Caused by Clonorchis sinensis Infection: A Case Report: Yuhua Hao, Wanguo Bao, Meishan Jin, Yuxiang Li, Feng Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):323-327.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.323

Abstract
PDF

A man with only yellowing of the skin and eye sclera was diagnosed with clonorchiasis, which rarely manifested jaundice as the initial symptom. However, because of a lack of evidence for a diagnostic gold standard, the time until definitive diagnosis was more than a week. The diagnostic process relied on inquiring about the patient’s history, including the place of residence, dietary habits, and symptoms, as well as on serological findings, an imaging examination, and pathological findings. MRCP and CT results showed mild dilatation of intrahepatic ducts and increased periductal echogenicity. The eggs were ultimately found in stool by water sedimentation method after the negative report through direct smear. DNA sequencing of PCR production of the eggs demonstrated 98-100% homology with ITS2 of Clonorchis sinensis. After anti-parasite medical treatment, the patient’s symptoms were gradually relieved. Throughout the diagnostic procedure, besides routine examinations, the sedimentation method or concentration method could be used as a sensitive way for both light and heavy C. sinensis infection in the definite diagnosis.

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Clonorchiasis sinensis detected by laparoscopic exploration of biliary tracts in two patients with obstructive jaundice
Xialei Liu, Genglong Zhu, Chaonong Cai, Zhiyue Lv, Jian Li
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Nan Wang, Bin Tang, Yuhua Hao, Xue Bai, Xuelin Wang, Yuxiang Li, Yong Yang, Shicun Li, Shuo Hao, Xinyu Wang, Mingyuan Liu, Xiaolei Liu
BMC Infectious Diseases.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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4 Web of Science
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Brief Communication

Identification of Cryptosporidium from Dairy Cattle in Pahang, Malaysia: Nur Hazirah Hisamuddin, Najat Hashim, Sharmeen Nellisa Soffian, Mohd Hishammfariz Mohd Amin, Ridhwan Abdul Wahab, Mardhiah Mohammad, Muhammad Lokman Md Isa, Afzan Mat Yusof; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):197-200.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.197

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite, can cause cryptosporidiosis which is a gastrointestinal disease that can infect humans and livestock. Cattle are the most common livestock that can be infected with this protozoan. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia and to find out the association between the occurrence of infection and 3 different ages of cattle (calves less than 1 year, yearling, and adult cattle). The samples were processed by using formol-ether concentration technique and stained by modified Ziehl Neelsen. The results showed that 15.9% (24/151) of cattle were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium in calves less than 1 year was the highest with the percentage of 20.0% (11/55) followed by yearling and adult cattle, with the percentage occurrence of 15.6 % (7/45) and 11.8% (6/51), respectively. There was no significant association between the occurrence and age of cattle and presence of diarrhea. Good management practices and proper hygiene management must be taken in order to reduce the infection. It is highly important to control the infection since infected cattle may serve as potential reservoirs of the infection to other animals and humans, especially animal handlers.

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Prevalence and distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in central and western Inner Mongolia, China
Ziran Mo, Bin Xu, Jingwei Quan, Qinghan Meng, Xu Jiang, Junyan Li, Jia Wang, Yaping Xuan, Xingyu Ruan, Wenbin Yang, Xiaoping Luo, Wei Hu
BMC Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A preliminary study on the etiology of neonatal calf diarrhea: prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Rotavirus in semi-industrial farms in Bavaria
Mircea Jifcu, Diana Hoffman , Ioan-Cristian Dreghiciu , Alesia Cioacă , Tiana Florea , Anamaria Plesko , Ion Oprescu , Sorin Morariu , Marius Stelian Ilie
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Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in Jiangxi Province, southeastern China
Sen Li, Yang Zou, Pei Wang, Ming-Ren Qu, Wen-Bin Zheng, Ping Wang, Xiao-Qing Chen, Xing-Quan Zhu
Parasitology Research.2021; 120(4): 1281. CrossRef
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Wiwien S. Utami, Elsa H. Murhandarwati, Wayan T. Artama, Hari Kusnanto
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2020; 32(1): 8. CrossRef
Molecular detection and epidemiological risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia
D.A. Abdullah, S.D. Ola-Fadunsin, K. Ruviniyia, F.I. Gimba, P. Chandrawathani, Y.A.L. Lim, F.F.A. Jesse, R.S.K. Sharma
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2019; 14: e00035. CrossRef
Prevalence and molecular characterization of bovine Cryptosporidium from dairy cows in Northern Thailand
Tawin Inpankaew, Tawisa Jiyipong, Chainirun Sunanta, Chanya Kengradomkij, Nongnuch Pinyopanuwat, Sathaporn Jittapalapong
Acta Parasitologica.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

In Vitro Scolicidal Effects of Salvadora persica Root Extract against Protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus: Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki, Esam Almalki, Lamjed Mansour, Saleh Al-Quarishy; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):61-66.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.61

Abstract
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It has been known that Arak, Salvadora persica, has a number of medicinal properties. We tried to investigate in vitro scolicidal effect of root extracts of this plant against protoscolices from hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus. Protoscolices were aseptically collected from sheep livers containing hydatid cysts. S. persica root extract was used in 10, 30, and 50 mg/ml concentration for 10, 20, and 30 min. The viability of protoscolices was ascertained by 0.1% eosin staining. Scolicidal activity of S. persica extract at a concentration of 10 mg/ml was 36.3%, 50.3%, and 70.8% after 10, 20, and 30 min of exposure, respectively. The scolicidal effect of this extract at a concentration of 30 mg/ml was 52.9%, 86.7%, and 100% after 10, 20, and 30 min of exposure, respectively. S. persica extract at a concentration of 50 mg/ml, meanwhile, killed 81.4%, 100%, and 100% of protoscolices after 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively. Also, the cytotoxic potential of S. persica was assessed on human liver cells (HepG2) using trypan blue exclusion test. No cytotoxic effect was observed on HepG2 cell line. The present study confirmed for the first time that the ethanolic extract of S. persica has high scolicidal power in vitro. However, in vivo effect of this material remains to be studied for treatment of echinococcosis in humans and herbivorous animals.

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Comparison of the Scolicidal Activity of Two Leaves Extracts of Myrtus communis from Algeria Against Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato Protoscoleces
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Meryem Benmarce, Maria Celina Elissondo, AbdElkarim Laatamna, Assia Haif
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2024; 54: 101094. CrossRef
Cytotoxic, Scolicidal, and Insecticidal Activities of Lavandula stoechas Essential Oil
Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki, Shawky M. Aboelhadid, Saleh Al-Quraishy, Ahmed O. Hassan, Dimitra Daferera, Atalay Sokmen, Asmaa A. Kamel
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Mughees Aizaz Alvi, Sadiq Khan, Rana Muhammad Athar Ali, Warda Qamar, Muhammad Saqib, Noman Yousaf Faridi, Li Li, Bao-Quan Fu, Hong-Bin Yan, Wan-Zhong Jia
Life.2022; 12(5): 676. CrossRef
Scolicidal Activity of Eriobotrya japonica and Lonicera japonica Extracts Against Hydatid Cysts of Echinococcus granulosus
Chonoor Mohammadi, Jgarxwen Nuraddin, Suham Najmadin
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Scolicidal effects of Cassia fistula and Urtica dioica extracts on protoscoleces of hydatid cysts
Amirmehdi Sarvestani, Ali Karimian, Rasool Mohammadi, Kourosh Cheraghipour, Masoomeh Zivdri, Morteza Nourmohammadi, Mohammad Almasian, Amirhossein Nafari
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Hai-Jun Gao, Xu-Dong Sun, Yan-Ping Luo, Hua-Sheng Pang, Xing-Ming Ma, Ting Zhang, Tao Jing, Wei Hu, Yu-Juan Shen, Jian-Ping Cao
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Silybum marianum ethanolic extract: in vitro effects on protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus G1 strain with emphasis on other Iranian medicinal plants
Ali Taghipour, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, John Horton, Abdolhossein Dalimi, Zohreh Sharifi
Tropical Medicine and Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Amani Hizem, Selim M’rad, Myriam Oudni-M’rad, Habib Mezhoud, Hichem Ben Jannet, Guido Flamini, Kamel Ghedira, Hamouda Babba
Journal of Essential Oil Research.2020; 32(2): 178. CrossRef
Constituents of essential oil of Origanum minutiflorum and its in vitro antioxidant, scolicidal and anticancer activities
Atalay Sokmen, Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki, Esam S. Al-Malki, Saleh Al-Quraishy, Heba M. Abdel-Haleem
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Comparative Clinical Pathology.2020; 29(3): 705. CrossRef
Anticoccidial activities of Salvadora persica(arak), Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Curcuma longa (turmeric) extracts on the control of chicken coccidiosis
Manei M. Aljedaie, Esam S. Al-Malki
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Mohammed A. El-Bali, Abdulhafid Abdulhakim, Raafat T. Mohamed, Mohamed A. EL-Malky, Rowaida A. Bakri, Saeed A. Al-Harthi
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Rehman Ali, Sanaullah Khan, Marina Khan, Muhammad Adnan, Ijaz Ali, Taj Ali Khan, Sumbal Haleem, Muhammad Rooman, Sadia Norin, Shahid Niaz Khan, Branislav T. Šiler
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Sara Napooni, Mohsen Arbabi, Mahdi Delavari, Hossein Hooshyar, Sima Rasti
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Hao Wen, Lucine Vuitton, Tuerhongjiang Tuxun, Jun Li, Dominique A. Vuitton, Wenbao Zhang, Donald P. McManus
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Sara Napooni, Mahdi Delavari, Mohsen Arbabi, Hossein Barkheh, Sima Rasti, Hossein Hooshyar, S. Mostafa Hosseinpour Mashkani
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Muslimah, N. ALsulami, Nafisa Mohammd Batarfi
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Prevalence and characterization of hydatidosis in Najdi sheep slaughtered in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia
Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki, Esam Almalki, Saleh Al-Quarishy
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Esam Almalki, Esam M. Al-Shaebi, Saleh Al-Quarishy, Mansour El-Matbouli, Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2017; 24(1): 90. CrossRef
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Bois d’arak (bâton d’arak)
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L. M. Wen, G. D. Lü, J. Zhao, S. Lu, H. J. Gao, B. Chen, Y. F. Ma, Y. F. Xiao, Y. Yuan, H. B. Zhang, H. Liu, J. H. Wang
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Codon Usage Bias and Determining Forces in Taenia solium Genome: Xing Yang, Xusheng Ma, Xuenong Luo, Houjun Ling, Xichen Zhang, Xuepeng Cai; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):689-697.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.689

Abstract
PDF

The tapeworm Taenia solium is an important human zoonotic parasite that causes great economic loss and also endangers public health. At present, an effective vaccine that will prevent infection and chemotherapy without any side effect remains to be developed. In this study, codon usage patterns in the T. solium genome were examined through 8,484 protein-coding genes. Neutrality analysis showed that T. solium had a narrow GC distribution, and a significant correlation was observed between GC12 and GC3. Examination of an NC (ENC vs GC3s)-plot showed a few genes on or close to the expected curve, but the majority of points with low-ENC (the effective number of codons) values were detected below the expected curve, suggesting that mutational bias plays a major role in shaping codon usage. The Parity Rule 2 plot (PR2) analysis showed that GC and AT were not used proportionally. We also identified 26 optimal codons in the T. solium genome, all of which ended with either a G or C residue. These optimal codons in the T. solium genome are likely consistent with tRNAs that are highly expressed in the cell, suggesting that mutational and translational selection forces are probably driving factors of codon usage bias in the T. solium genome.

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Distinct codon usage signatures reflecting evolutionary and pathogenic adaptation in the Acinetobacter baumannii complex
Ujwal Dahal, Anuj Sharma, Karan Paul, Anu Bansal, Shelly Gupta
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.2025; 44(11): 2803. CrossRef
Evolution of codon usage in Taenia saginata genomes and its impact on the host
Siddiq Ur Rahman, Hassan Ur Rehman, Inayat Ur Rahman, Muazzam Ali Khan, Fazli Rahim, Hamid Ali, Dekun Chen, Wentao Ma
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative analysis of codon usage patterns and phylogenetic implications of five mitochondrial genomes of the genus Japanagallia Ishihara, 1955 (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Megophthalminae)
Min Li, Jiajia Wang, Renhuai Dai, Guy Smagghe, Xianyi Wang, Siying You
PeerJ.2023; 11: e16058. CrossRef
Codon Usage is Influenced by Compositional Constraints in Genes Associated with Dementia
Taha Alqahtani, Rekha Khandia, Nidhi Puranik, Ali M. Alqahtani, Yahia Alghazwani, Saad Ali Alshehri, Kumarappan Chidambaram, Mohammad Amjad Kamal
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Analysis of codon usage bias of lumpy skin disease virus causing livestock infection
Siddiq Ur Rahman, Hassan Ur Rehman, Inayat Ur Rahman, Abdur Rauf, Abdulrahman Alshammari, Metab Alharbi, Noor ul Haq, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
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Aasim Majeed, Harpreet Kaur, Amitozdeep Kaur, Sreemoyee Das, Josepheena Joseph, Pankaj Bhardwaj
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society.2021; 196(4): 423. CrossRef
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Gulshana A. Mazumder, Arif Uddin, Supriyo Chakraborty
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Arup Kr. Malakar, Binata Halder, Prosenjit Paul, Himangshu Deka, Supriyo Chakraborty
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Aasim Majeed, Harpreet Kaur, Pankaj Bhardwaj
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Gulshana A. Mazumder, Arif Uddin, Supriyo Chakraborty
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Guillermo Lamolle, Santiago Fontenla, Gastón Rijo, Jose F. Tort, Pablo Smircich
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Prosenjit Paul, Arup Kumar Malakar, Supriyo Chakraborty
Food Science and Biotechnology.2018; 27(3): 725. CrossRef
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Lucas L. Maldonado, Georgina Stegmayer, Diego H. Milone, Guilherme Oliveira, Mara Rosenzvit, Laura Kamenetzky
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Xu Zhang, Yuchen Cai, Xiaofeng Zhai, Jie Liu, Wen Zhao, Senlin Ji, Shuo Su, Jiyong Zhou
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2018; 19(8): 2397. CrossRef
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Larval Gnathostoma spinigerum Detected in Asian Swamp Eels, Monopterus albus, Purchased from a Local Market in Yangon, Myanmar: Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Bok Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):619-625.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.619

Abstract
PDF

The present study was performed to determine the infection status of swamp eels with Gnathostoma sp. larvae in Myanmar. We purchased total 37 Asian swamp eels, Monopterus albus, from a local market in Yangon in June and December 2013 and 2014. All collected eels were transferred with ice to our laboratory and each of them was examined by the artificial digestion technique. A total of 401 larval gnathostomes (1-96 larvae/eel) were detected in 33 (89.2%) swamp eels. Most of the larvae (n=383; 95.5%) were found in the muscle. The remaining 18 larvae were detected in the viscera. The advanced third-stage larvae (AdL₃) were 2.3-4.4 mm long and 0.25-0.425 mm wide. The characteristic head bulb (0.093 × 0.221 mm in average size) with 4 rows of hooklets, muscular long esophagus (1.025 mm), and 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.574 mm) were observed by light microscopy. The average number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th rows was 41, 45, 48, and 51, respectively. As scanning electron microscopic findings, the characteristic 4-5 rows of hooklets on the head bulb, a cervical papilla, tegumental spines regularly arranged in the transverse striations, and an anus were well observed. Based on these morphological characters, they were identified as the AdL₃ of Gnathostoma spinigerum. By the present study, it has been confirmed for the first time that Asian swamp eels, M. albus, from Yangon, Myanmar are heavily infected with G. spinigerum larvae.

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Parasitology Research.2020; 119(3): 1011. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 467. CrossRef
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Brief Communications

Negligible Egg Positive Rate of Enterobius vermicularis and No Detection of Head Lice among Orphanage Children in Busan and Ulsan, Korea (2014): Dong-Hee Kim, Hyun-Mi Son, Sang Hwa Lee, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Sang Kyun Park, Jun-Ho Choi, Jung Ha Park, Hak-Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):497-499.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.497

Abstract
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To determine whether pinworm infections and head lice infestations spread among children in orphanages, 117 children from 4 orphanages in Busan-si and Ulsan-si, Korea, were examined for enterobiasis and head lice infestation between January and February 2014. The overall rate of Enterobius vermicularis egg positivity was 0.85%, whereas none of the children had head lice infestations. The rate of pinworm infection was much lower among the orphanage children compared to the rates observed in previous studies among kindergarten and primary school students. Moreover, the risk factors for enterobiasis were less frequent among these subjects than previously reported. The personal hygiene and health of the orphanage children were supervised by a regular, employed nurse through a health education program. In conclusion, pinworm infection was efficiently controlled among the children in orphanages, and this might be related to good personal hygiene practices in Korea.

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Enterobius vermicularis Infection among Preschool Children: A 12-Year (2008-2019) Survey in Large Cities and Provinces of the Republic of Korea
Hyejoo Shin, Bong-Kwang Jung, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Taehee Chang, Jiyeon Park, Keon Hoon Lee, Jeonggyu Lee, Jae Young Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Jae Hyun Cho, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 421. CrossRef
A systematic scoping review of hygiene behaviors and environmental health conditions in institutional care settings for orphaned and abandoned children
Michelle Moffa, Ryan Cronk, Donald Fejfar, Sarah Dancausse, Leslie Acosta Padilla, Jamie Bartram
Science of The Total Environment.2019; 658: 1161. CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Prevalence ofEnterobius vermicularisamong preschool children in 2003 and 2013 in Xinxiang city, Henan province, Central China
Shuai Wang, Zhijun Yao, Yichen Hou, Dong Wang, Haizhu Zhang, Jingbo Ma, Luwen Zhang, Shiguo Liu
Parasite.2016; 23: 30. CrossRef

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Occurrence and Molecular Identification of Giardia duodenalis from Stray Cats in Guangzhou, Southern China: Guochao Zheng, Wei Hu, Yuanjia Liu, Qin Luo, Liping Tan, Guoqing Li; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):119-124.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.119

Abstract
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The
objective
of this study was to genetically characterize isolates of Giardia duodenalis and to determine if zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis could be found in stray cats from urban and suburban environments in Guangzhou, China. Among 102 fresh fecal samples of stray cats, 30 samples were collected in Baiyun district (urban) and 72 in Conghua district (suburban). G. duodenalis specimens were examined using light microscopy, then the positive specimens were subjected to PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing at 4 loci such as glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), β-giardin (bg), and small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) genes. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using obtained sequences by MEGA5.2 software. Results show that 9.8% (10/102) feline fecal samples were found to be positive by microscopy, 10% (3/30) in Baiyun district and 9.7% (7/72) in Conghua district. Among the 10 positive samples, 9 were single infection (8 isolates, assemblage A; 1 isolate, assemblage F) and 1 sample was mixed infection with assemblages A and C. Based on tpi, gdh, and bg genes, all sequences of assemblage A showed complete homology with AI except for 1 isolate (CHC83). These findings not only confirmed the occurrence of G. duodenalis in stray cats, but also showed that zoonotic assemblage A was found for the first time in stray cats living in urban and suburban environments in China.

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Global prevalence of Giardia infection in nonhuman mammalian hosts: A systematic review and meta-analysis of five million animals
Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Milad Badri, Aida Vafae Eslahi, Davood Anvari, David Carmena, Lihua Xiao, Aysegul Taylan Ozkan
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(4): e0013021. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in pet cats in Henan Province, central China
Liangliang Li, Yuzhen Sui, Xinmiao Li, Pengtao Song, Guizhen Chen, Hu Liu, Shoujun Zuo, Jinjie Guo, Qiong Wang, Qiyuan Sun, Hongyu Dai, Junqiang Li, Tao Zhang, Fang Liu, Longxian Zhang, Haiju Dong
Acta Tropica.2024; 254: 107188. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in cats and dogs: What is the real zoonotic risk?
Amanda D. Barbosa, Siobhon Egan, Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao, Una Ryan
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2023; 4: 100158. CrossRef
Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats in Guangdong, China
Jiayu Li, Xiaoyu Dan, Kexin Zhu, Na Li, Yaqiong Guo, Zezhong Zheng, Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao
Parasites & Vectors.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Giardia in a selected population of dogs and cats in Germany – diagnostics, coinfections and assemblages
M.F. Sommer, P. Rupp, M. Pietsch, A. Kaspar, P. Beelitz
Veterinary Parasitology.2018; 249: 49. CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors of Giardia duodenalis in domestic rabbbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Jilin and Liaoning province, northeastern China
Jing Jiang, Jian-Gang Ma, Nian-Zhang Zhang, Peng Xu, Guangyu Hou, Quan Zhao, Xiao-Xuan Zhang
Journal of Infection and Public Health.2018; 11(5): 723. CrossRef
Development of T m -shift genotyping method for detection of cat-derived Giardia lamblia
Weida Pan, Yeqi Fu, Auwalu Yusuf Abdullahi, Mingwei Wang, Xianli Shi, Fang Yang, Xingang Yu, Xinxin Yan, Pan Zhang, Jianxiong Hang, Guoqing Li
Parasitology Research.2017; 116(4): 1151. CrossRef
Giardia duodenalis Infections in Humans and Other Animals in China
Junqiang Li, Haiyan Wang, Rongjun Wang, Longxian Zhang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats in Shanghai, China
Hailing Xu, Yue Jin, Wenxian Wu, Pei Li, Lin Wang, Na Li, Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao
Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
A Multiplex PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Three Zoonotic ParasitesAncylostoma ceylanicum,A. caninum,andGiardia lambliaAssemblage A
Wei Hu, Sheng Wu, Xingang Yu, Auwalu Yusuf Abullahi, Meiran Song, Liping Tan, Zhen Wang, Biao Jiang, Guoqing Li
BioMed Research International.2015; 2015: 1. CrossRef

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Chronic Opisthorchis viverrini Infection and Associated Hepatobiliary Disease Is Associated with Iron Loaded M2-like Macrophages: Moses T. Bility, Banchob Sripa; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):695-699.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.695

Abstract
PDF

Chronic Opisthorchis viverrini-induced hepatobiliary disease is associated with significant leukocyte infiltration, including activated macrophages; however, the polarization of infiltrating macrophages remains to be fully characterized. In this study, we characterized macrophage polarization and phenotype in chronic O. viverrini-induced hepatobiliary disease in humans and hamsters using gene expression and histochemical analysis. Chronic O. viverrini infection and associated hepatobiliary diseases were associated with iron loaded M2-like macrophages in both humans and hamsters. This study provides suggestive evidence that iron loaded M2-like macrophages promote hepatobiliary disease in chronic O. viverrini infection.

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Liver Fluke-Derived Molecules Accelerate Skin Repair Processes in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Anna Kovner, Yaroslav Kapushchak, Oxana Zaparina, Dmitry Ponomarev, Maria Pakharukova
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(22): 12002. CrossRef
Exploring the role of macrophages in determining the pathogenesis of liver fluke infection
Susel Loli Quinteros, Bronwyn O'Brien, Sheila Donnelly
Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1364. CrossRef
Wound healing approach based on excretory-secretory product and lysate of liver flukes
Anna V. Kovner, Alena A. Tarasenko, Oxana Zaparina, Olga V. Tikhonova, Maria Y. Pakharukova, Viatcheslav A. Mordvinov
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The pathogenic potential of the combined action of chronic Opisthorchis felineus infection and repeated social defeat stress in C57BL/6 mice
Damira Avgustinovich, Anna Kovner, Elena Kashina, Natalia Shatskaya, Galina Vishnivetskaya, Natalia Bondar, Maria Lvova
International Journal for Parasitology.2021; 51(5): 353. CrossRef
High macrophage activities are associated with advanced periductal fibrosis in chronic Opisthorchis viverrini infection
Kanin Salao, Krongkarn Watakulsin, Eimorn Mairiang, Sutas Suttiprapa, Sirikachorn Tangkawattana, Steven W. Edwards, Banchob Sripa
Parasite Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Chronic hepatitis C infection–induced liver fibrogenesis is associated with M2 macrophage activation
Moses T. Bility, Kouki Nio, Feng Li, David R. McGivern, Stanley M. Lemon, Eoin R. Feeney, Raymond T. Chung, Lishan Su
Scientific Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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8 Web of Science
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Original Articles

Trichomonas vaginalis Metalloproteinase Induces mTOR Cleavage of SiHa Cells: Juan-Hua Quan, In-Wook Choi, Jung-Bo Yang, Wei Zhou, Guang-Ho Cha, Yu Zhou, Jae-Sook Ryu, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):595-603.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.595

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonas vaginalis secretes a number of proteases which are suspected to be the cause of pathogenesis; however, little is understood how they manipulate host cells. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, and transcription. We detected various types of metalloproteinases including GP63 protein from T. vaginalis trophozoites, and T. vaginalis GP63 metalloproteinase was confirmed by sequencing and western blot. When SiHa cells were stimulated with live T. vaginalis, T. vaginalis excretory-secretory products (ESP) or T. vaginalis lysate, live T. vaginalis and T. vaginalis ESP induced the mTOR cleavage in both time- and parasite load-dependent manner, but T. vaginalis lysate did not. Pretreatment of T. vaginalis with a metalloproteinase inhibitor, 1,10-phenanthroline, completely disappeared the mTOR cleavage in SiHa cells. Collectively, T. vaginalis metallopeptidase induces host cell mTOR cleavage, which may be related to survival of the parasite.

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Chromatin accessibility and gene expression in the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis
Agustina Prat, Daniela Muñoz, Ayelen Lizarraga, Julieta Seifert-Gorzycki, Estefania Sanchez-Vazquez, Patricia J. Johnson, Pablo H. Strobl-Mazzulla, Natalia de Miguel
BMC Infectious Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Metallopeptidases as Key Virulence Attributes of Clinically Relevant Protozoa: New Discoveries, Perspectives, and Frontiers of Knowledge
Graziela Vargas Rigo, Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Giulia Bongiorni Galego, Deisiane Fernanda da Rosa, André Luis Souza dos Santos, Tiana Tasca
Current Protein & Peptide Science.2023; 24(4): 307. CrossRef
VPS32, a member of the ESCRT complex, modulates adherence to host cells in the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis by affecting biogenesis and cargo sorting of released extracellular vesicles
Nehuén Salas, Veronica M. Coceres, Tuanne dos Santos Melo, Antonio Pereira-Neves, Vanina G. Maguire, Tania M. Rodriguez, Bruna Sabatke, Marcel I. Ramirez, Jihui Sha, James A. Wohlschlegel, Natalia de Miguel
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Adherent Bacteria and Parasiticidal Secretion Products of Human Cervicovaginal Microbiota-Associated Lactobacillus gasseri Confer Non-Identical Cell Protection against Trichomonas vaginalis-Induced Cell Detachment
Bénédicte Pradines, Séverine Domenichini, Vanessa Lievin-Le Moal
Pharmaceuticals.2022; 15(11): 1350. CrossRef
The 50 kDa metalloproteinase TvMP50 is a zinc-mediated Trichomonas vaginalis virulence factor
Jonathan Puente-Rivera, José Luis Villalpando, Alma Villalobos-Osnaya, Laura Isabel Vázquez-Carrillo, Gloria León-Ávila, María Dolores Ponce-Regalado, César López-Camarillo, Jose Miguel Elizalde-Contreras, Eliel Ruiz-May, Rossana Arroyo, María Elizbeth Al
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2017; 217: 32. CrossRef
Regulation of exosomes released from normal ovarian epithelial cells and ovarian cancer cells
Wei Zhang, Jiaxin Yang, Dongyan Cao, Yan You, Keng Shen, Peng Peng
Tumor Biology.2016; 37(12): 15763. CrossRef
Involvement of PI3K/AKT and MAPK Pathways for TNF-α Production in SiHa Cervical Mucosal Epithelial Cells Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis
Jung-Bo Yang, Juan-Hua Quan, Ye-Eun Kim, Yun-Ee Rhee, Byung-Hyun Kang, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(4): 371. CrossRef

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Ameliorative Effect of Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells on Injured Liver of Mice Infected with Schistosoma mansoni: Magda M. El-Mahdi, Wafaa A. Mansour, Olfat Hammam, Noha A. Mehana, Taghreed M. Hussein; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):151-162.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.151

Abstract
PDF

The technique of stem cells or hepatocytes transplantation has recently improved in order to bridge the time before whole-organ liver transplantation. In the present study, unfractionated bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) were harvested from the tibial and femoral marrow compartments of male mice, which were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with and without hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and then transplanted into Schistosoma mansoni-infected female mice on their 8th week post-infection. Mice were sacrificed monthly until the third month of bone marrow transplantation, serum was collected, and albumin concentration, ALT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were assayed. On the other hand, immunohistopathological and immunohistochemical changes of granuloma size and number, collagen content, and cells expressing OV-6 were detected for identification of liver fibrosis. BMSCs were shown to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells. Serum ALT, AST, and ALP were markedly reduced in the group of mice treated with BMSCs than in the untreated control group. Also, granuloma showed a marked decrease in size and number as compared to the BMSCs untreated group. Collagen content showed marked decrease after the third month of treatment with BMSCs. On the other hand, the expression of OV-6 increased detecting the presence of newly formed hepatocytes after BMSCs treatment. BMSCs with or without HGF infusion significantly enhanced hepatic regeneration in S. mansoni-induced fibrotic liver model and have pathologic and immunohistopathologic therapeutic effects. Also, this new therapeutic trend could generate new hepatocytes to improve the overall liver functions.

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Anti-fibrotic Effect of Oral Versus Intraperitoneal Administration of Gold Nanoparticles in Hepatic Schistosoma mansoni-Infected Mice
Shahira Abdelaziz Ali Ahmed, Samer Eid Mohamed Gad, Omima Mohamed Eida, Laila Mohamed Makhlouf
Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(1): 190. CrossRef
The Role of Praziquantel in the Prevention and Treatment of Fibrosis Associated with Schistosomiasis: A Review
Xuehua Niu, Tao Hu, Ye Hong, Xiaoyan Li, Yuzhou Shen, Wei Wang
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Cell therapy as a new approach on hepatic fibrosis of murine model of Schistosoma mansoni-infection
Muslimah Alsulami, Rewaida Abdel-Gaber
Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(1): 136. CrossRef
hUCMSC-extracellular vesicles downregulated hepatic stellate cell activation and reduced liver injury in S. japonicum-infected mice
Liyang Dong, Yanan Pu, Xiaojun Chen, Xin Qi, Lina Zhang, Lei Xu, Wei Li, Yongbin Ma, Sha Zhou, Jifeng Zhu, Yalin Li, Xuefeng Wang, Chuan Su
Stem Cell Research & Therapy.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Systemic Injection of RPE65-Programmed Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Prevents Progression of Chronic Retinal Degeneration
Xiaoping Qi, S. Louise Pay, Yuanqing Yan, James Thomas, Alfred S. Lewin, Lung-Ji Chang, Maria B. Grant, Michael E. Boulton
Molecular Therapy.2017; 25(4): 917. CrossRef
Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Early and Late Experimental Hepatic Schistosomiasis Model
Shahinaz F. El-Shennawy, Heba E. Abdel Aaty, Nehal A. Radwan, Dina M. Abdel-Hameed, Yosra H. Alam-Eldin, Ayman M. El-Ashkar, Fatma A. Abu-Zahra
Journal of Parasitology.2015; 101(5): 587. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Antibodies in Sera of Non-Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients in Thailand: Amnat Kitkhuandee, Waranon Munkong, Kittisak Sawanyawisuth, Penchom Janwan, Wanchai Maleewong, Pewpan M. Intapan; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):755-757.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.755

Abstract
PDF

Gnathostoma spinigerum can cause subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The detection of specific antibodies in serum against G. spinigerum antigen is helpful for diagnosis of neurognathostomiasis. There is limited data on the frequency of G. spinigerum infection in non-traumatic SAH. A series of patients diagnosed as non-traumatic SAH at the Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand between January 2011 and January 2013 were studied. CT or MR imaging of the brain was used for diagnosis of SAH. Patients were categorized as aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (A-SAH) or non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (NA-SAH) according to the results of cerebral angiograms. The presence of specific antibodies in serum against 21- or 24-kDa G. spinigerum antigen was determined using the immunoblot technique. The detection rate of antibodies was compared between the 2 groups. Of the 118 non-traumatic SAH patients for whom cerebral angiogram and immunoblot data were available, 80 (67.8%) patients had A-SAH, whereas 38 (32.2%) had NA-SAH. Overall, 23.7% were positive for specific antibodies against 21- and/or 24-kDa G. spinigerum antigen. No significant differences were found in the positive rate of specific antibodies against G. spinigerum in both groups (P-value=0.350).

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Original Articles

Age-Related CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ Regulatory T-Cell Responses During Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infection in Mice Susceptible or Resistant to Cerebral Malaria: Ying Shan, Jun Liu, Yan-Yan Pan, Yong-Jun Jiang, Hong Shang, Ya-Ming Cao; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):289-295.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.289

Abstract
PDF

Different functions have been attributed to CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) during malaria infection. Herein, we describe the disparity in Treg response and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines during infection with Plasmodium berghei ANKA between young (3-week-old) and middle-aged (8-month-old) C57BL/6 mice. Young mice were susceptible to cerebral malaria (CM), while the middle-aged mice were resistant to CM and succumbed to hyperparasitemia and severe anemia. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, in young CM-susceptible mice were markedly higher than in middle-aged CM-resistant mice. An increased absolute number of Tregs 3-5 days post-inoculation, co-occurring with elevated IL-10 levels, was observed in middle-aged CM-resistant mice but not in young CM-susceptible mice. Our findings suggest that Treg proliferation might be associated with the suppression of excessive pro-inflammatory Th1 response during early malaria infection, leading to resistance to CM in the middle-aged mice, possibly in an IL-10-dependent manner.

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Contribution of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies to the Understanding of Cerebral Malaria Pathogenesis
Alicia Comino Garcia-Munoz, Isabelle Varlet, Georges Emile Grau, Teodora-Adriana Perles-Barbacaru, Angèle Viola
Pathogens.2024; 13(12): 1042. CrossRef
Mechanistic insights into immunopathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria: Cues from “young” C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice
Shweta Rai, Meetali Girdhar, Fouzia Siraj, Sheetal Sharma, Mukesh Kumar, Anju Katyal
Immunology Letters.2023; 256-257: 9. CrossRef
G6pd-Deficient Mice Are Protected From Experimental Cerebral Malaria and Liver Injury by Suppressing Proinflammatory Response in the Early Stage of Plasmodium berghei Infection
Haoan Yi, Weiyang Jiang, Fang Yang, Fan Li, Yirong Li, Wenjing Zhu, Qing Li, Syed Hassam Fakhar, Yaming Cao, Lan Luo, Wen Zhang, Yongshu He
Frontiers in Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of regulatory T cells during Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS infection in BALB/c mice
W. Pang, X. Sun, H. Feng, J. Wang, L. Cui, Y. Cao
Parasite Immunology.2016; 38(7): 439. CrossRef
Phenylhydrazine administration accelerates the development of experimental cerebral malaria
Xiaotong Zhu, Jun Liu, Yonghui Feng, Wei Pang, Zanmei Qi, Yongjun Jiang, Hong Shang, Yaming Cao
Experimental Parasitology.2015; 156: 1. CrossRef
Myeloid expression of the AP‐1 transcription factor JUNB modulates outcomes of type 1 and type 2 parasitic infections
M. F. Fontana, A. Baccarella, D. Kellar, T. K. Oniskey, P. Terinate, S. D. Rosenberg, E. J. Huang, D. R. Herbert, C. C. Kim
Parasite Immunology.2015; 37(9): 470. CrossRef
Parasite densities modulate susceptibility of mice to cerebral malaria during co-infection with Schistosoma japonicum and Plasmodium berghei
Mei-lian Wang, Yong-hui Feng, Wei Pang, Zan-mei Qi, Ying Zhang, Ya-jun Guo, En-jie Luo, Ya-ming Cao
Malaria Journal.2014;[Epub] CrossRef

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Dot-Blot Immunoassay of Fasciola gigantica Infection using 27 kDa and Adult Worm Regurge Antigens in Egyptian Patients: Hanan H. Kamel, Ghada A. Saad, Rania M. Sarhan; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):177-182.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.177

Abstract
PDF

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential role of the 27-Kilodalton (KDa) antigen versus Fasciola gigantica adult worm regurge antigens in a DOT-Blot assay and to assess this assay as a practical tool for diagnosis fascioliasis in Egyptian patients. Fasciola gigantica antigen of an approximate molecular mass 27-(KDa) was obtained from adult worms by a simple elution SDS-PAGE. A Dot-Blot was developed comparatively to adult worm regurge antigens for the detection of specific antibodies from patients infected with F. gigantica in Egypt. Control sera were obtained from patients with other parasitic infections and healthy volunteers to assess the test and compare between the antigens. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of Dot-Blot using the adult worm regurge were 80%, 90%, 94.1%, and 69.2% respectively, while those using 27-KDa were 100% which confirms the diagnostic potential of this antigen. All patients infected with Fasciola were positive, with cross reactivity reported with Schistosoma mansoni serum samples. This 27-KDa Dot-Blot assay showed to be a promising test which can be used for serodiagnosis of fascioliasis in Egyptian patients especially, those presenting with hepatic disease. It is specific, sensitive and easy to perform method for the rapid diagnosis particularly when more complex laboratory tests are unavailable.

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Crucial role of biosensors in the detection of helminth biomarkers in public health programmes
Maria Cambra-Pellejà, Lisette van Lieshout, Luis Baptista-Pires, Miguel Vilaplana, José Muñoz, Javier Gandasegui, Claudio Parolo
The Lancet Microbe.2025; 6(2): 100964. CrossRef
Recent Developments in Recombinant Proteins for Diagnosis of Human Fascioliasis
Abolfazl Mirzadeh, Farid Jafarihaghighi, Elham Kazemirad, Shokouh Shahrokhi Sabzevar, Mohammad Hossein Tanipour, Mehdi Ardjmand
Acta Parasitologica.2021; 66(1): 13. CrossRef
Glutathione-S-transferase: an important diagnostic antigen of liver amphistome Gigantocotyle explanatum, infecting the Indian water buffalo
Abdur Rehman, Rizwan Ullah, M.A. Hannan Khan, S.M.A. Abidi
Acta Tropica.2020; 205: 105400. CrossRef
Serum coiled‑coil domain containing 25 protein as a potential screening/diagnostic biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma
Ravinnipa Chanakankun, Tanakorn Proungvitaya, Daraporn Chua‑On, Temduang Limpaiboon, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Apinya Jusakul, Attapol Titapun, Apiwat Jarearnrat, Siriporn Proungvitaya
Oncology Letters.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular characterization and Immunodiagnostic potential of various antigenic proteins of Fasciola gigantica species isolated from sheep of North West Himalayan Region
J. S. Dar, B. A. Ganai, R. A. Shahardar, U. R. Zargar
Helminthologia.2019; 56(2): 93. CrossRef
Comparative Serodiagnostic Evaluation of Tegumental Antigen and its 16.5 KDa Subunit to Crude Antigens in Human Fascioliasis
I.M. Abdelsalam, R.M. Sarhan, A.F. Badawy, G.H. Shinkar
Research Journal of Parasitology.2018; 13(2): 47. CrossRef
Immunolocalization and immunodetection of the excretory/secretory (ES) antigens of Fasciola gigantica
M. A. Hannan Khan, Rizwan Ullah, Abdur Rehman, Lubna Rehman, Ahammed Shareef P. A., S. M. A. Abidi, Travis Beddoe
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(10): e0185870. CrossRef
Detection of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica common and uncommon antigens, using rabbit hyper immune serum raised against their excretory–secretory and somatic antigens
S. Abdolahi Khabisi, B. Sarkari
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2016; 40(4): 1552. CrossRef
Diagnosis ofFasciolainfection by SDS–PAGE eluted excretory secretory (ES) protein fractions using dot-ELISA
M.A. Sabry, E.S. Taher, N. Farag Allah, A.M. Mahgoub
International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine.2014; 2(2): 130. CrossRef
Development of Two Antibody Detection Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Serodiagnosis of Human Chronic Fascioliasis
Kimberly Cabán-Hernández, José F. Gaudier, Caleb Ruiz-Jiménez, Ana M. Espino, M. J. Loeffelholz
Journal of Clinical Microbiology.2014; 52(3): 766. CrossRef

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Articles from Symposium on Asian Taenia (October 2011, Osong, Korea)

Current Status of Taeniasis in Thailand: Malinee Thairungroj Anantaphruti; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):37-42.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.37

Abstract
PDF

Taeniasis is prevalent in all regions of Thailand, except the South. Infections were more frequently found in males than females of any age from 7-83 years. Taenia saginata is the most common species throughout the country. Taenia asiatica was reported only in the province of Kanchanaburi in the Central region. Co-infections, with Taenia solium and T. asiatica or T. solium and T. saginata, were found. Hybridization between T. asiatica and T. saginata is evidence that co-infection is never found between these 2 species. Finding more than 1 worm in a single patient was not entirely rare. Genetic variation was found without correlation to its geographic distribution in T. saginata, whereas no variation was found in T. asiatica.

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Nationwide spatial dynamics of taeniasis in Thailand: declining prevalence but shifting focus and One Health risk factors across 2008–2014
Pornphutthachat Sota, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Thitima Wongsaroj, Sirikachorn Tangkawattana, Archie C. A. Clements, Banchob Sripa
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Original Articles

Positivity and Intensity of Gnathostoma spinigerum Infective Larvae in Farmed and Wild-Caught Swamp Eels in Thailand: Wilai Saksirisampant, Benjamas Wongsatayanon Thanomsub; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):113-118.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.113

Abstract
PDF

From July 2008 to June 2009, livers of the swamp eels (Monopterus alba) were investigated for advanced third-stage larvae (AL3) of Gnathostoma spinigerum. Results revealed that 10.2% (106/1,037) and 20.4% (78/383) of farmed eels from Aranyaprathet District, Sa Kaeo Province and those of wild-caught eels obtained from a market in Min Buri District of Bangkok, Thailand were infected, respectively. The prevalence was high during the rainy and winter seasons. The infection rate abruptly decreased in the beginning of summer. The highest infection rate (13.7%) was observed in September and absence of infection (0%) in March-April in the farmed eels. Whereas, in the wild-caught eels, the highest rate (30.7%) was observed in November, and the rate decreased to the lowest at 6.3% in March. The average no. (mean±SE) of AL3 per investigated liver in farmed eels (1.1±0.2) was significantly lower (P=0.040) than those in the caught eels (0.2±0.03). In addition, the intensity of AL3 recovered from each infected liver varied from 1 to 18 (2.3±0.3) in the farmed eels and from 1 to 47 (6.3±1.2) in the caught eels, respectively. The AL3 intensity showed significant difference (P=0.011) between these 2 different sources of eels. This is the first observation that farmed eels showed positive findings of G. spinigerum infective larvae. This may affect the standard farming of the culture farm and also present a risk of consuming undercooked eels from the wild-caught and farmed eels.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(6): 695. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of infective larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) in freshwater swamp eels from Thailand
P. Eamsobhana, D. Wanachiwanawin, K. Roongruangchai, S.L. Song, H.S. Yong
Journal of Helminthology.2017; 91(6): 767. CrossRef
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Q. Q. Xu, P. Xu, J. W. Zhou, T. S. Pan, R. Tuo, K. Ai, D. Q. Yang
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Jing Cui, Ye Wang, Zhong Quan Wang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(4): 467. CrossRef

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Anti-Apoptotic Effects of SERPIN B3 and B4 via STAT6 Activation in Macrophages after Infection with Toxoplasma gondii: Kyoung Ju Song, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):1-6.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.1

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii penetrates all kinds of nucleated eukaryotic cells but modulates host cells differently for its intracellular survival. In a previous study, we found out that serine protease inhibitors B3 and B4 (SERPIN B3/B4 because of their very high homology) were significantly induced in THP-1-derived macrophages infected with T. gondii through activation of STAT6. In this study, to evaluate the effects of the induced SERPIN B3/B4 on the apoptosis of T. gondii-infected THP-1 cells, we designed and tested various small interfering (si-) RNAs of SERPIN B3 or B4 in staurosporine-induced apoptosis of THP-1 cells. Anti-apoptotic characteristics of THP-1 cells after infection with T. gondii disappeared when SERPIN B3/B4 were knock-downed with gene specific si-RNAs transfected into THP-1 cells as detected by the cleaved caspase 3, poly-ADP ribose polymerase and DNA fragmentation. This anti-apoptotic effect was confirmed in SERPIN B3/B4 overexpressed HeLa cells. We also investigated whether inhibition of STAT6 affects the function of SERPIN B3/B4, and vice versa. Inhibition of SERPIN B3/B4 did not influence STAT6 expression but SERPIN B3/B4 expression was inhibited by STAT6 si-RNA transfection, which confirmed that SERPIN B3/B4 was induced under the control of STAT6 activation. These results suggest that T. gondii induces SERPIN B3/B4 expression via STAT6 activation to inhibit the apoptosis of infected THP-1 cells for longer survival of the intracellular parasites themselves.

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Use of In Vivo and In Vitro Systems to Select Leishmania amazonensis Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein: Solange dos Santos Costa, Marjorie de Assis Golim, Bartira Rossi-Bergmann, Fabio Trindade Maranh?o Costa, Selma Giorgio; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):357-364.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.357

Abstract
PDF

Various Leishmania species were engineered with green fluorescent protein (GFP) using episomal vectors that encoded an antibiotic resistance gene, such as aminoglycoside geneticin sulphate (G418). Most reports of GFP-Leishmania have used the flagellated extracellular promastigote, the stage of parasite detected in the midgut of the sandfly vector; fewer studies have been performed with amastigotes, the stage of parasite detected in mammals. In this study, comparisons were made regarding the efficiency for in vitro G418 selection of GFP-Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes and the use of in vivo G418 selection. The GFP-promastigotes retained episomal plasmid for a prolonged period and G418 treatment was necessary and efficient for in vitro selection. In contrast, GFP-amastigotes showed low retention of the episomal plasmid in the absence of G418 selection and low sensitivity to antibiotics in vitro. The use of protocols for G418 selection using infected BALB/c mice also indicated low sensitivity to antibiotics against amastigotes in cutaneous lesions.

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Brief Communication

Effects of Simple and Disposable Chicken Cages for Experimental Eimeria Infections: Jeongmi Yoo, Sung H. Kang, Jipseol Jeong, Woo H. Kim, Suk Kim, Hyun S. Lillehoj, Wongi Min; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):299-302.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.299

Abstract
PDF

During experimental Eimeria infections in chickens, facilities are often contaminated by fecal oocysts known to be highly resistant to both chemical and enzymatic treatments. Thus, studies using experimental Eimeria infections have been limited due to the difficulty of complete elimination of residual oocysts from both cages and facilities. To overcome this limitation, simple, inexpensive, and disposable cages were constructed from cardboard boxes and tested during experimental Eimeria maxima infections. The cages were used in animal rooms with only a 1.7% evidence of coccidia contamination between adjacent cages. No significant differences in fecal oocyst output and body weight gain were noted between animals housed in disposable cages and animals housed in wire control cages. This cage design is a useful means for preventing oocyst contamination during experimental conditions, suggesting that this disposable cage design could be used for other avian infectious disease studies.

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Jipseol Jeong, Woo H. Kim, Cherry P. Fernandez, Suk Kim, Yong-Hwan Kim, Hyung-Kwan Jang, Hyun S. Lillehoj, Hee-Jong Woo, Wongi Min
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PLoS ONE.2012; 7(5): e37704. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Parasitic Helminth Cystatin Inhibits DSS-Induced Intestinal Inflammation Via IL-10⁺F4/80⁺ Macrophage Recruitment: Sung Won Jang, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Soon Cheol Ahn, Dong-Hee Kim, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):245-254.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.245

Abstract
PDF

Many immune down-regulatory molecules have been isolated from parasites, including cystatin (cystain protease inhibitor). In a previous study, we isolated and characterized Type I cystatin (CsStefin-1) of the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. To investigate whether the CsStefin-1 might be a new host immune modulator, we induced intestinal inflammation in mice by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and treated them with recombinant CsStefin-1 (rCsStefin-1). The disease activity index (DAI) increased in DSS only-treated mice. In contrast, the DAI value was significantly reduced in rCsStefin-1-treated mice than DSS only-treated mice. In addition, the colon length of DSS only-treated mice was shorter than that of rCsStefin-1 treated mice. The secretion levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were significantly increased by DSS treatment, but the level of TNF-α in MLNs was significantly decreased by rCsStefin-1 treatment. IL-10 production in both spleen and MLNs was significantly increased, and IL-10⁺F4/80⁺ macrophage cells were significantly increased in the spleen and MLNs of rCsStefin-1 treated mice after DSS treatment. In conclusion, rCsStefin-1 could reduce the intestinal inflammation occurring after DSS treatment, these effects might be related with recruitment of IL-10 secreting macrophages.

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Anisakis simplex Larvae: Infection Status in Marine Fish and Cephalopods Purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea: Seon Hee Choi, Jung Kim, Jin Ok Jo, Min Kyung Cho, Hak Sun Yu, Hee Jae Cha, Mee Sun Ock; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):39-44.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.39

Abstract
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The infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with Anisakis simplex third stage larva (L3) was studied over a period of 1 year. A total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea, from August 2006 to July 2007. They were examined for A. simplex L3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. A. simplex L3 were confirmed by light microscopy. The overall infection rate reached 34.3%, and average 17.1 larvae were parasitized per infected fish. Fish that recorded the highest infection rate was Lophiomus setigerus (100%), followed by Liparis tessellates (90%), Pleurogrammus azonus (90%), and Scomber japonicus (88.7%). The intensity of infection was the highest in Gadus macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S. japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). Although abundance of A. simplex L3 was not seasonal in most of the fish species, 10 of the 16 selected species showed the highest abundance in February and April. A positive correlation between the intensity of L3 infection and the fish length was obvious in S. japonicus and G. macrocephalus. It was likely that A. simplex L3 are more frequently infected during the spring season in some species of fish. Our study revealed that eating raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods could still be a source of human infection with A. simplex L3 in Korea.

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Mini Review

Phosphagen Kinases of Parasites: Unexplored Chemotherapeutic Targets: Blanca R. Jarilla, Takeshi Agatsuma; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):281-284.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.281

Abstract
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Due to the possible emergence of resistance and safety concerns on certain treatments, development of new drugs against parasites is essential for the effective control and subsequent eradication of parasitic infections. Several drug targets have been identified which are either genes or proteins essential for the parasite survival and distinct from the hosts. These include the phosphagen kinases (PKs) which are enzymes that play a key role in maintenance of homeostasis in cells exhibiting high or variable rates of energy turnover by catalizing the reversible transfer of a phosphate between ATP and naturally occurring guanidine compounds. PKs have been identified in a number of important human and animal parasites and were also shown to be significant in survival and adaptation to stress conditions. The potential of parasite PKs as novel chemotherapeutic targets remains to be explored.

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Case Report

Cochlosoma Infection in a Turkey in Iran: Mohammad Javad Gharagozlou, Omid Dezfoulian; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):393-395.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.393

Abstract
PDF

Cochlosoma sp. infection was identified in a single case among 60 stunted diarrheic native turkey poults, Meleagris galopavo. A large number of the flagellated parasites was found free or within the intervillous spaces of the jejunum, ileum and cecum. Moderate enteritis was associated with the parasites. In TEM studies of the parasagittal sections of the parasite, a prominent ventral sucker like disc and flagella emerging from an opening on the ventrodorsal surface of the pyriform uninuclear parasite were found. The morphological characteristics of this protozoan match with those described for Cochlosoma anatis. The parasite could be considered as an intestinal pathogenic protozoan causing stunting and diarrhea in turkeys in Iran.

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Infection with Cochlosoma anatis in early brooding leads to poor health outcomes in turkey poults
Justin H Lowery, Chongxiao Chen, Catherine G Fudge, Christina Sigmon, Robert B Beckstead, Lin L Walker
Journal of Applied Poultry Research.2026; 35(1): 100637. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Sensitization of Children to Storage Mites in Kutahya, Turkey: Cihangir Akdemir, Erdogan Soyucen; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):387-391.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.387

Abstract
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Specific IgE against Acarus siro, Glycphagus domesticus, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, and Lepidoglyphus destructor have been investigated by ELISA in sera of 92 children. Of them, 41 were found to be specific IgE positive (≥ 0.35 IU/ml) against at least one of house dust mite species, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae, by an immunoblot. In 65.9% of the dust mite-sensitized children, specific IgE against at least one of these mite species was found. Sensitization levels, including co-sensitization cases were found to be 35.7% against A. siro, 24.4% against T. putrescentiae, 31.7% against L. destructor, and 26.8% against G. domesticus. In non-sensitized children, dust mite sensitization level was found to be 25.5%. Breakdown of sensitization by individual species in this group was; against A. siro and T. putrescentiae at 7.8%, against L. destructor at 13.7%, and against G. domesticus at 9.8%. When all children were reckoned, 43.5% was found to be sensitized against at least one storage mite species, with sensitizations against A. siro at 18.5%, T. putrescentiae at 26.1%, L. destructor at 21.7%, and G. domesticus at 17.4%. In dust samples collected from the dwellings of children, distribution of species was found to be A. siro (17%), G. domesticus (23%), T. putrescentiae (29%), L. destructor (25%), and unidentified (6%). In Fisher's chi-square test on SPSS program, there was a relationship between dust mite sensitization and storage mite sensitization (P < 0.05), but no meaningful relationship was found on the basis of individual mite species.

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The Role of Climate and Residency in Storage Mite Sensitivity among Children with Allergic Diseases in the Mediterranean Region
Mehmet Akif Kaya, Dilara Fatma Kocacik Uygun, Enes Celik, Aysen Bingol
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Paramyosin from Clonorchis sinensis: Tae-Joon Park, Jung-Mi Kang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):359-367.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.359

Abstract
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Paramyosin is a myofibrillar protein present in helminth parasites and plays multifunctional roles in host-parasite interactions. In this study, we identified the gene encoding paramyosin of Clonorchis sinensis (CsPmy) and characterized biochemical and immunological properties of its recombinant protein. CsPmy showed a high level of sequence identity with paramyosin from other helminth parasites. Recombinant CsPmy (rCsPmy) expressed in bacteria had an approximate molecular weight of 100 kDa and bound both human collagen and complement 9. The protein was constitutively expressed in various developmental stages of the parasite. Imunofluorescence analysis revealed that CsPmy was mainly localized in the tegument, subtegumental muscles, and the muscle layer surrounding the intestine of the parasite. The rCsPmy showed high levels of positive reactions (74.6%, 56/75) against sera from patients with clonorchiasis. Immunization of experimental rats with rCsPmy evoked high levels of IgG production. These results collectively suggest that CsPmy is a multifunctional protein that not only contributes to the muscle layer structure but also to non-muscular functions in host-parasite interactions. Successful induction of host IgG production also suggests that CsPmy can be applied as a diagnostic antigen and/or vaccine candidate for clonorchiasis.

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Among-population proteomic differences in Schistocephalus solidus based on excretory/secretory and total body protein predictions
Anni Wang, Daniel I. Bolnick
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Diana G. Ríos-Valencia, Javier Ambrosio, Rocío Tirado-Mendoza, Julio César Carrero, Juan Pedro Laclette
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Current status of Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis in Korea: epidemiological perspectives integrating the data from human and intermediate hosts
Won Gi Yoo, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
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Mapping of the Complement C9 Binding Region on Clonorchis sinensis Paramyosin
Jung-Mi Kang, Hương Giang Lê, Tuấn Cường Võ, Won Gi Yoo, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(4): 255. CrossRef
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Huijuan Li, Qi Li, Hong Yu, Shaojun Du
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Clonorchis sinensis and clonorchiasis
Byoung-Kuk Na, Jhang Ho Pak, Sung-Jong Hong
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Maciej Kochanowski, Mirosław Różycki, Joanna Dąbrowska, Aneta Bełcik, Jacek Karamon, Jacek Sroka, Tomasz Cencek
Biomolecules.2020; 10(7): 1066. CrossRef
Bacillus subtilis spore with surface display of paramyosin from Clonorchis sinensis potentializes a promising oral vaccine candidate
Hengchang Sun, Zhipeng Lin, Lu Zhao, Tingjin Chen, Mei Shang, Hongye Jiang, Zeli Tang, Xinyi Zhou, Mengchen Shi, Lina Zhou, Pengli Ren, Honglin Qu, Jinsi Lin, Xuerong Li, Jin Xu, Yan Huang, Xinbing Yu
Parasites & Vectors.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Infection by the Helminth Parasite Fasciola hepatica Requires Rapid Regulation of Metabolic, Virulence, and Invasive Factors to Adjust to Its Mammalian Host
Krystyna Cwiklinski, Heather Jewhurst, Paul McVeigh, Tara Barbour, Aaron G. Maule, Jose Tort, Sandra M. O'Neill, Mark W. Robinson, Sheila Donnelly, John P. Dalton
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Paramyosin of canine Onchocerca lupi: usefulness for the diagnosis of a neglected zoonotic disease
Bronwyn Campbell, Helder Cortes, Giada Annoscia, Alessio Giannelli, Antonio Parisi, Maria Stefania Latrofa, Filipe Dantas-Torres, Luís Cardoso, Domenico Otranto
Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteomic analysis of the excretory/secretory products and antigenic proteins of Echinococcus granulosus adult worms from infected dogs
Ying Wang, Di Xiao, Yujuan Shen, Xiuming Han, Fei Zhao, Xiaohong Li, Weiping Wu, Hejun Zhou, Jianzhong Zhang, Jianping Cao
BMC Veterinary Research.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Mapping of the putative epitope domain of Clonorchis sinensis paramyosin (CsPmy) recognized by CsPmy-specific immunoglobulin G in sera of human clonorchiasis
Jung-Mi Kang, Hye-Lim Ju, Jinyoung Lee, Tae Im Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2015; 201(1): 66. CrossRef
Trichinella spiralis Paramyosin Binds Human Complement C1q and Inhibits Classical Complement Activation
Ran Sun, Xi Zhao, Zixia Wang, Jing Yang, Limei Zhao, Bin Zhan, Xinping Zhu, Elizabeth Angelica Leme Martins
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2015; 9(12): e0004310. CrossRef
The identification of antigenic proteins: 14-3-3 protein and propionyl-CoA carboxylase in Clonorchis sinensis
Myoung-Ro Lee, Yu-Jung Kim, Dae-Won Kim, Won Gi Yoo, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Kwang Yeon Hwang, Jung-Won Ju, Won-Ja Lee
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Molecular identification and characterization of leucine aminopeptidase 2, an excretory-secretory product of Clonorchis sinensis
Chuanhuan Deng, Jiufeng Sun, Xuerong Li, Lexun Wang, Xuchu Hu, Xiaoyun Wang, Wenjun Chen, Xiaoli Lv, Chi Liang, Wenfang Li, Yan Huang, Ran Li, Zhongdao Wu, Xinbing Yu, Jin Xu
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Synthetic peptide-targeted selection of phage display mimotopes highlights immunogenic features of α-helical vs non-helical epitopes of Taenia solium paramyosin: Implications for parasite- and host-protective roles of the protein
Karlen G. Gazarian, Carlos F. Solis, Tatiana G. Gazarian, Merrill Rowley, Juan P. Laclette
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Identification and Characterization of Paramyosin from Cyst Wall of Metacercariae Implicated Protective Efficacy against Clonorchis sinensis Infection
Xiaoyun Wang, Wenjun Chen, Xiaoli Lv, Yanli Tian, Jingtao Men, Xifeng Zhang, Huali Lei, Chenhui Zhou, Fangli Lu, Chi Liang, Xuchu Hu, Jin Xu, Zhongdao Wu, Xuerong Li, Xinbing Yu, Erika Martins Braga
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Biotechnology Advances.2010; 28(6): 859. CrossRef

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Proinflammatory Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis: Ik-Hwan Han, Sung Young Goo, Soon-Jung Park, Se-Jin Hwang, Yong-Seok Kim, Michael Sungwoo Yang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):205-212.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.205

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis commonly causes vaginitis and perhaps cervicitis in women and urethritis in men and women. Macrophages are important immune cells in response to T. vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated whether human macrophages could be involved in inflammation induced by T. vaginalis. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) were co-cultured with T. vaginalis. Live, opsonized-live trichomonads, and T. vaginalis lysates increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by HMDM. The involvement of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in cytokine production induced by T. vaginalis was confirmed by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB. In addition, stimulation with live T. vaginalis induced marked augmentation of nitric oxide (NO) production and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) levels in HMDM. However, trichomonad-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α production in macrophages were significantly inhibited by inhibition of iNOS levels with L-NMMA (NO synthase inhibitor). Moreover, pretreatment with NF-κB inhibitors (PDTC or Bay11-7082) caused human macrophages to produce less TNF-α. These results suggest that T. vaginalis stimulates human macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, and NO. In particular, we showed that T. vaginalis induced TNF-α production in macrophages through NO-dependent activation of NF-κB, which might be closely involved in inflammation caused by T. vaginalis.

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Antonio Euan‐Canto, Julio César Torres‐Romero, María Elizbeth Alvarez‐Sánchez, Victor Ermilo Arana‐Argáez, Karla Acosta‐Viana, Emanuel Ceballos‐Góngora, Laura Vázquez‐Carrillo, Leidi Alvarez‐Sánchez
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Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Maryam Nemati, Ehsan Salarkia, Sonal Yadav, Najmeh Aminizadeh, Sara Jafarzadeh, Manisha Yadav
Parasite Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
In Vitro Activation of Macrophages by an MHC Class II-restricted Trichomonas Vaginalis TvZIP8-derived Synthetic Peptide
Victor Ermilo Arana-Argáez, Emanuel Ceballos-Góngora, María Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez, Antonio Euan-Canto, Julio Lara-Riegos, Julio César Torres-Romero
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Local cytokine/chemokine profiles in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in response to T. vaginalis infection
Sonal Yadav, Vivek Verma, Rakesh Singh Dhanda, Sumeeta Khurana, Manisha Yadav
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F. J. Rangel-Mata, E. E. Ávila-Muro, J. E. Reyes-Martínez, L. M. Olmos-Ortiz, M. E. Brunck, L. A. Arriaga-Pizano, P. Cuéllar-Mata
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Trichomonas vaginalis triggers the release of THP-1 extracellular traps
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BLT1-mediated O-GlcNAcylation is required for NOX2-dependent migration, exocytotic degranulation and IL-8 release of human mast cell induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-secreted LTB4
Arim Min, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Myeong Heon Shin
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Somrita Dey, Biswadev Bishayi
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Trichomonas vaginalis α-Actinin 2 Modulates Host Immune Responses by Inducing Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells via IL-10 Production from Regulatory T Cells
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OsmC and incomplete glycine decarboxylase complex mediate reductive detoxification of peroxides in hydrogenosomes of Trichomonas vaginalis
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I. H. HAN, S. J. PARK, M. H. AHN, J. S. RYU
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Leukotriene B4 receptor BLT-mediated phosphorylation of NF-κB and CREB is involved in IL-8 production in human mast cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Hee Nam, Deulle Min, Hyoung-Pyo Kim, Kyoung-Ju Song, Kyeong Ah Kim, Young Ah Lee, Seong Hoon Kim, Myeong Heon Shin
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NF-κB and CREB Are Involved in IL-8 Production of Human Neutrophils Induced byTrichomonas vaginalis-Derived Secretory Products
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 291. CrossRef
Trichomoniasis
Jae-Sook Ryu
Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(3): 213. CrossRef

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Construction of EST Database for Comparative Gene Studies of Acanthamoeba: Eun-Kyung Moon, Joung-Ok Kim, Ying-Hua Xuan, Young-Sun Yun, Se Won Kang, Yong Seok Lee, Tae-In Ahn, Yeon-Chul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):103-107.
Published online May 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.103

Abstract
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The genus Acanthamoeba can cause severe infections such as granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis in humans. However, little genomic information of Acanthamoeba has been reported. Here, we constructed Acanthamoeba expressed sequence tags (EST) database (Acanthamoeba EST DB) derived from our 4 kinds of Acanthamoeba cDNA library. The Acanthamoeba EST DB contains 3,897 EST generated from amebae under various conditions of long term in vitro culture, mouse brain passage, or encystation, and downloaded data of Acanthamoeba from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and Taxonomically Broad EST Database (TBestDB). The almost reported cDNA/genomic sequences of Acanthamoeba provide stand alone BLAST system with nucleotide (BLAST NT) and amino acid (BLAST AA) sequence database. In BLAST results, each gene links for the significant information including sequence data, gene orthology annotations, relevant references, and a BlastX result. This is the first attempt for construction of Acanthamoeba database with genes expressed in diverse conditions. These data were integrated into a database (http://www.amoeba.or.kr).

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Eun-Kyung Moon, Ying-Hua Xuan, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Hyun-Hee Kong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(4): 341. CrossRef
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Brief Communication

Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Third-Stage Larvae in Snakeheads Purchased from a Central Part of Myanmar: Bong-Kwang Jung, Jin-Ju Lee, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Hyeong-Jin Kim, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Soon-Hyung Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):285-288.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.285

Abstract
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To examine the infection status of freshwater fish with Gnathostoma spp. larvae in Myanmar, we purchased 15 snakeheads, Channa striatus, from a local market in a suburban area of Naypyidaw, the new capital city. Two larval gnathostomes were collected using an artificial digestion technique, and observed by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The size of an intact larva was 2.65 mm long and 0.32 mm wide. The characteristic morphology of the larvae included the presence of a long esophagus (0.80 mm long), 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.43 mm long), and a characteristic head bulb with 4 rows of hooklets. The number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th row was 45, 48, 50, and 52, respectively. Based on these morphological characters, the larvae were identified as the advanced 3rd-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum. This is the first report of detection of G. spinigerum 3rd-stage larvae in the central part of Myanmar. Our study suggests that intake of raw meat of snakehead fish in Myanmar may result in human gnathostomiasis.

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