Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"expression"

Original Articles

In vitro immunoregulatory role of recombinant Ancylostoma ceylanicum calreticulin: Tingting Zhuang, Asmaa M. I. Abuzeid, Xiaoyu Chen, Shilan Zhu, Guoqing Li; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):75-84.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23108

Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a zoonotic soil-derived nematode that parasitizes the intestines of humans and animals (dogs and cats), leading to malnutrition and iron-deficiency anemia. Helminth parasites secrete calreticulin (CRT), which regulates or blocks the host’s immune response. However, no data on A. ceylanicum calreticulin (Ace-CRT) are available. We investigated the biological function of recombinant Ace-CRT (rAce-CRT). rAce-CRT showed reliable antigenicity and stimulated the proliferation of mouse splenocytes and canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR assays revealed that rAce-CRT primarily promoted the expression of T helper 2 cytokines, particularly IL-13, in canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. rAce-CRT inhibited complement-mediated sheep erythrocyte hemolysis in vitro. Our findings indicate that Ace-CRT plays an immunomodulatory role and may be a promising candidate molecule for a hookworm vaccine.

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Phagocytosis-associated genes in Acanthamoeba castellanii feeding on Escherichia coli: Min-Jeong Kim, Eun-Kyung Moon, Hye-Jeong Jo, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):397-404.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23088

Acanthamoeba species are free-living amoebae those are widely distributed in the environment. They feed on various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and algae. Although majority of the microbes phagocytosed by Acanthamoeba spp. are digested, some pathogenic bacteria thrive within them. Here, we identified the roles of 3 phagocytosis-associated genes (ACA1_077100, ACA1_175060, and AFD36229.1) in A. castellanii. These 3 genes were upregulated after the ingestion of Escherichia coli. However, after the ingestion of Legionella pneumophila, the expression of these 3 genes was not altered after the consumption of L. pneumophila. Furthermore, A. castellanii transfected with small interfering RNS (siRNA) targeting the 3 phagocytosis-associated genes failed to digest phagocytized E. coli. Silencing of ACA1_077100 disabled phagosome formation in the E. coli-ingesting A. castellanii. Alternatively, silencing of ACA1_175060 enabled phagosome formation; however, phagolysosome formation was inhibited. Moreover, suppression of AFD36229.1 expression prevented E. coli digestion and consequently led to the rupturing of A. castellanii. Our results demonstrated that the ACA1_077100, ACA1_175060, and AFD36229.1 genes of Acanthamoeba played crucial roles not only in the formation of phagosome and phagolysosome but also in the digestion of E. coli.

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Phylogenomic, structural, and cell biological analyses reveal that Stenotrophomonas maltophilia replicates in acidified Rab7A-positive vacuoles of Acanthamoeba castellanii
Javier Rivera, Julio C. Valerdi-Negreros, Diana M. Vázquez-Enciso, Fulvia-Stefany Argueta-Zepeda, Pablo Vinuesa, Michael L. Ginger, Monica Crary, Sutherland K. Maciver
Microbiology Spectrum.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Differentially Expressed Gene Profile of Acanthamoeba castellanii Induced by an Endosymbiont Legionella pneumophila: Eun-Kyung Moon, So-Min Park, Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):67-75.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.67

Abstract
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Legionella pneumophila is an opportunistic pathogen that survives and proliferates within protists such as Acanthamoeba spp. in environment. However, intracellular pathogenic endosymbiosis and its implications within Acanthamoeba spp. remain poorly understood. In this study, RNA sequencing analysis was used to investigate transcriptional changes in A. castellanii in response to L. pneumophila infection. Based on RNA sequencing data, we identified 1,211 upregulated genes and 1,131 downregulated genes in A. castellanii infected with L. pneumophila for 12 hr. After 24 hr, 1,321 upregulated genes and 1,379 downregulated genes were identified. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that L. pneumophila endosymbiosis enhanced hydrolase activity, catalytic activity, and DNA binding while reducing oxidoreductase activity in the molecular function (MF) domain. In particular, multiple genes associated with the GO term ‘integral component of membrane’ were downregulated during endosymbiosis. The endosymbiont also induced differential expression of various methyltransferases and acetyltransferases in A. castellanii. Findings herein are may significantly contribute to understanding endosymbiosis of L. pneumophila within A. castellanii.

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Oxford Nanopore Technology-Based Identification of an Acanthamoeba castellanii Endosymbiosis in Microbial Keratitis
Sebastian Alexander Scharf, Lennart Friedrichs, Robert Bock, Maria Borrelli, Colin MacKenzie, Klaus Pfeffer, Birgit Henrich
Microorganisms.2024; 12(11): 2292. CrossRef
Transcription dynamics of heat-shock proteins (Hsps) and endosymbiont titres in response to thermal stress in whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Asia-I)
Mritunjoy Barman, Snigdha Samanta, Bulbul Ahmed, Soumik Dey, Swati Chakraborty, M.G. Deeksha, Subham Dutta, Arunava Samanta, Jayanta Tarafdar, Deepayan Roy
Frontiers in Physiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Proteomic analysis of Acanthamoeba castellanii response to Legionella pneumophila infection
Alban Hay, Steven Rolland, Clément Bernard, Yann Héchard, Romain Villéger, Ascel Samba-Louaka
FEMS Microbiology Letters.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes in Acanthamoeba after ingestion of Legionella pneumophila and Escherichia coli
Eun-Kyung Moon, Min-Jeong Kim, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2022; 232: 108188. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Differential Protein Expressions in Virus-Infected and Uninfected Trichomonas vaginalis: Ding He, Gong Pengtao, Yang Ju Li Jianhua, Li He Zhang Guocai, Zhang Xichen; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):121-128.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.121

Abstract
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Protozoan viruses may influence the function and pathogenicity of the protozoa. Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan that could contain a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, T. vaginalis virus (TVV). However, there are few reports on the properties of the virus. To further determine variations in protein expression of T. vaginalis, we detected 2 strains of T. vaginalis; the virus-infected (V⁺) and uninfected (V^-) isolates to examine differentially expressed proteins upon TVV infection. Using a stable isotope N-terminal labeling strategy (iTRAQ) on soluble fractions to analyze proteomes, we identified 293 proteins, of which 50 were altered in V⁺ compared with V^- isolates. The results showed that the expression of 29 proteins was increased, and 21 proteins decreased in V⁺ isolates. These differentially expressed proteins can be classified into 4 categories: ribosomal proteins, metabolic enzymes, heat shock proteins, and putative uncharacterized proteins. Quantitative PCR was used to detect 4 metabolic processes proteins: glycogen phosphorylase, malate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, which were differentially expressed in V⁺ and V^- isolates. Our findings suggest that mRNA levels of these genes were consistent with protein expression levels. This study was the first which analyzed protein expression variations upon TVV infection. These observations will provide a basis for future studies concerning the possible roles of these proteins in host-parasite interactions.

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Role of parasite extracellular vesicles/exosomes in the interaction between hosts and virus-infected flagellate protozoa: Progress and prospects
Lu Li, Xiaocen Wang, Jianhua Li, Xichen Zhang, Xin Li, Nan Zhang, Lili Cao, Pengtao Gong
Animals and Zoonoses.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis Virus: Current Insights and Emerging Perspectives
Keonte J. Graves, Jan Novak, Christina A. Muzny
Viruses.2025; 17(7): 898. CrossRef
Presence of Protozoan Viruses in Vaginal Samples from Pregnant Women and Their Association with Trichomoniasis
Gegham Ghardyan, Lusine Abrahamyan, Karen Julhakyan, Hakob Davtyan, Norayr Martirosyan, Elina Arakelova, Hranush Avagyan, Sona Hakobyan, Tigranuhi Vardanyan, Naira Karalyan, Zaven Karalyan
Pathogens.2025; 14(8): 764. CrossRef
Identification of an uncharacterized protein as a novel regulator of Giardia lamblia virus (GLV) infection in Giardia duodenalis
Zhiteng Zhao, Lili Cao, Jianqi Yuan, Shaoxiong Liu, Min Sun, Xin Li, Xiaocen Wang, Nan Zhang, Jianhua Li, Xichen Zhang, Pengtao Gong, Monique M. van Oers
Journal of Virology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The consequences of viral infection on protists
Victoria Fulgencio Queiroz, Juliana Miranda Tatara, Bruna Barbosa Botelho, Rodrigo Araújo Lima Rodrigues, Gabriel Magno de Freitas Almeida, Jonatas Santos Abrahao
Communications Biology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԱՍ ՎԱԳԻՆԱԼԻՍ ՎԻՐՈՒՍԻ (TVV) ԱԶԴԵՑՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ ԿԱՆԱՆՑ ՄԻԶԱՍԵՌԱԿԱՆ ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԻԱԶԻ ՎՐԱ
G.K. Ghardyan
MEDICINE, SCIENCE AND EDUCATION.2024; (37): 70. CrossRef
Microbial Matryoshka: Addressing the Relationship between Pathogenic Flagellated Protozoans and Their RNA Viral Endosymbionts (Family Totiviridae)
Alexandra Ibañez-Escribano, Maria Teresa Gomez-Muñoz, Marta Mateo, Cristina Fonseca-Berzal, Esperanza Gomez-Lucia, Raquel Garcia Perez, Jose M. Alunda, Javier Carrion
Veterinary Sciences.2024; 11(7): 321. CrossRef
Sandwich enzyme-linked aptamer-based assay for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis
Christine Aubrey C. Justo, Miriam Jauset-Rubio, Marketa Svobodova, Vasso Skouridou, Piet Cools, Guy Mulinganya, Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano, Windell L. Rivera, Ciara K. O'Sullivan
Analytical Biochemistry.2024; 695: 115656. CrossRef
PROTOZOONLARIN VİRAL ENDOSİMBİYONTLARI
Ayşegül DAMLAPINAR, Kader YILDIZ
Veteriner Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni.2023; 14(1): 25. CrossRef
Multiple Regulations of Parasitic Protozoan Viruses: A Double-Edged Sword for Protozoa
Zhiteng Zhao, Xin Li, Nan Zhang, Jianhua Li, Na Zhao, Mengyao Gao, Xichen Zhang, Xiaocen Wang, Panpan Zhao, Lu Li, Min Sun, Lili Cao, Pengtao Gong, Vinayaka R. Prasad
mBio.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Cytidine nucleoside analog is an effective antiviral drug against Trichomonasvirus
Ravi Kumar Narayanasamy, Petr Rada, Alois Zdrha, Marc van Ranst, Johan Neyts, Jan Tachezy
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection.2022; 55(2): 191. CrossRef
Viral endosymbiotic infection of protozoan parasites: How it influences the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis
Andrea Lafleur, Martin Olivier, Neal Silverman
PLOS Pathogens.2022; 18(11): e1010910. CrossRef
Viruses of protozoan parasites and viral therapy: Is the time now right?
Paul Barrow, Jean Claude Dujardin, Nicolas Fasel, Alex D. Greenwood, Klaus Osterrieder, George Lomonossoff, Pier Luigi Fiori, Robert Atterbury, Matteo Rossi, Marco Lalle
Virology Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis: pathogenesis and its role in cervical cancer
José Núñez-Troconis
Investigación Clínica.2020; 61(4): 349. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis virus: a review of the literature
KJ Graves, AP Ghosh, PJ Kissinger, CA Muzny
International Journal of STD & AIDS.2019; 30(5): 496. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis Virus Among Women With Trichomoniasis and Associations With Demographics, Clinical Outcomes, and Metronidazole Resistance
Keonte J Graves, Arindam P Ghosh, Norine Schmidt, Peter Augostini, W Evan Secor, Jane R Schwebke, David H Martin, Patricia J Kissinger, Christina A Muzny
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2019; 69(12): 2170. CrossRef

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A Novel Polyclonal Antiserum against Toxoplasma gondii Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger 1: Bin Xiao, Zhenzhan Kuang, Yanli Zhan, Daxiang Chen, Yang Gao, Ming Li, Shuhong Luo, Wenbo Hao; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):21-29.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.21

Abstract
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The sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1), which functions in maintaining the ratio of Na⁺ and H⁺ ions, is widely distributed in cell plasma membranes. It plays a prominent role in pH balancing, cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. However, its exact subcellular location and biological functions in Toxoplasma gondii are largely unclear. In this study, we cloned the C-terminal sequence of T. gondii NHE1 (TgNHE1) incorporating the C-terminal peptide of NHE1 (C-NHE1) into the pGEX4T-1 expression plasmid. The peptide sequence was predicted to have good antigenicity based on the information obtained from an immune epitope database. After induction of heterologous gene expression with isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactoside, the recombinant C-NHE1 protein successfully expressed in a soluble form was purified by glutathione sepharose beads as an immunogen for production of a rabbit polyclonal antiserum. The specificity of this antiserum was confirmed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The antiserum could reduce T. gondii invasion into host cells, indicated by the decreased TgNHE1 expression in T. gondii parasites that were pre-incubated with antiserum in the process of cell entry. Furthermore, the antiserum reduced the virulence of T. gondii parasites to host cells in vitro, possibly by blocking the release of Ca²⁺. In this regard, this antiserum has potential to be a valuable tool for further studies of TgNHE1.

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Identification and Characterization of a Cleavage Site in the Proteolysis of Orf Virus 086 Protein
Xiaoping Wang, Bin Xiao, Jiafeng Zhang, Daxiang Chen, Wei Li, Ming Li, Wenbo Hao, Shuhong Luo
Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Molecular Characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi Tc8.2 Gene Indicates Two Differential Locations for the Encoded Protein in Epimastigote and Trypomastigote Forms: Danielle Kian, C?sar Armando Contreras Lancheros, Igor Alexandre Campos Damiani, Tamiris Zanforlin Olmos Fernandes, Phileno Pinge-Filho, M?rcia Regina Machado dos Santos, Jos? Franco da Silveira, Celso Vataru Nakamura, Jo?o Santana da Silva, Sueli Fumie Yamada-Ogatta, Lucy Megumi Yamauchi; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):483-488.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.483

Abstract
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This report describes the molecular characterization of the Tc8.2 gene of Trypanosoma cruzi. Both the Tc8.2 gene and its encoded protein were analyzed by bioinformatics, while Northern blot and RT-PCR were used for the transcripts. Besides, immunolocalization of recombinant protein was done by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Analysis indicated the presence of a single copy of Tc8.2 in the T. cruzi genome and 2-different sized transcripts in epimastigotes/amastigotes and trypomastigotes. Immunoblotting showed 70 and 80 kDa polypeptides in epimastigotes and trypomastigotes, respectively, and a differential pattern of immunolocalization. Overall, the results suggest that Tc8.2 is differentially expressed during the T. cruzi life cycle.

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Original Articles

Sequence Analysis and Molecular Characterization of Wnt4 Gene in Metacestodes of Taenia solium: Junling Hou, Xuenong Luo, Shuai Wang, Cai Yin, Shaohua Zhang, Xueliang Zhu, Yongxi Dou, Xuepeng Cai; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):163-168.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.163

Abstract
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Wnt proteins are a family of secreted glycoproteins that are evolutionarily conserved and considered to be involved in extensive developmental processes in metazoan organisms. The characterization of wnt genes may improve understanding the parasite's development. In the present study, a wnt4 gene encoding 491amino acids was amplified from cDNA of metacestodes of Taenia solium using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Bioinformatics tools were used for sequence analysis. The conserved domain of the wnt gene family was predicted. The expression profile of Wnt4 was investigated using real-time PCR. Wnt4 expression was found to be dramatically increased in scolex evaginated cysticerci when compared to invaginated cysticerci. In situ hybridization showed that wnt4 gene was distributed in the posterior end of the worm along the primary body axis in evaginated cysticerci. These findings indicated that wnt4 may take part in the process of cysticerci evagination and play a role in scolex/bladder development of cysticerci of T. solium.

Citations

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Transcriptome of Taenia solium during in vitro cyst activation and initial growth into the tapeworm stage
David Castaneda-Carpio, Renzo Gutierrez-Loli, Jose Maravi-Jaime, Segundo W. Del Aguila, Valeria Villar-Davila, Luz M. Moyano, Rafael Tapia-Limonchi, Stella M. Chenet, Cristina Guerra-Giraldez
Scientific Data.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The significant sex-biased expression pattern of Sp-Wnt4 provides novel insights into the ovarian development of mud crab (Scylla Paramamosain)
Ardavan Farhadi, Shaobin Fang, Yin Zhang, Wenxiao Cui, Huan Fang, Mhd Ikhwanuddin, Hongyu Ma
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2021; 183: 490. CrossRef
Transcriptomic profile of two developmental stages of the cestode parasite Mesocestoides corti
T. Basika, G.P. Paludo, F.M. Araujo, A.C. Salim, F. Pais, L. Maldonado, N. Macchiaroli, J. Camargo de Lima, M. Rosenzvit, G.C. Oliveira, L. Kamenetzky, H.B. Ferreira
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2019; 229: 35. CrossRef
Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of the Larval and Adult Stages of Taenia pisiformis
Shaohua Zhang
Genes.2019; 10(7): 507. CrossRef
Molecular and biochemical characterization of Taenia solium α-enolase
Shaohua Zhang, Yanan You, Xuenong Luo, Yadong Zheng, Xuepeng Cai
Veterinary Parasitology.2018; 254: 36. CrossRef
Transcriptomic analysis of the larva Taenia multiceps
W.H. Li, N.Z. Zhang, L. Yue, Y. Yang, L. Li, H.B. Yan, T.T. Li, Z.G. Qu, W.Z. Jia, B.Q. Fu
Research in Veterinary Science.2017; 115: 407. CrossRef

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Real-Time RT-PCR on SAG1 and BAG1 Gene Expression during Stage Conversion in Immunosuppressed Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii Tehran Strain: Monavar Selseleh, Mohammad Hossein Modarressi, Mehdi Mohebali, Saeedeh Shojaee, Mohammad Reza Eshragian, Mina Selseleh, Ebrahim Azizi, Hossein Keshavarz; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):199-205.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.199

Abstract
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Toxoplasmic encephalitis is caused by reactivation of bradyzoites to rapidly dividing tachyzoites of the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii in immunocompromised hosts. Diagnosis of this life-threatening disease is problematic, because it is difficult to discriminate between these 2 stages. Toxoplasma PCR assays using gDNA as a template have been unable to discriminate between an increase or decrease in SAG1 and BAG1 expression between the active tachyzoite stage and the latent bradyzoite stage. In the present study, real-time RT-PCR assay was used to detect the expression of bradyzoite (BAG1)- and tachyzoite-specific genes (SAG1) during bradyzoite/tachyzoite stage conversion in mice infected with T. gondii Tehran strain after dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DXM) administration. The conversion reaction was observed in the lungs and brain tissues of experimental mice, indicated by SAG1 expression at day 6 after DXM administration, and continued until day 14. Bradyzoites were also detected in both organs throughout the study; however, it decreased at day 14 significantly. It is suggested that during the reactivation period, bradyzoites not only escape from the cysts and reinvade neighboring cells as tachyzoites, but also converted to new bradyzoites. In summary, the real-time RT-PCR assay provided a reliable, fast, and quantitative way of detecting T. gondii reactivation in an animal model. Thus, this method may be useful for diagnosing stage conversion in clinical specimens of immunocompromised patients (HIV or transplant patients) for early identification of tachyzoite-bradyzoite stage conversion.

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Human Retinal Organoid Model of Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Liam M. Ashander, Grace E. Lidgerwood, Amanda L. Lumsden, João M. Furtado, Alice Pébay, Justine R. Smith
Pathogens.2025; 14(3): 286. CrossRef
Comprehensive diagnostic approaches to feline toxoplasmosis: Bridging traditional methods and emerging technologies
Dan Zhao, Yanzhen Liao, Hao Liu, Jianwei Wang, Ruiying Liang, Rongqiong Zhou, Jiabo Ding, Sixin Zhang, Xinming Tang
Virulence.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
High Efficacy of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Treatment of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection Through Their Immunomodulatory, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Potency
Qais A.H. Majeed, Sultan F. Alnomasy, Abdullah F. Shater, Abdullah D. Alanazi
Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(2): 1201. CrossRef
Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis Using Surface Antigen Grade 1 Detection by ELISA, Nano-Gold ELISA, and PCR in Pregnant Women
Nagwa SM Aly, Hye-Sook Kim, Yasmin M Marei, Azza S Elhamshary, Ibrahim R Bayoumi, Rabab E Omar, Dina A Mohammed, Shin-Ichi Miyoshi, Gehan A Rashed
International Journal of Nanomedicine.2023; Volume 18: 1335. CrossRef
Assessment of tissue levels of miR-146a and proinflammatory cytokines in experimental cerebral toxoplasmosis following atovaquone and clindamycin treatment: An in vivo study
Nima Zouei, Abdolhossein Dalimi, Majid Pirestani, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
Microbial Pathogenesis.2023; 184: 106340. CrossRef
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts on organic and conventionally grown produce
Emily L. Lilly, Nathan J. Webster
Food Microbiology.2021; 99: 103798. CrossRef
Temporal expression of Toxoplasma stage-specific genes in brain tissue: coincidence with parasitological and histopathological findings in mice models
Mona H. El-Sayad, Neveen A. Hussein, A. H. Kazem, Omnya A. El Geddawi, Enas M. Rizk, Hend A. El-Taweel
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(7): 2299. CrossRef
Micronemal protein 13 contributes to the optimal growth of Toxoplasma gondii under stress conditions
Shu Ye, Ningbo Xia, Pengfei Zhao, Jichao Yang, Yanqin Zhou, Bang Shen, Junlong Zhao
Parasitology Research.2019; 118(3): 935. CrossRef
Nanoemulsion of atovaquone as a promising approach for treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis
Sanaz Jafarpour Azami, Amir Amani, Hossein Keshavarz, Roqya Najafi-Taher, Mehdi Mohebali, Mohammad Ali Faramarzi, Mahmood Mahmoudi, Saeedeh Shojaee
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2018; 117: 138. CrossRef
ANK1 and DnaK-TPR, Two Tetratricopeptide Repeat-Containing Proteins Primarily Expressed in Toxoplasma Bradyzoites, Do Not Contribute to Bradyzoite Differentiation
Jichao Yang, Lihong Zhang, Huiyan Diao, Ningbo Xia, Yanqin Zhou, Junlong Zhao, Bang Shen
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Deletion of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 inhibits development and growth of Toxoplasma gondii
Lili Cao, Zedong Wang, Shuchao Wang, Jiping Li, Xinglong Wang, Feng Wei, Quan Liu
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(2): 797. CrossRef
Brain cystogenesis capacity of Toxoplasma gondii, avirulent Tehran strain in mice
Mehrzad Saraei, Yosef Ghaderi, Tahereh Mosavi, Mojtaba Shahnazi, Hossein Keshavarz, Saeedeh Shojaee
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease.2014; 4: S739. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Hydrogenosomal activity of Trichomonas vaginalis cultivated under different iron conditions: Yong-Seok Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Ik-Hwa Choi, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):373-378.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.373

Abstract
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To evaluate whether iron concentration in TYM medium influence on hydrogenosomal enzyme gene expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential of Trichomonas vaginalis, trophozoites were cultivated in iron-depleted, normal and iron-supplemented TYM media. The mRNA of hydrogenosomal enzymes, such as pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), hydrogenase, ferredoxin and malic enzyme, was increased with iron concentrations in T. vaginalis culture media, measured by RT-PCR. Hydrogenosomal membrane potentials measured with DiOC₆ also showed similar tendency, e.g. T. vaginalis cultivated in iron-depleted and iron-supplemented media for 3 days showed a significantly reduced and enhanced hydrogenosomal membrane potential compared with that of normal TYM media, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that iron may regulate hydrogenosomal activity through hydrogenosomal enzyme expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential.

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Molecular Targets Implicated in the Antiparasitic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Phytochemical Curcumin in Trichomoniasis
Natalia Mallo, Jesús Lamas, Rosa Ana Sueiro, José Manuel Leiro
Molecules.2020; 25(22): 5321. CrossRef
Influence of 120 kDa Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase on Pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis
Hyun-Ouk Song
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(1): 71. CrossRef
Nitric oxide maintains cell survival of Trichomonas vaginalis upon iron depletion
Wei-Hung Cheng, Kuo-Yang Huang, Po-Jung Huang, Jo-Hsuan Hsu, Yi-Kai Fang, Cheng-Hsun Chiu, Petrus Tang
Parasites & Vectors.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
RNA-Binding Proteins in Trichomonas vaginalis: Atypical Multifunctional Proteins
Elisa Figueroa-Angulo, Jaeson Calla-Choque, Maria Mancilla-Olea, Rossana Arroyo
Biomolecules.2015; 5(4): 3354. CrossRef
Optimal Reference Genes for Gene Expression Normalization in Trichomonas vaginalis
Odelta dos Santos, Graziela de Vargas Rigo, Amanda Piccoli Frasson, Alexandre José Macedo, Tiana Tasca, Robert W Dettman
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(9): e0138331. CrossRef
Prostatic Disease Associated withTrichomonas vaginalis
Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation.2014; 9(2): 61. CrossRef
Hydrogenosome Metabolism Is the Key Target for Antiparasitic Activity of Resveratrol against Trichomonas vaginalis
Natalia Mallo, Jesús Lamas, José M. Leiro
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2013; 57(6): 2476. CrossRef
Responsiveness of Trichomonas vaginalis to iron concentrations: Evidence for a post-transcriptional iron regulation by an IRE/IRP-like system
J.C. Torres-Romero, R. Arroyo
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2009; 9(6): 1065. CrossRef
Proinflammatory Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis
Ik-Hwan Han, Sung Young Goo, Soon-Jung Park, Se-Jin Hwang, Yong-Seok Kim, Michael Sungwoo Yang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(3): 205. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis: The adhesins AP51 and AP65 bind heme and hemoglobin
Shahed Ardalan, B. Craig Lee, Gary E. Garber
Experimental Parasitology.2009; 121(4): 300. CrossRef
Trichomonas vaginalis‐induced neutrophil apoptosis causes anti‐inflammatory cytokine production by human monocyte‐derived macrophages
M. H. AHN, H. O. SONG, J. S. RYU
Parasite Immunology.2008; 30(8): 410. CrossRef

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Original Articles

In vivo determination of the gap2 gene promoter activity in Giardia lamblia: Hye-Won Yang, Juri Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):21-26.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.21

Abstract
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A shuttle vector for Escherichia coli and Giardia lamblia was modified to produce a reporter plasmid, which monitors the expression of prescribed gene in G. lamblia by measuring its luciferase activity. Promoter regions of the gap2 gene, one of the genes induced during encystation, were cloned into this plasmid, and the resultant constructs were then transfected into trophozoites of G. lamblia. Transgenic trophozoites containing one of the 3 gap2-luc reporters were induced to encystation, and characterized with respect to gap2 gene expression by measuring their luciferase activities. Giardia containing a gap2-luc fusion of 112-bp upstream region showed full induction of luciferase activity during encystation.

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Eukaryote-conserved histone post-translational modification landscape in Giardia duodenalis revealed by mass spectrometry
Samantha J. Emery-Corbin, Joshua J. Hamey, Balu Balan, Laura Rojas-López, Staffan G. Svärd, Aaron R. Jex
International Journal for Parasitology.2021; 51(4): 225. CrossRef
Trans-spliced Heat Shock Protein 90 Modulates Encystation in Giardia lamblia
Rishi Kumar Nageshan, Nainita Roy, Shatakshi Ranade, Utpal Tatu, Rhoel Ramos Dinglasan
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2014; 8(5): e2829. CrossRef

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Determination of antigenic domain in GST fused major surface protein (Nc-p43) of Neospora caninum: Eui-Sun Son, Hye-Jin Ahn, Jae-Hoon Kim, Dae-Yong Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(3):241-246.
Published online September 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.3.241

Abstract
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The antigenic domain of the major surface protein (Nc-p43) of Neospora caninum was examined by polymerase chain reaction of its gene fragments and recombinant expression as GST fusion proteins. The fragments of Nc-p43 were as follow: a total open reading frame (OFR), T; OFR without signal sequence and C-terminal hydrophobic sequence, S; N-terminal 2/3 parts of S, A; C-terminal 2/3 parts, P; N-terminal 1/3 part, X; middle 1/3 part, Y; and C-terminal 1/3 part, Z, respectively. The DNA fragments were cloned into pGEX-4T vector. Recombinant plasmids transformed into Escherichia coli of BL21 pLysS (DE3) strain were induced to express GST or GST fused fragments of Nc-p43 such as 69 kDa protein for T, 66 kDa for S, 52 kDa for A, 53 kDa for P, and 40 kDa proteins for X, Y, and Z, respectively in SDS-PAGE. The Nc-p43 fragments of T, S, and P reacted with a bovine serum of neosporosis while those of A, X, Y, and Z together with GST did not in the western blot. These findings suggest that the antigenic domain of Nc-p43 of N. caninum may be localized in the C-terminal 2/3 parts. Together with A19 clone in SAG1 of Toxoplasma gondii (Nam et al., 1996), the P fragment of Nc-p43 could be used as efficient antigens to diagnose and differentiate those infections with both species.

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Molecular characterization of Neospora caninum major antigens NcSAG1 and NcSRS2
Soledad Echeverría, Federico Carrión, Martín Soñora, Andrés Cabrera, Carlos Robello
Royal Society Open Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Expression ofNeospora caninumNcSRS2 surface protein inPichia pastorisand its application for serodiagnosis ofNeosporainfection
Amanda Fernandes Pinheiro, Sibele Borsuk, Maria Elisabeth Aires Berne, Luciano da Silva Pinto, Renato Andreotti, Talita Roos, Barbara Couto Rollof, Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
Pathogens and Global Health.2013; 107(3): 116. CrossRef
Induction of Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ) and T Helper 1 (Th1) Immune Response by Bitter Gourd Extract
Kazunori IKE, Yuko UCHIDA, Tomohiko NAKAMURA, Soichi IMAI
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2005; 67(5): 521. CrossRef
ELISA detection of IgG antibody against a recombinant major surface antigen (Nc-p43) fragment of Neospora caninum in bovine sera
Hye-Jin Ahn, Sera Kim, Dae-Yong Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2003; 41(3): 175. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Differential expression of the 27 kDa cathepsin L-like cysteine protease in developmental stages of Spirometra erinacei: Yoon Kong, Doo-Hee Yun, Seung-Yull Cho, Woon-Mok Sohn, Young-Bae Chung, Shin-Yong Kang; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(3):195-199.
Published online September 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.3.195

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The 27 kDa cathepsin L-like cysteine protease of Spirometra erinacei plerocercoid is known to play an important function in tissue penetration, nutrient uptake and immune modulation in human sparganosis. In the present study, the expression of this enzyme was examined at different developmental stages of S. erinacei including immature egg, coracidium, plerocercoid in tadpole and rat, and adult. Proteolytic activity against carboxybenzoyl-phenylalanyl-arginyl-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin was detected in the extracts of coracidia and plerocercoid while no activity was observed in those of immature egg and adult. The specific activity in coracidial extracts was lower than that in the plerocercoid. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the gene was expressed in the coracidium and plerocercoid but not in immature egg and adult. These results suggest that the 27 kDa cysteine protease is only expressed in the stages involving active migration of the parasite in the host tissue.

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Surgical treatment of a patient with live intracranial sparganosis for 17 years
Jialing Hu, Kaili Liao, Xiaojin Feng, Danling Jiang, Hailin Liu, Qingcui Zheng, Hai Qiu, Fuzhou Hua, Guohai Xu, Chunhua Xu
BMC Infectious Diseases.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Follow-up study of high-dose praziquantel therapy for cerebral sparganosis
Peng Zhang, Yang Zou, Feng-Xia Yu, Zheng Wang, Han Lv, Xue-Huan Liu, He-Yu Ding, Ting-Ting Zhang, Peng-Fei Zhao, Hong-Xia Yin, Zheng-Han Yang, Zhen-Chang Wang, Siddhartha Mahanty
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2019; 13(1): e0007018. CrossRef
A cysteine protease from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei plerocercoid is a critical factor for host tissue invasion and migration
Daigo Tsubokawa, Takeshi Hatta, Hiroki Maeda, Fusako Mikami, Yukinobu Goso, Takeshi Nakamura, M. Abdul Alim, Naotoshi Tsuji
Acta Tropica.2017; 167: 99. CrossRef
Characterization of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei Plerocercoid Cysteine Protease and Potential Application for Serodiagnosis of Sparganosis
Li Na Liu, Zhong Quan Wang, Xi Zhang, Peng Jiang, Xin Qi, Ruo Dan Liu, Zi Fang Zhang, Jing Cui, Xiao-Nong Zhou
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2015; 9(6): e0003807. CrossRef
Diagnosis and stereotactic aspiration treatment of cerebral sparganosis: summary of 11 cases
Lei Deng, Pengju Xiong, Suokai Qian
Journal of Neurosurgery.2011; 114(5): 1421. CrossRef
Identification of host immune regulation candidate genes of Toxascaris leonina by expression sequenced tags (ESTs) analysis
Min Kyoung Cho, Keun Hee Lee, Sun Joo Lee, Se Won Kang, Mee Sun Ock, Yeon Chul Hong, Yong Seok Lee, Hak Sun Yu
Veterinary Parasitology.2009; 164(2-4): 242. CrossRef
Comparison of carbohydrate moieties of sparganum proteins of the snake, mouse and those of adult worm
Hyun Jong Yang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2003; 41(2): 135. CrossRef

8,857 View
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Original Article

Expression of major piroplasm protein (p33) of Theileria sergenti (Korean isolate) and its immunogenicity in guinea pigs: Seung-Won Kang, Chang-Hee Kweon, Eun-Jin Choi, Yong-Dhuk Yoon; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(4):277-283.
Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.277

Abstract
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To investigate the development of a subunit vaccine against theileriosis in cattle, the DNA fragments encoding piroplasm surface protein (p33) of Theileria sergenti of a Korean isolate were expressed in baculoviruses. The expressed p33 was characterized by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and western blotting analysis. The expression of p33 was mainly detected on the surface of infected Sf21 cells by IFA. The immunoblotting analysis revealed the presence of a same molecular weight protein band of p33. The antigenicity of expressed polypeptide was further examined through the inoculation of a guinea pig. The sera of guinea pigs immunized with p33 expressed cell lysate showed similar fluorescent antibody patterns and reacted with the same molecular weight protein of T. sergenti in immunoblotting analysis, thus indicating that this protein can be a promising candidate for a subunit vaccine in the future.

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Adjuvant effect of bovine heat shock protein 70 on piroplasm surface protein, p33, of Theileria sergenti
Wooseog Jeong, Chang Hee Kweon, Seung Won Kang, Hyang Sim Lee, Yingtian Xu, Cheng Lu, Shoufa Zhang, Vishvanath Nene
Biologicals.2009; 37(5): 282. CrossRef
SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THEILERIA SERGENTI USING LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST IN SOUTH KOREA
Wooseog Jeong, Chang Hee Kweon, Jong Man Kim, Hwan Jang, Sang Gi Paik
Journal of Parasitology.2005; 91(1): 164. CrossRef