Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Original Articles

Presence and diversity of free-living amoebae and their potential application as water quality indicators: Areum Choi, Ji Won Seong, Jeong Hyun Kim, Jun Young Lee, Hyun Jae Cho, Shin Ae Kang, Mi Kyung Park, Mi Jin Jeong, Seo Yeong Choi, Yu Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):180-192.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24020

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are found in diverse environments, such as soils, rivers, and seas. Hence, they can be used as bioindicators to assess the water quality based solely on their presence. In this study, we determined the presence of FLA in river water by filtering water samples collected from various sites and culturing the resulting filtrates. FLA were detected in all the water samples with varying quality grades (Grades Ι-V). The significant increase in the size of the amoebae population with the deterioration in the water quality. Monoxenic cultures of the amoebae were performed, and genomic DNAs were isolated, among which 18S rDNAs were sequenced to identify the amoeba species. Of the 12 species identified, 10 belonged to the Acanthamoeba genus; of the remaining 2 species, one was identified as Vannella croatica and the other as a species of Vermamoeba. Acanthamoeba was detected in samples with Grades Ι to VI quality, whereas the Vermamoeba species was present only in Grade Ι water. V. croatica was found exclusively in water with Grade ΙΙ quality. Following morphological observations, genomic DNA was sequenced using 16S rDNA to determine whether the species of Acanthamoeba harbored endosymbionts. Most of the isolated Acanthamoeba contained endosymbionts, among which 4 species of endogenous bacteria were identified and examined using transmission electron microscopy. This study provides evidence that the distribution of amoebae other than Acanthamoeba may be associated with water quality. However, further confirmation will be required based on accurate water quality ratings and assessments using a more diverse range of FLA.

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Isolation of Acanthamoeba Species and Bacterial Symbiont Variability in Puna Salt Plains, Argentina
Ronnie Mooney, Kiri Rodgers, Sandro Carnicelli, Matías E. Carnevale, Maria Eugenia Farias, Fiona L. Henriquez
Environmental Microbiology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identifying Promising Novel Compounds Against Free-Living Amoebae: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque, Thaisla Cristiane Borella da Silva, Luiza Bernardes Chagas, Letícia F. G. Kinape, Paula Eliete Rodrigues Bitencourt, Custódio José Gaspar, Alexandre Coelho Borges Cheinquer, Marilise Brittes Rott, Régis Adriel Zanette, Jo
Parasitologia.2025; 5(4): 56. CrossRef
The Microbial Trojan Horse and Antimicrobial Resistance: Acanthamoeba as an Environmental Reservoir for Multidrug Resistant Bacteria
Ronnie Mooney, Erin Corbett, Elisa Giammarini, Kiri Rodgers, Carla Donet, Ernest Mui, Arhama T. A. Ansari, Ayush Ransingh, Pradnya S. Vernekar, Harleen K. Walia, Jyoti Sharma, John Connolly, Andrew Hursthouse, Suparna Mukherji, Soumyo Mukherji, Fiona L. H
Environmental Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Le monde fascinant des amibes libres, des protistes aux multiples facettes
Aurélie Delumeau, Nina Allouch, Isaure Quétel, Virginie Nerrière, Isabel Marcelino
médecine/sciences.2025; 41(10): 743. CrossRef

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Comparative Microbiome Analysis of Three Species of Laboratory-Reared Periplaneta Cockroaches: Seogwon Lee, Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, In-Yong Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Hye Su Moon, Dongeun Yong, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):537-542.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.537

Cockroaches inhabit various habitats, which will influence their microbiome. Although the microbiome can be influenced by the diet and environmental factors, it can also differ between species. Therefore, we conducted 16S rDNAtargeted high-throughput sequencing to evaluate the overall bacterial composition of the microbiomes of 3 cockroach species, Periplaneta americana, P. japonica, and P. fuliginosa, raised in laboratory for several generations under the same conditions. The experiments were conducted using male adult cockroaches. The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was not significantly different among the 3 species. With regard to the Shannon and Pielou indexes, higher microbiome values were noted in P. americana than in P. japonica and P. fuliginosa. Microbiome composition was also evaluated, with endosymbionts accounting for over half of all OTUs in P. japonica and P. fuliginosa. Beta diversity analysis further showed that P. japonica and P. fuliginosa had similar microbiome composition, which differed from that of P. americana. However, we also identified that P. japonica and P. fuliginosa host distinct OTUs. Thus, although microbiome compositions may vary based on multiple conditions, it is possible to identify distinct microbiome compositions among different Periplaneta cockroach species, even when the individuals are reared under the same conditions.

Citations

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The Medical Importance of Cockroaches as Vectors of Pathogens: Implications for Public Health
Dongfen Geng, Haotian Yu, Teng Zhao, Chunxiao Li
Zoonoses.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Endosymbiont and gut bacterial communities of the brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa
Kylene Guse, Jose E. Pietri
PeerJ.2024; 12: e17095. CrossRef
Diversity, antibacterial and phytotoxic activities of actinomycetes associated with Periplaneta fuliginosa
Qihua Liu, Jian Tao, Longhui Kan, Yinglao Zhang, Shuxiang Zhang
PeerJ.2024; 12: e18575. CrossRef
Composition and diversity of the gut microbiota across different life stages of American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)
Zhiyu Chen, Sihao Wen, Juan Shen, Jie Wang, Wenbin Liu, Xiaobao Jin
Bulletin of Entomological Research.2023; 113(6): 787. CrossRef
Of Cockroaches and Symbionts: Recent Advances in the Characterization of the Relationship between Blattella germanica and Its Dual Symbiotic System
Amparo Latorre, Rebeca Domínguez-Santos, Carlos García-Ferris, Rosario Gil
Life.2022; 12(2): 290. CrossRef
Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition Between Sympatric Wild and Allopatric Laboratory Populations of Omnivorous Cockroaches
Kara A. Tinker, Elizabeth A. Ottesen
Frontiers in Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Environmental Water Contamination in a Rural Village of Northern Lao PDR: Alexis Ribas, Chlo? Jollivet, Serge Morand, Boupha Thongmalayvong, Silaphet Somphavong, Chern-Chiang Siew, Pei-Jun Ting, Saipin Suputtamongkol, Viengsaene Saensombath, Surapol Sanguankiat, Boon-Huan Tan, Phimpha Paboriboune, Kongsap Akkhavong, Kittipong Chaisiri; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):523-532.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.523

Abstract
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A field survey studying intestinal parasites in humans and microbial pathogen contamination at environment was performed in a Laotian rural village to identify potential risks for disease outbreaks. A parasitological investigation was conducted in Ban Lak Sip village, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR involving fecal samples from 305 inhabitants as well as water samples taken from 3 sites of the local stream. Water analysis indicated the presence of several enteric pathogens, i.e., Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., E. coli H7, E. coli O157: H7, verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), Shigella spp., and enteric adenovirus. The level of microbial pathogens contamination was associated with human activity, with greater levels of contamination found at the downstream site compared to the site at the village and upstream, respectively. Regarding intestinal parasites, the prevalence of helminth and protozoan infections were 68.9% and 27.2%, respectively. Eight helminth taxa were identified in fecal samples, i.e., 2 tapeworm species (Taenia sp. and Hymenolepis diminuta), 1 trematode (Opisthorchis sp.), and 5 nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, trichostrongylids, and hookworms). Six species of intestinal protists were identified, i.e., Blastocystis hominis, Cyclospora spp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Entamoeba coli, and Giardia lamblia. Questionnaires and interviews were also conducted to determine risk factors of infection. These analyses together with a prevailing infection level suggested that most of villagers were exposed to parasites in a similar degree due to limited socio-economic differences and sharing of similar practices. Limited access to effective public health facilities is also a significant contributing factor.

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Brief Communications

Influence of 120 kDa Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase on Pathogenicity of Trichomonas vaginalis: Hyun-Ouk Song; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):71-74.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.71

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellate protozoan parasite and commonly infected the lower genital tract in women and men. Iron is a known nutrient for growth of various pathogens, and also reported to be involved in establishment of trichomoniasis. However, the exact mechanism was not clarified. In this study, the author investigated whether the 120 kDa protein of T. vaginalis may be involved in pathogenicity of trichomonads. Antibodies against 120 kDa protein of T. vaginalis, which was identified as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) by peptide analysis of MALDI-TOF-MS, were prepared in rabbits. Pretreatment of T. vaginalis with anti-120 kDa Ab decreased the proliferation and adherence to vaginal epithelial cells (MS74) of T. vaginalis. Subcutaneous tissue abscess in anti-120 kDa Ab-treated T. vaginalis-injected mice was smaller in size than that of untreated T. vaginalis-infected mice. Collectively, the 120 kDa protein expressed by iron may be involved in proliferation, adhesion to host cells, and abscess formation, thereby may influence on the pathogenicity of T. vaginalis.

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Trichomonas vaginalis acid sphingomyelinases' theoretical structural analysis shows substrate binding diversity related to protein flexibility and mobility
Ana Laura Medina-Nieto, Sairy Yarely Andrade-Guillen, Fátima Berenice Ramírez-Montiel, Fátima Tornero-Gutiérrez, José A. Martínez-Álvarez, Ángeles Rangel-Serrano, Itzel Páramo-Pérez, Naurú Idalia Vargas-Maya, Javier de la Mora, Claudia Leticia Mendoza-Mac
Computational Biology and Chemistry.2026; 120: 108601. CrossRef
Antiparasitic activity of the iron-containing milk protein lactoferrin and its potential derivatives against human intestinal and blood parasites
Namrata Anand
Frontiers in Parasitology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic Variability of the Internal Transcribed Spacer and Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase Partial Gene of Trichomonas vaginalis from Female Patients
Fernando Martinez-Hernandez, Fabiola Sanchez-Aguillon, Joel Martinez-Ocaña, Nelly Raquel Gonzalez-Arenas, Mirza Romero-Valdovinos, Eduardo Lopez-Escamilla, Pablo Maravilla, Guiehdani Villalobos
Microorganisms.2023; 11(9): 2240. CrossRef
Pyruvate: Ferredoxin oxidoreductase is involved in IgA-related microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation
Kairuo Wang, Yixuan Guo, Yuanyuan Liu, Xiao Cui, Xiang Gu, Lixiang Li, Yanqing Li, Ming Li
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbiota in vaginal health and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal infections: a critical review
Namarta Kalia, Jatinder Singh, Manpreet Kaur
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
New light on ancient enzymes – in vitro CO2 Fixation by Pyruvate Synthase of Desulfovibrio africanus and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
Andreas Witt, Roberta Pozzi, Stephan Diesch, Oliver Hädicke, Hartmut Grammel
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Humoral and T cell–mediated immune response against trichomoniasis
M. Nemati, N. Malla, M. Yadav, H. Khorramdelazad, A. Jafarzadeh
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A Cell Surface Aggregation-Promoting Factor from Lactobacillus gasseri Contributes to Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis Adhesion to Human Vaginal Ectocervical Cells
Niha Phukan, Anna E. S. Brooks, Augusto Simoes-Barbosa, John H. Adams
Infection and Immunity.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Can the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR) gene be used as an additional marker to discriminate among Blastocystis strains or subtypes?
Patricia Alarcon-Valdes, Guiehdani Villalobos, Williams Arony Martinez-Flores, Eduardo Lopez-Escamilla, Nelly Raquel Gonzalez-Arenas, Mirza Romero-Valdovinos, Fernando Martinez-Hernandez, Jonnathan Guadalupe Santillan-Benitez, Pablo Maravilla
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Clostridium acetobutylicum grows vegetatively in a biofilm rich in heteropolysaccharides and cytoplasmic proteins
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Environmental Contamination by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Eggs in Relation to Slaughterhouses in Urban and Rural Areas in Tunisia: Raja Cha?bane-Banaoues, Myriam Oudni-M’rad, Selim M’rad, Habib Mezhoud, Hamouda Babba; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):113-118.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.113

Abstract
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Hydatidosis has become a real concern for health care institutions and animal rearers in Tunisia. The Tunisian endemicity is aggravated by the growing number of dogs and the difficulty of getting rid of contaminated viscera because of the lack of equipment in most slaughterhouses. Therefore, microscopic and molecular tools were applied to evaluate the role of slaughterhouses in canine infection and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) egg dissemination. Exposure risk to E. granulosus s. l. eggs in urban and rural areas was explored in order to implant preventive and adapted control strategies. Microscopic examinations detected taeniid eggs in 152 amongst 553 fecal samples. The copro-PCR demonstrated that 138 of 152 taeniid samples analyzed were positive for E. granulosus s. l. DNA. PCR-RFLP demonstrated that all isolated samples belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.). An important environmental contamination index (25.0%) by E. granulosus s. l. eggs was demonstrated. The average contamination index from the regions around slaughterhouses (23.3%; 95% CI: 17.7-28.9%) was in the same range as detected in areas located far from slaughterhouses (26.0%, 95% CI: 21.3-30.8%). Echinococcosis endemic areas were extended in both rural (29.9%, 95% CI: 24.8-34.9%) and urban locations (18.1%, 95% CI: 13.0-22.9%). The pathogen dissemination is related neither to the presence/absence of slaughterhouses nor to the location in urban or rural areas, but is probably influenced by human activities (home slaughtering) and behavior towards the infected viscera.

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Mohamed Hedi Abdelghani, Selim M’rad, Raja Chaâbane-Banaoues, Sayadi Taoufik, Mohamed Ali Charfedine, Lamia Zemzemi, Ines Kamoun, Hamouda Babba, Myriam Oudni-M’rad
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Cloning and Iron Transportation of Nucleotide Binding Domain of Cryptosporidium andersoni ATP-Binding Cassette (CaABC) Gene: Ju-Hua Wang, Xiu-Heng Xue, Jie Zhou, Cai-Yun Fan, Qian-Qian Xie, Pan Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):335-339.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.335

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium andersoni ATP-binding cassette (CaABC) is an important membrane protein involved in substrate transport across the membrane. In this research, the nucleotide binding domain (NBD) of CaABC gene was amplified by PCR, and the eukaryotic expression vector of pEGFP-C1-CaNBD was reconstructed. Then, the recombinant plasmid of pEGFP-C1-CaNBD was transformed into the mouse intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to study the iron transportation function of CaABC. The results indicated that NBD region of CaABC gene can significantly elevate the transport efficiency of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and HCO₃^- in IECs (P<0.05). The significance of this study is to find the ATPase inhibitors for NBD region of CaABC gene and to inhibit ATP binding and nutrient transport of CaABC transporter. Thus, C. andersoni will be killed by inhibition of nutrient uptake. This will open up a new way for treatment of cryptosporidiosis.

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Chronic Opisthorchis viverrini Infection and Associated Hepatobiliary Disease Is Associated with Iron Loaded M2-like Macrophages: Moses T. Bility, Banchob Sripa; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):695-699.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.695

Abstract
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Chronic Opisthorchis viverrini-induced hepatobiliary disease is associated with significant leukocyte infiltration, including activated macrophages; however, the polarization of infiltrating macrophages remains to be fully characterized. In this study, we characterized macrophage polarization and phenotype in chronic O. viverrini-induced hepatobiliary disease in humans and hamsters using gene expression and histochemical analysis. Chronic O. viverrini infection and associated hepatobiliary diseases were associated with iron loaded M2-like macrophages in both humans and hamsters. This study provides suggestive evidence that iron loaded M2-like macrophages promote hepatobiliary disease in chronic O. viverrini infection.

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Liver Fluke-Derived Molecules Accelerate Skin Repair Processes in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Anna Kovner, Yaroslav Kapushchak, Oxana Zaparina, Dmitry Ponomarev, Maria Pakharukova
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(22): 12002. CrossRef
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Susel Loli Quinteros, Bronwyn O'Brien, Sheila Donnelly
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Anna V. Kovner, Alena A. Tarasenko, Oxana Zaparina, Olga V. Tikhonova, Maria Y. Pakharukova, Viatcheslav A. Mordvinov
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High macrophage activities are associated with advanced periductal fibrosis in chronic Opisthorchis viverrini infection
Kanin Salao, Krongkarn Watakulsin, Eimorn Mairiang, Sutas Suttiprapa, Sirikachorn Tangkawattana, Steven W. Edwards, Banchob Sripa
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Scientific Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Environmental Factors Related to Enterobiasis in a Southeast Region of Korea: Dong-Hee Kim, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Bo Young Kim, Sang Kyun Park, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):139-142.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.139

Abstract
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Pinworm infection can occur through contact with contaminated surfaces followed by ingestion or even through inhalation of infective eggs. We have limited information regarding environmental contamination by eggs of Enterobius vermicularis. In order to determine environmental risk factors associated with the rate of E. vermicularis infection, we investigated possible environmental risk factors using a questionnaire from 46 kindergartens in 3 different cities of the southeast area of Korea. In total, using the cellotape anal swab technique, 3,422 children were examined for E. vermicularis infection. We evaluated E. vermicularis egg of books, educational materials, toys, room door handles, dusts of window edges, desks, chairs, tables, and dusts of classrooms. The overall egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was 6.0%, and the prevalence of enterobiasis in each kindergarten ranged between 0% and 16.9%. We found that 78.9% of egg positive kindergartens were managed by private foundations, which was significantly higher, compared with kindergartens managed by public foundations or the nation. Compared with public or national kindergartens, most private kindergartens were located in residential areas and the number of children in these areas was significantly higher. In conclusion, numbers of children in kindergartens was found to be an environmental risk factor associated with transmission of enterobiasis in Korea.

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Effect of Temperature on Embryonation of Ascaris suum Eggs in an Environmental Chamber: Min-Ki Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Young-Sang Hwang, Ki Hwan Park, In Gyun Hwang, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):239-242.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.239

Abstract
PDF

The influence of temperature on the development and embryonation of Ascaris suum eggs was studied using coarse sand medium in an environmental chamber with 50% humidity. The time required for development and embryonation of eggs was examined under 3 different temperature conditions, 5℃, 25℃, and 35℃. A. suum eggs did not develop over 1 month at the temperature of 5℃. However, other temperature conditions, 25℃ and 35℃, induced egg development to the 8-cell-stage at days 5-6 after incubation. All eggs examined developed to the 8-cell stage at day 6 after incubation in the sand medium at 25℃. The higher temperature, 35℃, slightly accelerated the A. suum egg development compared to 25℃, and the development to the 8-cell stage occurred within day 5 after incubation. The formation of larvae in A. suum eggs at temperatures of 35℃ and 25℃ appeared at days 17 and 19 after incubation, respectively. These findings show that 35℃ condition shortens the time for the development of A. suum eggs to the 8-cell-stage in comparison to 25℃, and suggest the possibility of accelerated transmission of this parasite, resulting from global warming and ecosystem changes.

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Original Article

Possible Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Prostaglandins in the Pathogenesis of Cerebral Malaria: Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction by Prostaglandin D₂ and Metabolite by a Human Astrocyte Cell Line: Jiraporn Kuesap, Kesara Na-Bangchang; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):15-21.
Published online March 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.15

Abstract
PDF

Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the central nervous system that play roles in maintaining the blood-brain-barrier and in neural injury, including cerebral malaria, a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. Prostaglandin (PG) D₂ is abundantly produced in the brain and regulates the sleep response. Moreover, PGD₂ is a potential factor derived from P. falciparum within erythrocytes. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is catalyzing enzyme in heme breakdown process to release iron, carbon monoxide, and biliverdin/bilirubin, and may influence iron supply to the P. falciparum parasites. Here, we showed that treatment of a human astrocyte cell line, CCF-STTG1, with PGD₂ significantly increased the expression levels of HO-1 mRNA by RT-PCR. Western blot analysis showed that PGD₂ treatment increased the level of HO-1 protein, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Thus, PGD₂ may be involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria by inducing HO-1 expression in malaria patients.

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Brief Communications

Effect of Iron on Adherence and Cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica to CHO Cell Monolayers: Jongweon Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):37-40.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.37

Abstract
PDF

Iron is an essential element for almost all living organisms. The possible role of iron for growth, adherence and cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica was evaluated in this study. The absence of iron from TYI-S-33 medium stopped amebic growth in vitro. However, iron concentrations in the culture media of 21.4-285.6 ?M did not affect the growth of the amebae. Although growth was not retarded at these concentrations, the adhesive abilities of E. histolytica and their cytotoxicities to CHO cell monolayer were correlated with iron concentration. Amebic adhesion to CHO cell monolayers was significantly reduced by low-iron (24.6 ± 2.1%) compared with 62.7 ± 2.8 and 63.1 ± 1.4% of amebae grown in a normal-iron and high-iron media, respectively. E. histolytica cultured in the normal- and high-iron media destroyed 69.1 ± 4.3% and 72.6 ± 5.7% of cultured CHO cell monolayers, but amebae grown in the low-iron medium showed a significantly reduced level of cytotoxicity to CHO cells (2.8 ± 0.2%). Addition of divalent cations other than iron to amebic trophozoites grown in the low-iron medium failed to restore levels of the cytotoxicity. However, when E. histolytica grown in low-iron medium were transferred to normal-iron medium, the amebae showed completely restored cytotoxicity within 7 days. The result suggests that iron is an important factor in the adherence and cytotoxicity of E. histolytica to CHO cell monolayer.

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Hydrogenosomal activity of Trichomonas vaginalis cultivated under different iron conditions: Yong-Seok Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Ik-Hwa Choi, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):373-378.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.373

Abstract
PDF

To evaluate whether iron concentration in TYM medium influence on hydrogenosomal enzyme gene expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential of Trichomonas vaginalis, trophozoites were cultivated in iron-depleted, normal and iron-supplemented TYM media. The mRNA of hydrogenosomal enzymes, such as pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), hydrogenase, ferredoxin and malic enzyme, was increased with iron concentrations in T. vaginalis culture media, measured by RT-PCR. Hydrogenosomal membrane potentials measured with DiOC₆ also showed similar tendency, e.g. T. vaginalis cultivated in iron-depleted and iron-supplemented media for 3 days showed a significantly reduced and enhanced hydrogenosomal membrane potential compared with that of normal TYM media, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that iron may regulate hydrogenosomal activity through hydrogenosomal enzyme expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential.

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Original Articles

Redescription of Chironomus salinarius (Diptera: Chironomidae), nuisance midges that emerged in brackish water of Jinhae-man (Bay), Kyongsangnam-do, Korea: Han-Il Ree, Jin-Hwoa Yum; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):63-66.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.63

Abstract
PDF

Huge numbers of non-biting midges emerged from brackish water which were made at the harbor construction field in Jinhae City, Kyongsangnam-do, Korea in late summer in 2005, and caused a serious nuisance to villagers. The midges were collected and identified as Chironomus salinarius (Kieffer, 1921). Although this species was recorded in Korea for the first time in 1998, the morphological descriptions were so brief and simple. A full redescription is made with detailed illustrations for ecological and control workers of this nuisance midge.

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Non-Biting Midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) in the Benthic Communities of Saline Rivers in the Lake Elton Basin: Diversity, Salinity Tolerance, and Distribution
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Saline rivers provide arid landscapes with a considerable amount of biochemically valuable production of chironomid (Diptera) larvae
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Fauna of Non-biting Midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Soyang River in Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea
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Identification of Chironomus kiiensis allergens, a dominant species of non-biting midges in Korea: Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Seok Lee, In-Yong Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Gab-Man Park, Han-Il Ree, Jung-Won Park, Chein-Soo Hong, Hae-Sim Park; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(3):171-179.
Published online September 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.3.171

Abstract
PDF

Non-biting midges are known to contain potent inhalant allergens. IgE antibody responses to the crude extract of Chironomus kiiensis adults, a dominant chironomid species in Korea, were examined. With the IgE-ELISA or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions, increased levels of chironomid-specific IgE were detected in the skin test positive human sera, or immunized BALB/c mouse sera with the crude extract adsorbed to alum. IgE-immunoblot analysis showed major IgE-reacting protein band patterns, which reacted with more than 50% of the skin test positive human sera, at 110, 80, 73, 46, 40, 37, 34, and 31 kDa. The reactive band patterns were largely similar between skin test positive humans and immune BALB/c mice. However, the bands of 55, 31, 27, 26, 24, and 23 kDa were found only in sensitized humans, but not in immunized mice.

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