Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in high- and low-transmission areas of Tanzania: The role of asymptomatic carriers in malaria persistence and the need for targeted surveillance and control efforts: Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Md Atique Ahmed, Seok Ho Cha, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Joon-Hee Han, Nyalali Kija, Smart Geodfrey, Eun-Teak Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Jin-Hee Han; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):57-65.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24077

As many countries implement different programs aimed at eliminating malaria, attention should be given to asymptomatic carriers that may interrupt the progress. This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Tanzania from December 2022 to July 2023 within 4 villages from each of the 3 regions, Geita and Kigoma, which are high malaria transmission, and Arusha, which is low transmission. Malaria was diagnosed in asymptomatic individuals aged 1 year and older using the malaria rapid diagnostic test and light microscope. A total of 2,365 of 3,489 (67.9%) participants were enrolled from high-transmission villages. The overall prevalence was 25.5% and 15.8% by malaria rapid diagnostic test and light microscope, respectively. Using the respective tools, the prevalence was significantly higher at 35.6% (confidence interval (CI)=23.6–49.9) and 23.1% (CI=16.2–35.1) in the high-transmission regions (Geita and Kigoma) compared with 2.9% (CI=1.1–3.5) and 1.1% (CI=0.7–1.8) in the low-transmission region (Arusha). Children younger than 15 years and males accounted for the greatest proportion of infections. In the study area, the prevalence of asymptomatic cases was higher than that of reported symptomatic cases in health facilities. We hypothesize that these parasite reservoirs may contribute to the persistence of malaria in the country. Therefore, to achieve comprehensive malaria control in the country, the surveillance and screening of asymptomatic malaria cases are vital.

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Hidden reservoirs of infection: prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic malaria in a high-endemic region of Zambia
Wisdom Silwamba, David Chisompola, John Nzobokela, Martin Chakulya, Lombe Kabwe, Kingsley Tembo
Malaria Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Emergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum and rising resistance to first-line artemisinin partner drugs in Malawi
Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Johnsy Mary Louis, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Md Atique Ahmed, Feng Lu, Joon-Hee Han, Tae-Hyung Kwon, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Eun-Taek Han, Winifrida Kidima, Jin-
Emerging Microbes & Infections.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
First report of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions compromising HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Malawi
Johnsy Mary Louis, Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Feng Lu, Eun-Teak Han, Jin-Hee Han
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Micro-geographic variation in antigenic diversity of PfEBA-175 region II in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Tanzania
Jadidan Hada Syahada, Wang-Jong Lee, Hojong Jun, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Md Atique Ahmed, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Eun-Teak Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Ernest Mazigo,
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Efficacy of recombinant enolase as a candidate vaccine against Haemaphysalis longicornis tick infestation in mice: Md. Samiul Haque, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):439-448.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23075

Tick infestation causes a significant threat to human and animal health, requiring effective immunological control methods. This study aimed to investigate the potential of recombinant Haemaphysalis longicornis enolase protein for tick vaccine development. The exact mechanism of the recently identified enolase protein from the H. longicornis Jeju strain remains poorly understood. Enolase plays a crucial role in glycolysis, the metabolic process that converts glucose into energy, and is essential for the motility, adhesion, invasion, growth, and differentiation of ticks. In this study, mice were immunized with recombinant enolase, and polyclonal antibodies were generated. Western blot analysis confirmed the specific recognition of enolase by the antiserum. The effects of immunization on tick feeding and attachment were assessed. Adult ticks attached to the recombinant enolase-immunized mice demonstrated longer attachment time, increased blood-sucking abilities, and lower engorgement weight than the controls. The nymphs and larvae had a reduced attachment rate and low engorgement rate compared to the controls. Mice immunized with recombinant enolase expressed in Escherichia coli displayed 90% efficacy in preventing tick infestation. The glycolytic nature of enolase and its involvement in crucial physiological processes makes it an attractive target for disrupting tick survival and disease transmission. Polyclonal antibodies recognize enolase and significantly reduce attachment rates, tick feeding, and engorgement. Our findings indicate that recombinant enolase may be a valuable vaccine candidate for H. longicornis infection in experimental murine model.

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Comprehensive antigen identification and comparative analysis: significant approaches for controlling Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Bumseok Kim, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Silencing subolesin and enolase impairs gene expression, engorgement and reproduction in Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Targeting Plasmodium Life Cycle with Novel Parasite Ligands as Vaccine Antigens
Shan Khan, Manas Paresh Patel, Aleem Damji Patni, Sung-Jae Cha
Vaccines.2024; 12(5): 484. CrossRef

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Failure of Repeated MDA with Albendazole for Trichuriasis Control in Schoolchildren of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: Sooji Hong, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyun-Seung Kim, Mun-Hyoo Jeong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):607-613.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.607

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are still a considerable challenge in Myanmar. We undertook a control program for STH infections (especially Trichuris trichiura) among schoolchildren in Myanmar using mass drug administration (MDA) and health education. Around 1,700 schoolchildren from 15 primary schools in 3 suburban districts (Shwe Pyi Thar, Twantay, and Kyauktan) of the Yangon Region were subjected in this study during 2017-2019. All of the schoolchildren in each school were orally administered albendazole (400 mg in a single dose) 2, 3, and 4 times a year in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. The results revealed that the egg positive rate of any intestinal helminths (including STH) was reduced from 37.6% (649/1,724) in 2017 to 22.8% (352/1,542) in 2019. The egg positive rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was decreased remarkably from 23.3% (402/1,724) in 2017 to 3.6% (56/1,542) in 2019. However, that of T. trichiura was only slightly reduced from 26.9% (464/1,724) in 2017 to 20.2% (312/1,542) in 2019. The intensity of infection with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was both more or less reduced, and the proportion of light infection cases with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura increased from 35.6% in 2017 to 64.3% in 2019 and from 70.3% in 2017 to 81.7% in 2019, respectively. The results indicated that repeated MDAs (2-4 times a year for 3 years) using albendazole on schoolchildren in Myanmar failed to control T. trichiura infection. For a successful control of trichuriasis in Myanmar, new MDA strategies, using a modified albendazole regimen (multiple daily doses for 2 or 3 days) or an alternative anthelmintic drug, such as oxantel pamoate, is strongly recommended.

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Assessing soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma mansoni infections using parasitological indicators after seven years of preventive chemotherapy among school-age children in Mizan-Aman town
Mitiku Abera, Tariku Belay, Daniel Emana, Zeleke Mekonnen, Uwem Friday Ekpo
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(5): e0013058. CrossRef
Standard- and large-sized eggs of Trichuris trichiura in the feces of schoolchildren in the Yangon Region, Myanmar: Morphological and molecular analyses
Seungwan Ryoo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Hyemi Song, Hyun-Seung Kim, Jin-Youp Ryu, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Jong-Yil Chai
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 317. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Effect of Mass Drug Administration with a Single Dose of Albendazole on Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura Infection among Schoolchildren in Yangon Region, Myanmar: Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Seon Cho, Jong-Bok Park, In-Sung Kim, Sunkyoung Kim, Keon-Hoon Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):195-200.
Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.195

Abstract
PDF

Soil-transmitted helminths, including Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, are important intestinal parasites mostly affecting younger people in developing countries. In 2014-2015, we performed mass fecal examinations targeting a total of 2,227 schoolchildren in 3 districts (South Dagon, North Dagon, and Hlaing-thar-yar) of Yangon Region, Myanmar, using the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. The egg positive children were subjected to a mass drug administration (MDA) using a single oral dose of 400 mg albendazole. The pre-treatment egg positive rate (EPG/person) of A. lumbricoides averaged 17.2% (15,532); it was 25.2% (21,796), 14.2% (11,816), and 12.8% (12,983) in 3 districts, respectively, and that of T. trichiura averaged 19.4% (1,074), and was 24.1% (1,040), 12.3% (852), and 21.2% (1,330) in 3 districts, respectively. Follow-up fecal examinations performed 4 months post-MDA revealed considerable decreases of A. lumbricoides prevalence (EPG/person) to av. 8.3% (12,429), and 13.7% (17,640), 8.0% (7,797), and 4.5% (11,849) in 3 districts, respectively. However, T. trichiura did not show any recognizable decrease in the prevalence (EPG/person) remaining at av. 18.2% (862), and 18.5% (888), 11.5% (812), and 23.3% (887) in 3 districts, respectively. The results demonstrated difficulty in short-term control of T. trichiura by MDA using albendazole and suggested necessity of either a long-term MDA (>10 years) or changing the albendazole regimen into 2~3-day course (total 800 or 1,200 mg), or using an alternative drug/drug combination.

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In the realm of microbiology, a quality stool sample is as valuable as gold
Nikunja Kumar Das, Sahjid Mukhida, Sriram Kannuri, Sameena Khan, Rajashri Patil
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Malnutrition among children under 7 years of age linked to ascariasis: evidence from West Sumba, Indonesia, despite ongoing deworming program
Rizqiani Amalia Kusumasari, Hanindyo Adi, Tri Baskoro Tunggul Satoto, Abdul Wahab, E. Elsa Herdiana Murhandarwati
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Epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among school-aged children in pastoralist communities of Kenya: A cross-sectional study
Richelle W. Kihoro, Damaris Mulewa, Collins Okoyo, Dominic Ayaa, Agnes Korir, Doris W. Njomo, Charles Mwandawiro, Janet Masaku, Emmanuel Timmy Donkoh
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(5): e0304266. CrossRef
Standard- and large-sized eggs of Trichuris trichiura in the feces of schoolchildren in the Yangon Region, Myanmar: Morphological and molecular analyses
Seungwan Ryoo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Hyemi Song, Hyun-Seung Kim, Jin-Youp Ryu, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Jong-Yil Chai
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 317. CrossRef
Parasitic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Track and Liver
Annie L. Braseth, David E. Elliott, M. Nedim Ince
Gastroenterology Clinics of North America.2021; 50(2): 361. CrossRef
Albendazole and Mebendazole as Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Cancer Agents: an Update
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sung-Jong Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 189. CrossRef
Occurrence of gastrointestinal helminths and the first molecular detection of Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Trichuris trichiura, and Trichuris vulpis in dogs in Myanmar
Lat Lat Htun, Sandar Thu Rein, Shwe Yee Win, Nyein Chan Soe, Su Su Thein, Yadanar Khaing, Yu Nandi Thaw, Hla Myet Chel, Myint Myint Hmoon, Saw Bawm
Parasitology Research.2021; 120(10): 3619. CrossRef
Failure of Repeated MDA with Albendazole for Trichuriasis Control in Schoolchildren of the Yangon Region, Myanmar
Sooji Hong, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyun-Seung Kim, Mun-Hyoo Jeong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 607. CrossRef
Necrotizing pancreatitis due to Ascaris lumbricoides: Causes, diagnosis, and current treatment
Silvia Carolina Barbosa Valenzuela, Maite Lubian Nieto del Río, Daniela Ramirez, José Ariza Daza, Wilmar Montañez Coronado, Laura Alvarado
Revista colombiana de Gastroenterología.2021; 36(4): 514. CrossRef
Larval Gnathostomes and Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from a Local Market in Yangon City, Myanmar
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon Hoon Lee, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyeon-Seung Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(6): 701. CrossRef

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An Evaluation of Active Case Detection in Malaria Control Program in Kiyuni Parish of Kyankwanzi District, Uganda: Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Woo-Joo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Working Groups in ChildFund Korea , Uganda; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):625-632.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.625

Abstract
PDF

Malaria remains one of the leading health burdens in the developing world, especially in several sub-Saharan Africa countries; and Uganda has some of the highest recorded measures of malaria transmission intensity in the world. It is evident that the prevalence of malaria infection, the incidence of disease, and mortality from severe malaria remain very high in Uganda. Although the recent stable political and economic situation in the last few decades in Uganda supported for a fairly good appreciation of malaria control, the declines in infection, morbidity, and mortality are not sufficient to interrupt transmission and this country is among the top 4 countries with cases of malaria, especially among children under 5 years of age. In fact, Uganda, which is endemic in over 95% of the country, is a representative of challenges facing malaria control in Africa. In this study, we evaluated an active case detection program in 6 randomly selected villages, Uganda. This program covered a potential target population of 5,017 individuals. Our team screened 12,257 samples of malaria by active case detection, every 4 months, from February 2015 to January 2017 in the 6 villages (a total of 6 times). This study assessed the perceptions and practices on malaria control in Kiyuni Parish of Kyankwanzi district, Uganda. Our study presents that the incidence of malaria is sustained high despite efforts to scale-up and improve the use of LLINs and access to ACDs, based on the average incidence confirmed by RDTs.

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Mini Review

Epidemiological Characteristics of Re-emerging Vivax Malaria in the Republic of Korea (1993-2017): Young Yil Bahk, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jeonga Kim, Kyoung Jin, Yeong Seon Hong, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):531-543.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.531

Abstract
PDF

Historically, Plasmodium vivax malaria has been one of the most highly endemic parasitic diseases in the Korean Peninsula. Until the 1970s, vivax malaria was rarely directly lethal and was controlled through the Korean Government Program administered by the National Malaria Eradication Service in association with the World Health Organization’s Global Malaria Eradication Program. Vivax malaria has re-emerged in 1993 near the Demilitarized Zone between South and North Korea and has since become an endemic infectious disease that now poses a serious public health threat through local transmission in the Republic of Korea. This review presents major lessons learned from past and current malaria research, including epidemiological and biological characteristics of the re-emergent disease, and considers some interesting patterns of diversity. Among other features, this review highlights temporal changes in the genetic make-up of the parasitic population, patient demographic features, and spatial distribution of cases, which all provide insight into the factors contributing to local transmission. The data indicate that vivax malaria in Korea is not expanding expo- nentially. However, continued surveillance is needed to prevent future resurgence.

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Original Article

Development of Molecular Diagnosis Using Multiplex Real-Time PCR and T4 Phage Internal Control to Simultaneously Detect Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis from Human Stool Samples: Ji-Hun Shin, Sang-Eun Lee, Tong Soo Kim, Da-Won Ma, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):419-427.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.419

Abstract
PDF

This study aimed to develop a new multiplex real-time PCR detection method for 3 species of waterborne protozoan parasites (Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis) identified as major causes of traveler’s diarrhea. Three target genes were specifically and simultaneously detected by the TaqMan probe method for multiple parasitic infection cases, including Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein for C. parvum, glutamate dehydrogenase for G. lamblia, and internal transcribed spacer 1 for C. cayetanensis. Gene product 21 for bacteriophage T4 was used as an internal control DNA target for monitoring human stool DNA amplification. TaqMan probes were prepared using 4 fluorescent dyes, FAMTM, HEXTM, Cy5TM, and CAL Fluor Red® 610 on C. parvum, G. lamblia, C. cayetanensis, and bacteriophage T4, respectively. We developed a novel primer-probe set for each parasite, a primer-probe cocktail (a mixture of primers and probes for the parasites and the internal control) for multiplex real-time PCR analysis, and a protocol for this detection method. Multiplex real-time PCR with the primer-probe cocktail successfully and specifically detected the target genes of C. parvum, G. lamblia, and C. cayetanensis in the mixed spiked human stool sample. The limit of detection for our assay was 2×10 copies for C. parvum and for C. cayetanensis, while it was 2×103 copies for G. lamblia. We propose that the multiplex real-time PCR detection method developed here is a useful method for simultaneously diagnosing the most common causative protozoa in traveler’s diarrhea.

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Mini Review

Prevention and Control Strategies for Parasitic Infections in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Young Yil Bahk, Eun-Hee Shin, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):401-408.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.401

Abstract
PDF

Korea is successfully controlled intestinal parasitic infections owing to economic development and high health consciousness. The Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases (formerly the Division of Malaria and Parasitology) is in the Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It has been the governmental agency responsible for controlling and leading scientific research on parasitic diseases. The Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases has conducted and funded basic research and disseminated the research results to various medical fields, ultimately promoting public health in Korea. Among the noteworthy achievements of this division are the national surveillance of healthcare-associated parasitic infections, prevention and control for parasitic infections, and the elimination of lymphatic filariasis from Korea. On a broader scale, the division’s research programs and academic supports were influential in preventing and treating infectious parasitic diseases through public policies and laws. In this review, we summarize the past and present role of the Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases in preventing and treating infectious parasitic diseases in Korea.

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Articles from Symposium on Controls of NTDs around Lake Victoria, Tanzania

Improved Perceptions and Practices Related to Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Worm Infections Following PHAST Intervention on Kome Island, North-Western Tanzania: Joseph R. Mwanga, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Julius E. Siza, Su Young Chang, Yunsuk Ko, Cyril M. Kullaya, Jackson Nsabo, Keeseon S. Eom, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min, Han-Jong Rim, John M. Changalucha; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):561-569.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.561

Abstract
PDF

Schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections are widespread diseases of public health importance in Tanzania. A study on perceptions and practices related to schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections was undertaken among a community population of Kome Island in Sengerema District, north-western Tanzania, where intestinal schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections are endemic. Schistosomiasis and intestinal worm-related perceptions and practices were assessed before and 3 years after implementation of a participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST) intervention as a control measure. Data were obtained from baseline and post-intervention knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) questionnaire surveys conducted twice in 2009 and 2012 among 82 individuals aged ≥15 years. We found significant increases in respondents’ knowledge of the cause, transmission, symptoms, health consequences, and prevention of schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections after PHAST intervention. The increase in respondents’ knowledge on almost all aspects of the said infections was translated into actions to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections. This has not been achieved by chance, but due to well-designed and locally-adapted PHAST intervention. We conclude that despite criticisms, PHAST approach is still useful in empowering communities to control water, sanitation, and hygiene related infectious diseases such as schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections.

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Integrated Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Control over Five Years on Kome Island, Tanzania
Godfrey M. Kaatano, Julius E. Siza, Joseph R. Mwanga, Duk-Yong Min, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Yunsuk Ko, Su Young Chang, Cyril M. Kullaya, Han-Jong Rim, John M. Changalucha, Keeseon S. Eom
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(5): 535. CrossRef

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Improved Socio-Economic Status of a Community Population Following Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Worm Control Interventions on Kome Island, North-Western Tanzania: Joseph R. Mwanga, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Julius E. Siza, Su Young Chang, Yunsuk Ko, Cyril M. Kullaya, Jackson Nsabo, Keeseon S. Eom, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min, Han-Jong Rim, John M. Changalucha; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):553-559.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.553

Abstract
PDF

Research on micro-level assessment of the changes of socio-economic status following health interventions is very scarce. The use of household asset data to determine wealth indices is a common procedure for estimating socio-economic position in resource poor settings. In such settings information about income is usually lacking, and the collection of individual consumption or expenditure data would require in-depth interviews, posing a considerable risk of bias. In this study, we determined the socio-economic status of 213 households in a community population in an island in the north-western Tanzania before and 3 year after implementation of a participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation (PHAST) intervention to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections. We constructed a household 'wealth index' based housing construction features (e.g., type of roof, walls, and floor) and durable assets ownership (e.g., bicycle, radio, etc.). We employed principal components analysis and classified households into wealth quintiles. The study revealed that asset variables with positive factor scores were associated with higher socio-economic status, whereas asset variables with negative factor scores were associated with lower socio-economic status. Overall, households which were rated as the poorest and very poor were on the decrease, whereas those rated as poor, less poor, and the least poor were on the increase after PHAST intervention. This decrease/increase was significant. The median shifted from -0.4376677 to 0.5001073, and the mean from -0.2605787 (SD; 2.005688) to 0.2605787 (SD; 1.831199). The difference in socio-economic status of the people between the 2 phases was highly statistically significant (P<0.001). We argue that finding of this study should be treated with caution as there were other interventions to control schistosomiasis and intestinal worm infections which were running concurrently on Kome Island apart from PHAST intervention.

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Integrated Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Control over Five Years on Kome Island, Tanzania: Godfrey M. Kaatano, Julius E. Siza, Joseph R. Mwanga, Duk-Yong Min, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Yunsuk Ko, Su Young Chang, Cyril M. Kullaya, Han-Jong Rim, John M. Changalucha, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):535-543.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.535

Abstract
PDF

Integrated control strategies are important for sustainable control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, despite their challenges for their effective implementation. With the support of Good Neighbors International in collaboration with National Institute of Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania, integrated control applying mass drug administration (MDA), health education using PHAST, and improved safe water supply has been implemented on Kome Island over 5 years for controlling schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). Baseline surveys for schistosomiasis and STHs was conducted before implementation of any integrated control strategies, followed by 4 cross-sectional follow-up surveys on randomly selected samples of schoolchildren and adults in 10 primary schools and 8 villages, respectively, on Kome islands. Those follow-up surveys were conducted for impact evaluation after introduction of control strategies interventions in the study area. Five rounds of MDA have been implemented from 2009 along with PHAST and improved water supply with pumped wells as other control strategies for complementing MDA. A remarkable steady decline of schistosomiasis and STHs was observed from 2009 to 2012 with significant trends in their prevalence decline, and thereafter infection rate has remained at a low sustainable control. By the third follow-up survey in 2012, Schistosoma mansoni infection prevalence was reduced by 90.5% and hookworm by 93.3% among schoolchildren while in adults the corresponding reduction was 83.2% and 56.9%, respectively. Integrated control strategies have successfully reduced S. mansoni and STH infection status to a lower level. This study further suggests that monitoring and evaluation is a crucial component of any large-scale STH and schistosomiasis intervention.

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Original Articles

Internal Amplification Control for a Cryptosporidium Diagnostic PCR: Construction and Clinical Evaluation: Yousry Hawash, M. M. Ghonaim, Ayman S. Al-Hazmi; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(2):147-154.
Published online April 22, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.147

Abstract
PDF

Various constituents in clinical specimens, particularly feces, can inhibit the PCR assay and lead to false-negative results. To ensure that negative results of a diagnostic PCR assay are true, it should be properly monitored by an inhibition control. In this study, a cloning vector harboring a modified target DNA sequence (?375 bp) was constructed to be used as a competitive internal amplification control (IAC) for a conventional PCR assay that detects ?550 bp of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene sequence in human feces. Modification of the native PCR target was carried out using a new approach comprising inverse PCR and restriction digestion techniques. IAC was included in the assay, with the estimated optimum concentration of 1 fg per reaction, as duplex PCR. When applied on fecal samples spiked with variable oocysts counts, ?2 oocysts were theoretically enough for detection. When applied on 25 Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples of various infection intensities, both targets were clearly detected with minimal competition noticed in 2-3 samples. Importantly, both the analytical and the diagnostic sensitivities of the PCR assay were not altered with integration of IAC into the reactions. When tried on 180 randomly collected fecal samples, 159 were Cryptosporidium-negatives. Although the native target DNA was absent, the IAC amplicon was obviously detected on gel of all the Cryptosporidium-negative samples. These results imply that running of the diagnostic PCR, inspired with the previously developed DNA extraction protocol and the constructed IAC, represents a useful tool for Cryptosporidium detection in human feces.

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Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2020; 68: 101406. CrossRef
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M. C. Jenkins, C. N. O’Brien, C. Parker
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Lucas H Rijsman, Jan F Monkelbaan, Johannes G Kusters
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Expression of Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) Gene of Dirofilaria immitis Guided by Transcriptomic Screening: Yan Fu, Jingchao Lan, Xuhang Wu, Deying Yang, Zhihe Zhang, Huaming Nie, Rong Hou, Runhui Zhang, Wanpeng Zheng, Yue Xie, Ning Yan, Zhi Yang, Chengdong Wang, Li Luo, Li Liu, Xiaobin Gu, Shuxian Wang, Xuerong Peng, Guangyou Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):21-26.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.21

Abstract
PDF

Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) infections affect domestic dogs, cats, and various wild mammals with increasing incidence in temperate and tropical areas. More sensitive antibody detection methodologies are required to diagnose asymptomatic dirofilariasis with low worm burdens. Applying current transcriptomic technologies would be useful to discover potential diagnostic markers for D. immitis infection. A filarial homologue of the mammalian translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) was initially identified by screening the assembled transcriptome of D. immitis (DiTCTP). A BLAST analysis suggested that the DiTCTP gene shared the highest similarity with TCTP from Loa loa at protein level (97%). A histidine-tagged recombinant DiTCTP protein (rDiTCTP) of 40 kDa expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) showed immunoreactivity with serum from a dog experimentally infected with heartworms. Localization studies illustrated the ubiquitous presence of rDiTCTP protein in the lateral hypodermal chords, dorsal hypodermal chord, muscle, intestine, and uterus in female adult worms. Further studies on D. immitis-derived TCTP are warranted to assess whether this filarial protein could be used for a diagnostic purpose.

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The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2019; 51(1): 64. CrossRef
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Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2016; 48(2): 88. CrossRef

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Efficacy of a DNA Vaccine Carrying Eimeria maxima Gam56 Antigen Gene against Coccidiosis in Chickens: Jinjun Xu, Yan Zhang, Jianping Tao; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):147-154.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.147

Abstract
PDF

To control coccidiosis without using prophylactic medications, a DNA vaccine targeting the gametophyte antigen Gam56 from Eimeria maxima in chickens was constructed, and the immunogenicity and protective effects were evaluated. The ORF of Gam56 gene was cloned into an eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(zeo)+. Expression of Gam56 protein in COS-7 cells transfected with recombinant plasmid pcDNA-Gam56 was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. The DNA vaccine was injected intramuscularly to yellow feathered broilers of 1-week old at 3 dosages (25, 50, and 100 ?g/chick). Injection was repeated once 1 week later. One week after the second injection, birds were challenged orally with 5×10⁴ sporulated oocysts of E. maxima, then weighed and killed at day 8 post challenge. Blood samples were collected and examined for specific peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation activity and serum antibody levels. Compared with control groups, the administration of pcDNA-Gam56 vaccine markedly increased the lymphocyte proliferation activity (P<0.05) at day 7 and 14 after the first immunization. The level of lymphocyte proliferation started to decrease on day 21 after the first immunization. A similar trend was seen in specific antibody levels. Among the 3 pcDNA-Gam56 immunized groups, the median dosage group displayed the highest lymphocyte proliferation and antibody levels (P<0.05). The median dosage group had the greatest relative body weight gain (89.7%), and the greatest oocyst shedding reduction (53.7%). These results indicate that median dosage of DNA vaccine had good immunogenicity and immune protection effects, and may be used in field applications for coccidiosis control.

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Articles from Symposium on Asian Taenia (October 2011, Osong, Korea)

State of the Art of Taenia solium as Compared to Taenia asiatica: Ana Flisser; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):43-49.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.43

Abstract
PDF

Three species of tapeworms infect humans in their adult stage (Taenia solium, Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica). The 3 are flat, opaque white or yellowish, and exceptional long segmented parasites, measuring 1 to 12 m in their adult stage. In this review, the development of the knowledge regarding the first species, mainly focused on understanding how the larval stage or cysticercus is transmitted to humans, is described. The second species is a cosmopolitan parasite that only causes taeniosis and not cysticercosis; therefore, it will not be included. Information on the third species, which is presently being produced, since this species was recognized as such only at the end of the 20th century, will be discussed at the end of this review.

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Mini Review

Successful Control of Lymphatic Filariasis in the Republic of Korea: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Yoon Kong, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jong-Soo Lee, Jong-Yil Chai, Joo-Shil Lee, Jong-Koo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):323-335.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.323

Abstract
PDF

A successful experience of lymphatic filariasis control in the Republic of Korea is briefly reviewed. Filariasis in the Republic of Korea was exclusively caused by infection with Brugia malayi. Over the past several decades from the 1950s to 2006, many investigators exerted their efforts to detection, treatment, and follow-up of filariasis patients in endemic areas, and to control filariasis. Mass, combined with selective, treatments with diethylcarbamazine to microfilaria positive persons had been made them free from microfilaremia and contributed to significant decrease of the microfilarial density in previously endemic areas. Significant decrease of microfilaria positive cases in an area influenced eventually to the endemicity of filariasis in the relevant locality. Together with remarkable economic growth followed by improvement of environmental and personal hygiene and living standards, the factors stated above have contributed to blocking the transmission cycle of B. malayi and led to disappearance of this mosquito-borne ancient disease in the Republic of Korea.

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Short-Course, High-Dose Rifampicin Achieves Wolbachia Depletion Predictive of Curative Outcomes in Preclinical Models of Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis
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Follow-up Study of Patients Previously Diagnosed with Lymphatic Filariasis in Korea
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Original Article

Efficiency Evaluation of Nozawa-Style Black Light Trap for Control of Anopheline Mosquitoes: Hee Il Lee, Bo Youl Seo, E-Hyun Shin, Douglas A. Burkett, Jong-Koo Lee, Young Hack Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):159-165.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.159

Abstract
PDF

House-residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets have achieved some success in controlling anthropophilic and endophagic vectors. However, these methods have relatively low efficacy in Korea because Anopheles sinensis, the primary malaria vector, is highly zoophilic and exophilic. So, we focused our vector control efforts within livestock enclosures using ultraviolet black light traps as a mechanical control measure. We found that black light traps captured significantly more mosquitoes at 2 and 2.5 m above the ground (P < 0.05). We also evaluated the effectiveness of trap spacing within the livestock enclosure. In general, traps spaced between 4 and 7 m apart captured mosquitoes more efficiently than those spaced closer together (P > 0.05). Based on these findings, we concluded that each black light trap in the livestock enclosures killed 7,586 female mosquitoes per trap per night during the peak mosquito season (July-August). In May-August 2003, additional concurrent field trials were conducted in Ganghwa county. We got 74.9% reduction (P < 0.05) of An. sinensis in human dwellings and 61.5% reduction (P > 0.05) in the livestock enclosures. The black light trap operation in the livestock enclosures proved to be an effective control method and should be incorporated into existing control strategies in developed countries.

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Elimination of Ultraviolet Light-Mediated Attraction Behavior in Culex Mosquitoes via dsRNA-Mediated Knockdown of Opsins
Xinyi Liu, Guoqiang Zhao, Hui Liu, Yuxuan Mao, Meng Xu, Jing Wu, Lijiao Li, Zongzhao Zhai, Pa Wu
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Marina Bisia, Pavlos Papadopoulos, Stelios Filis, Stavroula Beleri, Nikolaos Tegos, George K. Lamprou, Georgios Balatsos, Dimitrios Papachristos, Antonios Michaelakis, Eleni Patsoula
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2023; 23(3): 119. CrossRef
UV Light-Emitting-Diode Traps for Collecting Nocturnal Biting Mosquitoes in Urban Bangkok
Suntorn Pimnon, Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klan, Anchana Sumarnrote, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
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Transmitted Light as Attractant with Mechanical Traps for Collecting Nocturnal Mosquitoes in Urban Bangkok, Thailand
Manop Saeung, Pairpailin Jhaiaun, Michael J. Bangs, Ratchadawan Ngoen-Klan, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association.2021; 37(3): 132. CrossRef
Comparing Light—Emitting—Diodes Light Traps for Catching Anopheles Mosquitoes in a Forest Setting, Western Thailand
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Effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) insect light traps for mosquitoes control in coastal areas of Samut Songkhram province, Thailand
Tanawat Chaiphongpachara, Sedthapong Laojun, Chaekki Kunphichayadecha
Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology.2019; 7(1): 25. CrossRef
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Alongkot Ponlawat, Patcharee Khongtak, Boonsong Jaichapor, Arissara Pongsiri, Brian P. Evans
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Mini Review

Modeling the Dynamics and Control of Transmission of Schistosoma japonicum and S. mekongi in Southeast Asia: Hirofumi Ishikawa, Hiroshi Ohmae; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):1-5.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.1

Abstract
PDF

A mathematical model for transmission of schistosomes is useful to predict effects of various control measures on suppression of these parasites. This review focuses on epidemiological and environmental factors in Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mekongi infections and recent advances in mathematical models of Schistosoma transmission.

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Jun-Fang Xu, Shan Lv, Qing-Yun Wang, Men-Bao Qian, Qin Liu, Robert Bergquist, Xiao-Nong Zhou
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Exploring the Contribution of Host Susceptibility to Epidemiological Patterns of Schistosoma japonicum Infection Using an Individual-Based Model
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Development of a real-time PCR assay with fluorophore-labelled hybridization probes for detection of Schistosoma mekongi in infected snails and rat feces
O. SANPOOL, P. M. INTAPAN, T. THANCHOMNANG, P. SRI-AROON, V. LULITANOND, L. SADAOW, W. MALEEWONG
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Brief Communication

Field trial on the control effect of fipronil bait against German cockroaches: Han-Il Ree, In-Yong Lee, Soung-Hoo Jeon, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):255-257.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.255

Abstract
PDF

A field trial on the control effect of fipronil poison bait against German cockroaches (Blatella germanica) was carried out at different restaurant types in Sinchon, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Monitoring was performed applying food baited traps for 2 days per week. Reduction rates of German cockroaches by applying fipronil baits were 90.9% at Korean restaurants, 96.4% at Chinese restaurants, and 89.4% in beer hall kitchens after 4 weeks of the treatment. Overall average of the reduction rate was 93.9%. As the natural reduction rate at untreated restaurants was 11.5% after 4 weeks, a correction of the average reduction rate by applying the Abbot formula was 93.1%.

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D. Ganchev
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Permethrin Induces Overexpression of Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit 3 in Aedes aegypti
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Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology.2007; 51(2): 129. CrossRef

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Mini Review

A successful experience of soil-transmitted helminth control in the Republic of Korea: Sung-Tae Hong, Jong-Yil Chai, Min-Ho Choi, Sun Huh, Han-Jong Rim, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):177-185.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.177

Abstract
PDF

Soil-transmitted helminths (STH), namely Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworms (Ancylostoma and Necator), present a global health problem to about a half of the earth's population. In the Republic of Korea, STH were highly prevalent and were considered a high priority target for national control. To promote the control, a non-governmental organization named Korea Association for Parasite Eradication (currently Korea Association of Health Promotion) was founded in 1964, and mass fecal examination followed by selective mass chemotherapy with anthelmintics was performed twice a year from 1969 to 1995 targeting whole nationwide schoolchildren. Meanwhile, decreasing patterns of national STH infections have been monitored by 7 times' quinquennial national surveys targeting general population. In 1971, the overall intestinal helminth egg positive rate was 84.3% (Ascaris 58.2%, Trichuris 65.4%, and hookworms 10.7%), which became 63.2% in 1976, 41.1% in 1981, 12.9% in 1986, 3.8% in 1992, 2.4% in 1997, and 4.3% (Ascaris 0.03%, Trichuris 0.02%, and hookworms 0%) in 2004. During the control period, national economy rapidly developed, and living standards including environment, sanitation, and agricultural technology greatly improved, which undoubtedly boosted the STH control effects. Our experience indicates that social driving force to establish an eligible national control system to conduct repeated mass chemotherapy, together with improvement of environment and sanitation, is important for initiating and achieving STH control in a developing community.

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Original Articles

Immunization effect of recombinant P27/30 protein expressed in Escherichia coli against the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) in rabbits: Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):195-200.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.195

Abstract
PDF

We investigated the induction of resistance to Haemaphysalis longicornis infestation in rabbits that had been immunized with recombinant H. longicornis P27/30 protein. The success of immunological control methods is dependent upon the use of potential key antigens as tick vaccine candidates. Previously, we cloned a gene encoding 27 kDa and 30 kDa proteins (P27/30) of H. longicornis, and identified P27/30 as a troponin I-like protein. In this study, rabbits that were immunized with recombinant P27/30 expressed in Escherichia coli showed the statistically significant longer feeding duration for larval and adult ticks (P<0.05), low engorgement rates in larval ticks (64.4%), and an apparent reduction in egg weights, which suggest that H. longicornis P27/30 protein is a potential candidate antigen for a tick vaccine. These results demonstrated that the recombinant P27/30 protein might be a useful vaccine candidate antigen for biological control of H. longicornis.

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Control of clonorchiasis by repeated treatments with praziquantel: Sung-Tae Hong, Han-Jong Rim, Duk-Young Min, Xueming Li, Jingxian Xu, Zheng Feng, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(4):285-292.
Published online December 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.4.285

Abstract
PDF

The present study aimed to evaluate control efficacy of clonorchiasis by two schemes of repeated treatment with praziquantel at two endemic villages In China. Residents of one village at Guangxi Autonomous Region were treated and examined 6-monthly and of another at Liaoning Province 12-monthly. In residents that took 25 mg/kg x3 (total 75 mg/kg) of praziquantel every 6 months for one year the egg positive rate showed a significant drop from 69.0% to 17.1%. In contrast, a group of same praziquantel medication once showed a slight marginal decrease in the egg rate from 18.9% to 12.2% after one year. Of 39 subjects examined 3 times, 56.4% were cured, 7.7% persistently positive, one (2.6%) reinfected after cure or newly infected, but 25.6% were persistently negative. The present finding suggests that 6-monthly medication with 75 mg/kg of praziquantel should effectively lower the prevalence but incomplete for control of clonorchiasis in heavy endemic areas.

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