Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"glucose"

Brief Communication

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Kachin, Myanmar: Zin Moon, Ja Moon Aung, Dorene VanBik, Hae Soo Yun, Sanghyun Lee, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Zau Ring, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(4):360-363.
Published online November 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25053

Abstract
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder that can cause severe anemia in affected individuals exposed to oxidative stress. This risk is particularly relevant in patients treated with the antimalarial drug primaquine. In Myanmar, primaquine has been widely administered as a Plasmodium vivax malaria treatment; however, prevalence of G6PD deficiency among the population remains insufficiently characterized. This study investigated the prevalence of G6PD variants among various minority ethnic subgroups residing in Kachin State, Myanmar. Blood samples from 440 participants were analyzed; however, the Mahidol variant (G487A) was identified in 21 individuals (4.8%). A major limitation of this study was the absence of G6PD enzyme activity data to confirm whether the Mahidol variant induces G6PD deficiency.

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Original Articles

Functional characterization of glucose transporter 4 involved in glucose uptake in Clonorchis sinensis: Hojong Jun, Ernest Mazigo, Wang-Jong Lee, Yun-Kyu Park, Jin-Hee Han, Seok Ho Cha; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):450-460.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24051

Clonorchis sinensis, which causes clonorchiasis, is prevalent in East Asian countries and poses notable health risks, including bile duct complications. Although praziquantel is the primary treatment for the disease, the emerging resistance among trematodes highlights the need for alternative strategies. Understanding the nutrient uptake mechanisms in trematodes, including C. sinensis, is crucial for developing future effective treatments. This study aimed to characterize the function of C. sinensis glucose transporter 4 (CsGTP4) and determine its role in nutrient uptake employing synthesized cDNA of adult C. sinensis worms. The functional characterization of CsGTP4 involved injecting its cRNA into Xenopus laevis oocytes and analyzing the deoxy-D-glucose uptake levels. The results demonstrated that deoxy-D-glucose uptake depended on the deoxy-D-glucose incubation and CsGTP4 expression time, but not sodium-dependent. The concentration-dependent uptake followed the Michaelis–Menten equation, with a Km value of 2.7 mM and a Vmax value of 476 pmol/oocyte/h based on the Lineweaver–Burk analysis. No uptake of radiolabeled α-ketoglutarate, p-aminohippurate, taurocholate, arginine, or carnitine was observed. The uptake of deoxy-D-glucose by CsGTP4 was significantly inhibited by unlabeled glucose and galactose in a concentration-dependent manner. It was significantly inhibited under strongly acidic and basic conditions. These insights into the glucose uptake kinetics and pH dependency of CsGTP4 provide a deeper understanding of nutrient acquisition in trematodes. This study contributes to the development of novel antiparasitic agents, addressing a considerable socioeconomic challenge in affected regions.

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Clonorchis sinensis dopamine transporter (CsDAT) facilitates dopamine uptake
Wang-Jong Lee, Sung-Jun Kim, Woon Kyu Lee, Jin-Hee Han, Seok Ho Cha
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 215. CrossRef

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Prevalence and molecular analysis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Chin State, Myanmar: Ja Moon Aung, Zin Moon, Dorene VanBik, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Sanghyun Lee, Zau Ring, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong, Youn-Kyoung Goo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(2):154-162.
Published online May 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23004

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is caused by X-linked recessive disorderliness. It induces severe anemia when a patient with G6PD deficiency is exposed to oxidative stress that occurs with administration of an antimalarial drug, primaquine. The distribution of G6PD deficiency remains unknown while primaquine has been used for malaria treatment in Myanmar. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of G6PD deficiency and its variants in Chin State, Myanmar. Among 322 participants, 18 (11 males and 7 females) demonstrated a G6PD deficiency. Orissa variant was dominant in the molecular analysis. This would be related to neighboring Indian and Bangladeshi population, in which Orissa variant was also reported as the main mutation type. The screening test for G6PD deficiency before primaquine treatment appears to be important in Myanmar.

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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Kachin, Myanmar
Zin Moon, Ja Moon Aung, Dorene VanBik, Hae Soo Yun, Sanghyun Lee, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Zau Ring, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 360. CrossRef
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 in field isolates: Correspondence
Amnuay Kleebayoon, Viroj Wiwanitkit
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 338. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

In vitro protoscolicidal effects of hypertonic glucose on protoscolices of hydatid cyst: Seyed Vahid Hosseini, Kurosh Ghanbarzadeh, Zahra Barzin, Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi, Nader Tanideh, Davood Mehrabani; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(3):239-242.
Published online September 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.3.239

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To evaluate the protoscolicidal effects of various concentrations of hypertonic glucose, live protoscolices of sheep were exposed to 10%, 15%, 25% and 50% glucose solutions. Cetrimide (0.5%), silver nitrate (0.5%) and hypertonic saline (20%) were used as positive controls, while physiological saline was used as a negative control. After 1, 2 and 5 min, the protoscolicidal effects were determined by 1% eosin. A 25% glucose solution had no significant protoscolicidal effect. However, a 50% glucose solution revealed higher protoscolicidal effect than 0.5% silver nitrate but weaker effect than 0.5% cetrimide; the effect was comparable with that of 20% hypertonic saline. The results showed that hypertonic glucose solution is highly effective in killing protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus in vitro.

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Effects of exogenous glucose on survival and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae: Bernard Fried, Robert Laterra, Yonghyun Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):55-58.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.55

Abstract
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The effects of exogenous glucose in artificial spring water (ASW) were studied on the survival and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. The mean percent survival of cercariae maintained in 1% glucose in ASW for 36 and 48hr was significantly greater than that of cercariae maintained identically in ASW. Cercariae maintained in ASW with or without glucose for 24hr, fixed in neutral buffered formalin, and stained in Oil Red O, showed an accumulation of neutral lipid in the tail. Cercariae maintained as described above and stained in periodic acid-Schiff exhibited depleted glycogen, mainly from the tail. Cercariae maintained in ASW with glucose for 24hr did not resynthesize glycogen. Cercariae maintained in ASW with glucose for 24hr were as capable of infecting male FVBN202 mice as were freshly emerged cercariae, and increased the percent of worm recovery. Exogeneous glucose added to ASW prolonged the survival of S. mansoni cercariae and increased infectivity in terms of worm recovery.

Citations

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(4): 309. CrossRef
Bile components and amino acids affect survival of the newly excysted juvenile Clonorchis sinensis in maintaining media
Shunyu Li, Tae Im Kim, Won Gi Yoo, Pyo Yun Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong
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Effects of glucose on survival, infectivity and linear movement of the cercariae of Echinostoma caproni
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Journal of Helminthology.2004; 78(2): 185. CrossRef
Emergence of cercariae of Echinostoma caproni and Schistosoma mansoni from Biomphalaria glabrata under different laboratory conditions
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Journal of Helminthology.2002; 76(4): 369. CrossRef