Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"microscopy"

Original Articles

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Toxocara apodemi (Nematoda: Ascarididae) from Striped Field Mice, Apodemus agrarius, in Korea: Hyeon Cheol Kim, Eui Ju Hong, Si Yun Ryu, Jinho Park, Jeong Gon Cho, Do Hyeon Yu, Joon Seok Chae, Kyoung Seong Choi, Bae Keun Park; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):403-411.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.403

Abstract
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Adult ascarid worms from the field mice, Apodemus agrarius, were observed with a light and scanning electron microscope, and molecularly analized with 18S rRNA gene. In the scanning electron microscope, 3 prominent labia were present in the anterior end of male and female worms, but the interlabia and gubernaculum were absent. Scanning electron micrographs showed cervical alae as vestigial organs that looked like a slightly uplifted superficial sewing stitch. Total 6 pairs of post-cloacal papillae were observed on the tail of the male worms. The tail of female worms was blunt and conical shape with a spine-like structure, mucron. The eggs were sub-globular, coated with the albuminous layer and 73 by 82 μm in average size. The superficial pits of T. apodemi egg (mean 8.6×6.7 μm) are obviously bigger than those of Toxocara spp. The partial sequence of 18S rRNA showed the sequence homology of Toxocara canis (99.6%), Toxocara cati (99.4%), Toxascaris leonina (99.4%), and Toxocara vitulorum (99.2%). Conclusively, it was confirmed that ascarid nematodes, Toxocara apodemi, recovered from striped field mice in Korea are taxonomically conspecific relationship with genus Toxocara and genetic divergence from other Toxocara species.

Citations

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First molecular characterization and species validation of Toxocara alienata (Rudolphi 1819) (Nematoda: Ascarididae), from a crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus)
Gustavo Macêdo do Carmo, Lorena Gisela Ailán-Choke, Hassan Jerdy, Hermínio Ismael de Araújo-Júnior, Felipe Bisaggio Pereira
Parasitology International.2026; 111: 103160. CrossRef
Parasites in the Digestive Tract of Lion (Panthera leo) at the Safari Park of Gurun Putih Lestari Jantho, Aceh Besar
Fajri Dwitama, Razali Daud, Arman Sayuti, Yudha Fahrimal
Journal of Applied Veterinary Science And Technology.2025; 6(1): 32. CrossRef
Nematocidal activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using chicken egg albumin in lung and spleen of Parascaris equorum experimentally infected rats
Sara Bayoumi Ali, Ayman Saber Mohamed, Sohair R. Fahmy, Manal El–Garhy, Mohamed R. Mousa, Fathy Abdel-Ghaffar
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Incidence and Risk Factors of Toxocara vitulorum Infection in Beef Cattle of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Vika Ichsania Ninditya, Fitrine Ekawasti, Joko Prastowo, Irkham Widiyono, Wisnu Nurcahyo
World's Veterinary Journal.2024; 14(4): 592. CrossRef
Characterisation of the mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Toxocara apodemi (Nematoda: Ascarididae)
Y. Gao, Y. Hu, S. Xu, H. Liang, H. Lin, T. H. Yin, K. Zhao
Journal of Helminthology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Complete Mitogenome of Toxocara vitulorum: Novel In-Sights into the Phylogenetics in Toxocaridae
Yue Xie, Lidan Wang, Yijun Chen, Zhao Wang, Pengchen Zhu, Zun Hu, Xinfeng Han, Zhisheng Wang, Xuan Zhou, Zhicai Zuo
Animals.2022; 12(24): 3546. CrossRef

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Dientamoeba fragilis Infection in Patients with Digestive and Non-Digestive Symptoms: A Case-Control Study: Yousry A. Hawash, Khadiga A. Ismail, Taisir Saber, Emad M. Eed, Amany S. Khalifa, Khalaf F. Alsharif, Saleh A. Alghamdi; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):129-134.
Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.129

In most developing countries, Dientamoeba fragilis infection is an obscure protozoan infection. We aimed to determine a frequency and clinical importance of D. fragilis infection in Taif, Saudi Arabia. A 1-year case control study included patients with gastrointestinal (cases, n=114) or non-gastrointestinal symptoms (controls, n=90). The fecal samples were examined with the classical parasitological methods for intestinal protozoa, and by real time PCR for D. fragilis. The infection by D. fragilis was detected in 5.8% by PCR and in 4.4% patients by microscopy. The infection was identified more in control group (n=9) than in cases (n=3); a sole infection in 11 patients and mixed with Giardia in 1 patient. The other enteric parasites detected were Blastocystis sp. (8.3%), Giardia sp. (5.3%), Cryptosporidium sp. (2.9%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.4%), Entamoeba coli (0.9%) and Hymenolepis nana (0.4%). Our results tend to reinforce the need to increase awareness of D. fragilis infection in Saudi Arabia.

Citations

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Traitement des parasitoses intestinales (amœbose exclue)
C. Prieux-Klotz, M.-C. Sabate Ferris, L. Gan, X. Bohand, P. Rey
EMC - Gastro-entérologie.2024; 41(2): 1. CrossRef
The high co-existence rate of Blastocystis and Dientamoeba fragilis in human faecal samples and the analysis of demographic and clinical findings
Erdogan MALATYALİ, İbrahim YILDIZ, Evren TİLEKLİOGLU, Hatice ERTABAKLAR, Sema ERTUĞ
Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine.2021; 4(4): 422. CrossRef
The Coexistence of Blastocystis spp. in Humans, Animals and Environmental Sources from 2010–2021 in Asia
Adedolapo Aminat Rauff-Adedotun, Farah Haziqah Meor Termizi, Nurshafarina Shaari, Ii Li Lee
Biology.2021; 10(10): 990. CrossRef

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Application of Autofluorescence for Confocal Microscopy to Aid in Archaeoparasitological Analyses: Johnica Jo Morrow, Christian Elowsky; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):581-585.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.581

Abstract
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Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to examine archaeoparasitological specimens from coprolites associated with La Cueva de los Muertos Chiquitos (CMC) located near present-day Durango, Mexico. The eggs for 4 different types of parasites recovered from CMC coprolites were imaged using CLSM to assist with identification efforts. While some of the parasite eggs recovered from CMC coprolites were readily identified using standard light microscopy (LM), CLSM provided useful data for more challenging identifications by highlighting subtle morphological features and enhancing visualization of parasite egg anatomy. While other advanced microscopy techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), may also detect cryptic identifying characters, CLSM is less destructive to the specimens. Utilizing CLSM allows for subsequent examinations, such as molecular analyses, that cannot be performed following SEM sample preparation and imaging. Furthermore, CLSM detects intrinsic autofluorescence molecules, making improved identification independent of resource and time-intensive protocols. These aspects of CLSM make it an excellent method for assisting in taxonomic identification and for acquiring more detailed images of archaeoparasitological specimens.

Citations

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Label-free spectral confocal reflectance microscopy for ex vivo neuroimaging and neural structure visualization
Reinher Pimentel-Domínguez, Rainald Pablo Ordaz, Abraham J. Cisneros-Mejorado, Rogelio O. Arellano, Remy Avila
Methods.2025; 241: 140. CrossRef
Fluorescence Microscopy with Deep UV, Near UV, and Visible Excitation forIn SituDetection of Microorganisms
Noel Case, Nikki Johnston, Jay Nadeau
Astrobiology.2024; 24(3): 300. CrossRef
Analytical Techniques for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Frontiers in Knowledge and Application
Mina Magdy
Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry.2022; 52(6): 1171. CrossRef
Paleomicrobiology of the human digestive tract: A review
Riccardo Nodari, Michel Drancourt, Rémi Barbieri
Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 157: 104972. CrossRef
Exploring confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence staining as a tool for imaging and quantifying traces of marine microbioerosion and their trace‐making microendoliths
Philipp‐Konrad Schätzle, Max Wisshak, Andreas Bick, André Freiwald, Alexander Kieneke
Journal of Microscopy.2021; 284(2): 118. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Artyfechinostomum malayanum: Metacercariae Encysted in Pila sp. Snails Purchased from Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Muth Sinuon, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):341-345.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.341

Abstract
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The metacercariae of Artyfechinostomum malayanum (Leiper, 1911) Mendheim, 1943 were discovered in Pila sp. snails purchased from a market in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. They were isolated from the snails using the artificial digestion technique and were orally fed to 2 hamsters, 1 rat, and 2 mice to obtain the adult flukes. The metacercariae were round, 145-165 μm in diameter, having a cyst wall of 6-10 μm in thickness, a head collar and collar spines, and characteristic features of excretory granules. Adult flukes were recovered in the small intestines of the animals at days 14 and 32 post infection and were morphologically observed using a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. They were plump or elongated, ventrally curved, 6.0-8.1×1.6-2.0 mm in size, and characterized by the head collar bearing 43 collar spines, including 5 end group ones on each side, a long cirrus sac extending beyond the posterior margin of the ventral sucker, a submedian ovary, and 2 deeply lobed testes. Eggs in uteri were operculate, ovoid to ellipsoid, and 120-135×68-75 μm in size. In scanning electron microscopy, the head collar was prominent with collar spines looking like horns. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the ventral surface between the head collar and ventral sucker. Sensory papillae were distributed mainly on the tegument around suckers. By this study, it has been first confirmed that the life cycle of A. malayanum exists in Cambodia.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The ribosomal transcription units of five echinostomes and their taxonomic implications for the suborder Echinostomata (Trematoda: Platyhelminthes)
Thanh Hoa Le, Linh Thi Khanh Pham, Dong Van Quyen, Khue Thi Nguyen, Huong Thi Thanh Doan, Weerachai Saijuntha, David Blair
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review
Shwe Phue San, Rortana Chea, Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Sothyra Tum, Stephen Young, Tumnoon Charaslertrangsi, Nazanin Zand, Shetty Seetharama Thombathu, Ra Thorng, Leab Kong, Kuok Fidero, Linda Nicolaides
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(12): 1621. CrossRef
Mitophylogenomics of the zoonotic fluke Echinostoma malayanum confirms it as a member of the genus Artyfechinostomum Lane, 1915 and illustrates the complexity of Echinostomatidae systematics
Linh Thi Khanh Pham, Weerachai Saijuntha, Scott P. Lawton, Thanh Hoa Le
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(3): 899. CrossRef
High diversity of trematode metacercariae that parasitize freshwater gastropods in Bangkok, Thailand, and their infective situations, morphologies and phylogenetic relationships
Pichit Wiroonpan, Thapana Chontananarth, Jong-Yil Chai, Watchariya Purivirojkul
Parasitology.2022; 149(7): 913. CrossRef
General overview of the current status of human foodborne trematodiasis
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1262. CrossRef
Foodborne intestinal flukes: A brief review of epidemiology and geographical distribution
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Acta Tropica.2020; 201: 105210. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Characteristics of Imported Malaria and Species of Plasmodium Involved in Shandong Province, China (2012-2014): Chao Xu, Qing-Kuan Wei, Jin Li, Ting Xiao, Kun Yin, Chang-Lei Zhao, Yong-Bin Wang, Xiang-Li Kong, Gui-Hua Zhao, Hui Sun, Xin Liu, Bing-Cheng Huang; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):407-414.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.407

Abstract
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Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Shandong Province, China; therefore, it is important to explore the characteristics of the current malaria prevalence situation in the province. In this study, data of malaria cases reported in Shandong during 2012-2014 were analyzed, and Plasmodium species were confirmed by smear microscopy and nested-PCR. A total of 374 malaria cases were reported, 80.8% of which were reported from 6 prefectures. Of all cases, P. falciparum was dominant (81.3%), followed by P. vivax (11.8%); P. ovale and P. malariae together accounted for 6.4% of cases. Notably, for the first time since 2012, no indigenous case had been reported in Shandong Province, a situation that continued through 2014. Total 95.2% of cases were imported from Africa. The ratio of male/female was 92.5:1, and 96.8% of cases occurred in people 20-54 years of age. Farmers or laborers represented 77.5% of cases. No significant trends of monthly pattern were found in the reported cases. All patients were in good condition after treatment, except for 3 who died. These results indicate that imported malaria has increased significantly since 2012 in Shandong Province, especially for P. falciparum, and there is an emergence of species diversity.

Citations

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Toward the Elimination of Malaria in China: A Retrospective Analysis of Malaria-Endemic Characteristics and Prevention Effects in Yantai, Shandong Province, 1951 to 2017
Xiao Song, Yang Wang, Xiangli Kong, Haifang Wang, Xiaodan Huang, Hongmei Liu, Lijuan Liu, Xiuxia Guo, Chongxing Zhang, Yuqiang Zhao, Jingxuan Kou, Huaiwei Wang, Peng Cheng, Maoqing Gong
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2020; 20(3): 197. CrossRef
The impact of imported malaria by gold miners in Roraima: characterizing the spatial dynamics of autochthonous and imported malaria in an urban region of Boa Vista
Jaime Louzada, Nathália Coelho Vargas de Almeida, Joao Luiz Pereira de Araujo, Júlio Silva, Thiago M Carvalho, Ananias A Escalante, Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular epidemiological surveillance of Africa and Asia imported malaria in Wuhan, Central China: comparison of diagnostic tools during 2011–2018
Yiting Xie, Kai Wu, Weijia Cheng, Tingting Jiang, Yi Yao, Mingxing Xu, Yan Yang, Huabing Tan, Jian Li
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Misidentification of Plasmodium ovale as Plasmodium vivax malaria by a microscopic method: a meta-analysis of confirmed P. ovale cases
Manas Kotepui, Frederick Ramirez Masangkay, Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui, Giovanni De Jesus Milanez
Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Monitoring and evaluation of intervals from onset of fever to diagnosis before “1-3-7” approach in malaria elimination: a retrospective study in Shanxi Province, China from 2013 to 2018
Ting Wang, Shui-Sen Zhou, Jun Feng, Myo Minn Oo, Jing Chen, Chang-Fu Yan, Yi Zhang, Ping Tie
Malaria Journal.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Surveillance of Antimalarial Resistance Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, and Pfkelch13 Polymorphisms in African Plasmodium falciparum imported to Shandong Province, China
Chao Xu, Qingkuan Wei, Kun Yin, Hui Sun, Jin Li, Ting Xiao, Xiangli Kong, Yongbin Wang, Guihua Zhao, Song Zhu, Jingxuan Kou, Ge Yan, Bingcheng Huang
Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiological analysis of 133 malaria cases in Shanxian county, Shandong Province, China
Qi-Qi Shi, Peng Cheng, Chong-Xing Zhang, Xiu-Xia Guo, Li-Juan Liu, Hai-Fang Wang, Jing-Xuan Kou, Xiao-Dan Huang, Huai-Wei Wang, Mao-Qing Gong
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2017; 10(8): 802. CrossRef

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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrhea in a High Altitude-Community of Saudi Arabia Detected by Conventional and Molecular Methods: Yousry Hawash, Laila Sh. Dorgham, Ayman S. Al-Hazmi, Mohammed S. Al-Ghamdi; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):479-485.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.479

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium diarrhea represents a relevant clinical problem in developing countries. In Al-Taif, a city of Saudi Arabia that lies at an altitude of an around 2 km above the sea level, Cryptosporidium infection seems to be undiagnosed in nearly all clinical laboratories. Furthermore, nothing was published regarding Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in this area. The
objective
s of this research were to (1) determine the Cryptosporidium prevalence among patients with diarrhea and (2) to estimate the performances of 3 different diagnostic methods. Total 180 diarrheal fecal samples, 1 sample per patient, were collected between January and August 2013. Samples were screened for Cryptosporidium with modified Zeihl Neelsen (ZN) microscopy, RIDA® Quick lateral flow (LF) immunotest, and a previously published PCR. The Cryptosporidium prevalence rate was 9.4% (17/180), 10% (18/180), and 11.6% (21/180) by microscopy, LF, and PCR test, respectively. Infection was significantly (P=0.004) predominant among children <5 years (22%) followed by children 5-9 years (11.1%). Although infection was higher in males than in females (16.2% males and 8.5% females), the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.11). Compared to PCR, the sensitivity of microscopy and the LF test were 80.9%, 85.7%, respectively. To conclude, high Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea was found in this area especially in children ≤9 years. The PCR test showed the best performance followed by the LF test and ZN staining microscopy. The primary health care providers in Al-Taif need to be aware of and do testing for this protozoon, particularly for children seen with diarrhea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Pediatric Patients in a Metropolitan City of Bangladesh With Emphasis on Cryptosporidiosis
Nusrat Jahan Nipa, Nasima Aktar, Hasina M Hira, Farhana Akter, Dilshad Jahan, Salequl Islam, Ayukafangha Etando, Adnan Abdullah, Kona Chowdhury, Rahnuma Ahmad, Ahsanul Haq, Mainul Haque
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries
Shahira A. Ahmed, Panagiotis Karanis
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(18): 6824. CrossRef
Foodborne intestinal protozoan infection and associated factors among patients with watery diarrhea in Northern Ethiopia; a cross-sectional study
Birhane Berhe, Gessessew Bugssa, Sena Bayisa, Megbaru Alemu
Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Human cryptosporidiosis in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Reza Berahmat, Adel Spotin, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei, Azim Rezamand, Nayyereh Aminisani, Morteza Ghojazadeh, Roghayeh Ghoyounchi, Tahereh Mikaeili-Galeh
Parasitology Research.2017; 116(4): 1111. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium and Giardia Infections in Children
Blandina T. Mmbaga, Eric R. Houpt
Pediatric Clinics of North America.2017; 64(4): 837. CrossRef
High Frequency of Enteric Protozoan, Viral, and Bacterial Potential Pathogens in Community-Acquired Acute Diarrheal Episodes: Evidence Based on Results of Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel Assay
Yousry A. Hawash, Khadiga A. Ismail, Mazen Almehmadi
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 513. CrossRef
Assessment of microscopic and molecular tools for the diagnosis and follow-up of cryptosporidiosis in patients at risk
Y. Le Govic, K. Guyot, G. Certad, A. Deschildre, R. Novo, C. Mary, B. Sendid, E. Viscogliosi, L. Favennec, E. Dei-Cas, E. Fréalle, E. Dutoit
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases.2016; 35(1): 137. CrossRef
Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium in animal and human isolates from Jordan
Nawal Hijjawi, Rami Mukbel, Rongchang Yang, Una Ryan
Veterinary Parasitology.2016; 228: 116. CrossRef

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Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations on the Cuticle of Moulting Larvae: Xin Zeng, Jie Wei, Juan Wang, Feng Wu, Feng Fung, Xiaoying Wu, Xi Sun, Huanqing Zheng, Zhiyue Lv, Zhongdao Wu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):633-636.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.633

Abstract
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Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode that needs to develop in different hosts in different larval stages. Freshwater snails, such as Pomacea canaliculata, are the intermediate host, and rats are the definitive host. Periodic shedding of the cuticle (moulting) is an important biological process for the survival and development of the parasite in the intermediate and definitive hosts. However, there are few studies on the cuticle alterations between different stages of this parasite. In this study, we observed the ultrastructural appearance and changes of the cuticle of the 2nd/3rd stage larvae (L2/L3) and the 3rd/4th stage larvae (L3/L4) using a scanning electron microscope. We also first divided L2/L3 into late L2 and early L3. The late L2 lacked alae, but possessed a pull-chain-like fissure. Irregular alignment of spherical particles on the cuticle were noted compared to the L3. Alae appeared in the early L3. The old cuticle turned into a thin film-like structure which adhered to the new cuticle, and spherical particles were seen regularly arranged on the surface of this structure. Regular rectangular cavities were found on the surface of L3/L4. The caudal structure of L3/L4 was much larger than that of L3, but caudal inflation, such as seen in L4, was not observed. These results are the first to reveal the ultrastructural changes of the cuticle of A. cantonensis before and after moulting of L2/L3 and L3/L4.

Citations

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Water transmission potential of Angiostrongylus cantonensis: Larval viability and effectiveness of rainwater catchment sediment filters
Kathleen Howe, Lisa Kaluna, Alicia Lozano, Bruce Torres Fischer, Yaeko Tagami, Robert McHugh, Susan Jarvi, Matty Knight
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(4): e0209813. CrossRef
The genetic basis of adaptive evolution in parasitic environment from the Angiostrongylus cantonensis genome
Lian Xu, Meng Xu, Xi Sun, Junyang Xu, Xin Zeng, Dai Shan, Dongjuan Yuan, Ping He, Weiming He, Yulan Yang, Shiqi Luo, Jie Wei, Xiaoying Wu, Zhen Liu, Xiaomin Xu, Zhensheng Dong, Langui Song, Beibei Zhang, Zilong Yu, Lifu Wang, Chi Zhang, Xiaodong Fang, Qia
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2019; 13(11): e0007846. CrossRef
Molluscicidal activity and mechanism of toxicity of a novel salicylanilide ester derivative against Biomphalaria species
Ping He, Weisi Wang, Benjamin Sanogo, Xin Zeng, Xi Sun, Zhiyue Lv, Dongjuan Yuan, Liping Duan, Zhongdao Wu
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen
JOEL BARRATT, DOUGLAS CHAN, INDY SANDARADURA, RICHARD MALIK, DEREK SPIELMAN, ROGAN LEE, DEBORAH MARRIOTT, JOHN HARKNESS, JOHN ELLIS, DAMIEN STARK
Parasitology.2016; 143(9): 1087. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

The Dimension of Trichomonas vaginalis as Measured by Scanning Electron Microscopy: Sang-Hoon Cheon, Seung Ryong Kim, Hyun-Ouk Song, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):243-246.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.243

Abstract
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It is known that physicochemical conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, and ionic strength) affect the size of trichomonads. In this study, the sizes of 4 isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis cultured for more than a year (called "old T") and 3 isolates freshly isolated from vaginitis cases (called "fresh T") were compared by scanning electron microscopy. Although the fresh T had shorter body length, body width, and flagellar length than old T, total length (about 26 ?m), including body length, flagella length, and axostyle length was almost the same in the 2 groups. A striking difference was observed between the axostyles of the 2 groups; the axostyle length of the fresh T (8.2 ?m) was more than twice as long as that of the old T (4.0 ?m). However, in several parasitology textbooks, the length of T. vaginalis is said to vary widely from 7 to 32 ?m, and its undulating membrane is said to extend about half way (53.5%) to the posterior end of the body. On the other hand, in our study, the undulating membrane was observed to extend more than 3/4 of the body length (72.1%) in old T, whereas in fresh T it could not be measured. Taken together, we suggest that T. vaginalis averages 26 (21-32) ?m in total length, with 9.5 (7.4-11.4) ?m of body length and 6.8 (5.3-7.7) ?m of width, and its undulating membrane extending 3/4 of its body length. Therefore, these findings may provide useful information for morphological characteristics of T. vaginalis.

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In vitro co-culture model of Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Lactobacillus crispatus: a system for assessing antimicrobial activity and microorganism interactions in vaginitis
Fernanda Gomes Cardoso, Luisa Trindade dos Santos, Saulo Almeida Menezes, Graziela Vargas Rigo, Tiana Tasca
Frontiers in Parasitology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(1): 2. CrossRef
Neutrophil interactions with the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis: implications for immunity and pathogenesis
Suhani B. Bhakta, Jose A. Moran, Frances Mercer
Open Biology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Neutrophils kill the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis using trogocytosis
Frances Mercer, Shek Hang Ng, Taylor M. Brown, Grace Boatman, Patricia J. Johnson, Fred Hughson
PLOS Biology.2018; 16(2): e2003885. CrossRef
Prostatic Disease Associated withTrichomonas vaginalis
Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation.2014; 9(2): 61. CrossRef

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Electron Microscopy of the Separated Outer Tegument of the Sparganum and Its Antigenicity: Hyun-Jong Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):181-183.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.181

Abstract
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The author reported previously on separation of the outer tegument of the spargana (plerocercoids of Spirometra mansoni) using high concentration of urea solution. To determine which layer of the tegument is separated by this method, an electron microscopic analysis has been processed in this study. It was confirmed that the basement layer of the tegument is separated from the parenchyme of the sparganum. In addition, the antigenicity of the separated outer tegument against the human sparganosis patient sera was evaluated. Numerous antigenic proteins, including 16 and 55 kDa proteins, were noticed in the separated tegument; however, there were no diagnostic 31/36 kDa molecules in this tegument. The molecules reactive with the patient sera in the tegument are to be characterized in future studies.

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Original Article

A Recombinant Plasmodium vivax Apical Membrane Antigen-1 to Detect Human Infection in Iran: Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi, Mohammad Reza Khoramizade, Mehdi Nateghpour, Mehdi Mohebali, Gholam Hossein Edrissian, Mohammad Reza Eshraghian, Zargham Sepehrizadeh; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):15-21.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.15

Abstract
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In Iran, Plasmodium vivax is responsible for more than 80% of the infected cases of malaria per year. Control interventions for vivax malaria in humans rely mainly on developed diagnostic methods. Recombinant P. vivax apical membrane antigen-1 (rPvAMA-1) has been reported to achieve designing rapid, sensitive, and specific molecular diagnosis. This study aimed to perform isolation and expression of a rPvAMA-1, derived from Iranian patients residing in an endemic area. Then, the diagnostic efficiency of the characterized Iranian PvAMA-1 was assessed using an indirect ELISA method. For this purpose, a partial region of AMA-1 gene was amplified, cloned, and expressed in pET32a plasmid. The recombinant His-tagged protein was purified and used to coat the ELISA plate. Antibody detection was assessed by indirect ELISA using rPvAMA-1. The validity of the ELISA method for detection of anti-P. vivax antibodies in the field was compared to light microscopy on 84 confirmed P. vivax patients and compared to 84 non-P. vivax infected individuals. The ELISA cut-off value was calculated as the mean+2SD of OD values of the people living in malaria endemic areas from a south part of Iran. We found a cut-off point of OD=0.311 that showed the best correlation between the sera confirmed with P. vivax infection and healthy control sera. A sensitivity of 81.0% and specificity of 84.5% were found at this cut off titer. A good degree of statistical agreement was found between ELISA using rPvAMA-1 and light microscopy (0.827) by Kappa analysis.

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Immunogenic and diagnostic potential of recombinant apical membrane antigen-1 from Plasmodium malariae
Moyan Li, Tingting Liu, Yuerong Wang, Luwen Zhang, Fanbo Lu, Jinxing Xia, Meijuan Zheng, Min Zhang, Bo Wang, Yuanhong Xu
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Seda Yerlikaya, Ewurama D A Owusu, Augustina Frimpong, Robert Kirk DeLisle, Xavier C Ding
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Lis R. Antonelli, Caroline Junqueira, Joseph M Vinetz, Douglas T. Golenbock, Marcelo U. Ferreira, Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
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Camilla V. Pires, Jessica R. S. Alves, Barbara A. S. Lima, Ruth B. Paula, Helena L. Costa, Leticia M. Torres, Taís N. Sousa, Irene S. Soares, Bruno A. M. Sanchez, Cor J. F. Fontes, Francis B. Ntumngia, John H. Adams, Flora S. Kano, Luzia H. Carvalho, Gerh
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Parthasarathy Sonaimuthu, Fei Wen Cheong, Lit Chein Chin, Rohela Mahmud, Mun Yik Fong, Yee Ling Lau
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Brief Communication

Ultrastructural Localization of Cryptosporidium parvum Antigen Using Human Patients Sera: Jong-Gyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):171-174.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.171

Abstract
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The antigen location of Cryptosporidium parvum, which stimulates antibody formation in humans and animals, was investigated using infected human sera. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that antigenicity-inducing humoral immunity was located at various developmental stages of parasites, including asexual, sexual stages, and oocysts. The amount of antigen-stimulating IgG antibodies was particularly high on the oocyst wall. The sporozoite surface was shown to give stimulation on IgG and IgM antibody formation. Trophozoites implicated the lowest antigenicity to humoral immunity, both IgG and IgM, by showing the least amount of gold labeling. Immunogold labeling also provided clues that antigens were presented to the host-cell cytoplasm via feeder organelles and host-parasite junctions.

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Cryptostatin, a chagasin-family cysteine protease inhibitor ofCryptosporidium parvum
J.-M. KANG, H.-L. JU, J.-R. YU, W.-M. SOHN, B.-K. NA
Parasitology.2012; 139(8): 1029. CrossRef

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Original Article

Larval Gnathostoma hispidum detected in the red banded odd-tooth snake, Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, from China: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Yoon Kong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):191-198.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.191

Abstract
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A total of 205 larval gnathostomes were collected from 18 (22.5%) of 80 red banded odd-tooth snakes, Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, which had been smuggled from China and confiscated at Customs in Busan, Republic of Korea. In order to identify the species, some of the larvae were observed by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The larvae were 2.18 x 0.29 mm in average size, and had a pair of lips at the anterior end, a muscular esophagus, 2 pairs of cervical sacs, and brownish intestines. The head bulb was characteristically equipped with 4 rows of hooklets; the average number of hooklets in each respective row was 38.6, 40.5, 41.5, and 43.7. In SEM views, the mouth evidenced a pair of lateral lips of equal size in a half-moon shape. Each lip featured a couple of labial papillae and a small amphid located between the 2 papillae. The hooklets on the head bulb had single-pointed, posteriorly-curved tips. The cuticular spines were larger and more densely distributed on the anterior part of the body, and decreased gradually in size and number toward the posterior body. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the larvae were identified as the third stage larvae of Gnathostoma hispidum.

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Brief Communication

Ultrastructural observation of human neutrophils during apoptotic cell death triggered by Entamoeba histolytica: Seobo Sim, Kyeong Ah Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Soon-Jung Park, Kyung-il Im, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):205-208.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.205

Abstract
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Neutrophils are important effector cells against protozoan extracellular parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which causes amoebic colitis and liver abscess in human beings. Apoptotic cell death of neutrophils is an important event in the resolution of inflammation and parasite's survival in vivo. This study was undertaken to investigate the ultrastructural aspects of apoptotic cells during neutrophil death triggered by Entamoeba histolytica. Isolated human neutrophils from the peripheral blood were incubated with or without live trophozoites of E. histolytica and examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Neutrophils incubated with E. histolytica were observed to show apoptotic characteristics, such as compaction of the nuclear chromatin and swelling of the nuclear envelop. In contrast, neutrophils incubated in the absence of the amoeba had many protrusions of irregular cell surfaces and heterogenous nuclear chromatin. Therefore, it is suggested that Entamoeba-induced neutrophil apoptosis contribute to prevent unwanted tissue inflammation and damage in the amoeba-invaded lesions in vivo.

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Young Ah Lee, Seobo Sim, Kyeong Ah Kim, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(3): 155. CrossRef
The state of art of neutrophil extracellular traps in protozoan and helminthic infections
César Díaz-Godínez, Julio C. Carrero
Bioscience Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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César Díaz-Godínez, Zayda Fonseca, Mario Néquiz, Juan P. Laclette, Carlos Rosales, Julio C. Carrero
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Entamoeba histolytica induces human neutrophils to form NETs
J. Ventura‐Juarez, MR. Campos‐Esparza, J. Pacheco‐Yepez, J. A López‐Blanco, A. Adabache‐Ortíz, M. Silva‐Briano, R. Campos‐Rodríguez
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Modulatory mechanisms of enterocyte apoptosis by viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens
Andre G Buret, Amol Bhargava
Critical Reviews in Microbiology.2014; 40(1): 1. CrossRef
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Sudeep Kumar, Rajdeep Banerjee, Nilay Nandi, Abul Hasan Sardar, Pradeep Das
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In vivo programmed cell death of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in a hamster model of amoebic liver abscess
J. D. Villalba-Magdaleno, G. Perez-Ishiwara, J. Serrano-Luna, V. Tsutsumi, M. Shibayama
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Rajdeep Banerjee, Sudeep Kumar, Abhik Sen, Ananda Mookerjee, Syamal Roy, Subrata Pal, Pradeep Das
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Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(4): 285. CrossRef
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Kyeong Ah Kim, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
International Journal for Parasitology.2007; 37(11): 1209. CrossRef
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Trichomonas vaginalis promotes apoptosis of human neutrophils by activating caspase‐3 and reducing Mcl‐1 expression
J. H. KANG, H. O. SONG, J. S. RYU, M. H. SHIN, J. M. KIM, Y. S. CHO, J. F. ALDERETE, M. H. AHN, D. Y. MIN
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Yonsei Medical Journal.2006; 47(6): 862. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Ultrastructural localization of 28 kDa glutathione S-transferase in adult Clonorchis sinensis: Sung-Jong Hong, Jae-Ran Yu, Shin-Yong Kang; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(4):173-176.
Published online December 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.4.173

Abstract
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Glutathione S-transferase (28GST) with molecular mass of 28 kDa is an anti-oxidant enzyme abundant in Clonorchis sinensis. In adult C. sinensis, 28GST was localized in tegumental syncytium, cytons, parenchyma, and sperm tails examined by immunoelectron microscopy. C. sinensis 28GST was earlier found to neutralize bio-reactive compounds and to be rich in eggs. Accordingly, it is suggested that 28GST plays important roles in phase II defense system and physiological roles in worm fecundity of C. sinensis.

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Acta Tropica.2021; 222: 106033. CrossRef
Adult Opisthorchis felineus major protein fractions deduced from transcripts: Comparison with liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis
Mikhail Pomaznoy, Sergey Tatkov, Alexey Katokhin, Dmitry Afonnikov, Vladimir Babenko, Dagmara Furman, Ilya Brusentsov, Pavel Belavin, Alexandr Najakshin, Sergey Guselnikov, Gennady Vasiliev, Anton Sivkov, Egor Prokhortchouk, Konstantin Skryabin, Viatchesl
Experimental Parasitology.2013; 135(2): 297. CrossRef
Identification and biochemical characterization of two novel peroxiredoxins in a liver fluke,Clonorchis sinensis
Y.-A. BAE, S.-H. KIM, E.-G. LEE, W.-M. SOHN, Y. KONG
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Neil D. Young, Aaron R. Jex, Cinzia Cantacessi, Bronwyn E. Campbell, Thewarach Laha, Woon-Mok Sohn, Banchob Sripa, Alex Loukas, Paul J. Brindley, Robin B. Gasser
Biotechnology Advances.2010; 28(6): 859. CrossRef
Functional Genes and Proteins of Clonorchis sinensis
Tae Im Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung-Jong Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S59. CrossRef
Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and metabolism of anthelminthics in helminths
Viktor Cvilink, Jiri Lamka, Lenka Skálová
Drug Metabolism Reviews.2009; 41(1): 8. CrossRef
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Nopporn Chutiwitoonchai, Yan Shen, Huajun Zheng, Hui Xiong, Guoping Zhao, Kanokwan Imtawil, Pewpan M. Intapan, Sopit Wongkham, Chaisiri Wongkham
Experimental Parasitology.2008; 120(4): 306. CrossRef
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H.-J. Rim
Journal of Helminthology.2005; 79(3): 269. CrossRef

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Surface ultrastructure of Pygidiopsis summa (Digenea: Heterophyidae) adult flukes: Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Yil Choi, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(3):107-112.
Published online September 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.107

Abstract
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A scanning electron microscopic study was performed on the surface ultrastructure of Pygidiopsis summa (Digenea: Heterophyidae) adults. Metacercariae were collected from gills and muscles of mullets (Mugil cephalus) caught in a known endemic area, and adult flukes were harvested from dogs after 8 weeks of experimental infection. The worm was calabash form with its posterior part broader than the anterior part. Tegumental spines were densely distributed over the body surface, except on the suckers and genital apparatus, and around the excretory pore. Well differentiated spines were observed on the anterior half of the body, with 14-16 tips ventrally, and 19-20 tips dorsally. On the oral sucker, three pairs of type I sensory papillae (uni-ciliated knob-like swellings) and one pair of type II sensory papillae (aciliated round-swellings) were observed on the anterior and posterior parts of the lip, respectively. On the lip of the ventral sucker, one pair of type II sensory papillae was distributed only on its posterior part. Sperms were seen emerging from or entering into the genital apparatus. The results showed that the surface ultrastructure of P. summa was unique among the heterophyid trematodes, especially in digitation of tegumental spines and in distribution of sensory papillae on oral and ventral suckers.

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Woon-Mok Sohn, Deok-Gyu Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jaeeun Cho, Jong-Yil Chai
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Jean-José Filippi, Yann Quilichini, Bernard Marchand
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Journal of Parasitology.2006; 92(3): 501. CrossRef
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Mini Review

Tegumental ultrastructure of Echinoparyphium recurvatum according to developmental stages: Woon-Mok Sohn, Ho-Choon Woo, Sung-Jong Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(2):67-73.
Published online June 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.2.67

Abstract
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The present study was performed to observe tegumental ultrastructure of Echinoparyphium recurvatum according to developmental stages. Worms (1, 3, 5 and 15-day old) were recovered from chicks experimentally infected with metacercariae from Radix auricularia coreana. One-day old worms were elongated and ventrally concave, and covered with peg-like tegumental spines except the adjacent areas of the head crown and excretory pore. Type I sensory papillae were distributed on the lip of the oral sucker, and grouped ciliated papillae were around the oral sucker. Peg-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the anterior surface of the ventral sucker level. The ventral sucker had an aspinous tegument and no sensory papillae. Tegumental spines on the posterior surface of the ventral sucker level were sparsely distributed and disappeared posteriorly. In 3 and 5-day old worms, the tegument around the oral sucker was aspinose and wrinkled concentrically. The ventral sucker had a wrinkled tegument and many bulbous papillae. Type I sensory papillae were distributed between the bulbous papillae. Tegumental spines were spade-shaped with a terminal tip. A total of 45 collar spines including 4 end group ones on both ventral corners was alternately arranged in 2 rows. The 15-day old worms were very stout and their tegumental spines were tongue-shaped without a terminal tip. From the above results, it is confirmed that the surface ultrastructure of E. recurvatum was generally similar to that of other echinostomatid flukes. However, some features, i.e., morphological change of tegumental spines and appearence of sensory papillae on the ventral sucker according to development, and number, shape and arrangement of collar spines, were characteristic, which may be of taxonomic and bioecological significance.

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MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ECHINOCHASMUS JAPONICUS CERCARIAE AND THE IN VITRO MAINTENANCE OF ITS LIFE CYCLE FROM CERCARIAE TO ADULTS
Min-Ho Choi, Sae Hoon Kim, Jong-Hoon Chung, Hye-Jin Jang, Joon-Ho Eom, Byung-Suk Chung, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Sung-Tae Hong
Journal of Parasitology.2006; 92(2): 236. CrossRef
Tegumental ultrastructure of the juvenile and adult Himasthla alincia (Digenea: Echinostomatidae)
Eun-Taek Han, Kye-Young Han, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2003; 41(1): 17. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Immunoelectron microscopic localization of partially purified antigens in adult Paragonimus iloktsuenensis: Ok-Ran Lee, Pyung-Rim Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(2):119-132.
Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.2.119

Abstract
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An immunoelectron microscopy employing immunogold labeling method was performed to detect tissue origin of D1 fraction (D1A) among 5 antigenic protein fractions partially purified by DEAE-anion exchange chromatography from water-soluble crude antigen (PIWA) of adult Paragonimus iloktsuenensis. Immune reactions of adult worm tissues with rabbit serum immunoglobulin immunized with crude antigen (PI-Ig) and D1 antigen (D1-Ig), as well as rat serum immunoglobulin infected with P. iloktsuenensis were observed. D1A showed strong antigenicity in the intestinal epithelium of the worms during the early infection period of 2-4 weeks after infection. The vitellaria also showed stronger antigenicity than the other tissue sites in immune reaction of tissues against all immunoglobulins from 4 to 33 weeks after vitelline development. Therefore, it is suggested that D1A was mainly originated from the intestinal epithelial tissues before the development of vitelline gland of the parasites. Immuno-reactivity of two immunoglobulins (PI-Ig, D1-Ig) was significantly different in intestinal epithelial cytoplasmic protrusions (CP) and intestinal epithelial secretory granules (SG). In the experimental group with D1-Ig, gold particles were labeled significantly in CP than in SG when compared to the PI-Ig group. Thus, the major antigenic materials in D1 antigen having a strong antigenicity in the early infection period was considered to be originated from the intestinal epithelial tissue.

Citations

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Nuclear ribosomal transcription units in Asian Paragonimus species (Paragonimidae: Platyhelminthes): genetic characteristics, polymorphism, and implications for intersuperfamilial phylogeny
Khue Thi Nguyen, Huong Thi Thanh Doan, Linh Thi Khanh Pham, Do Thi Roan, Takeshi Agatsuma, Pham Ngoc Doanh, Thanh Hoa Le
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Mitogenomic and nuclear ribosomal transcription unit datasets support the synonymy of Paragonimus iloktsuenensis and P. ohirai (Paragonimidae: Platyhelminthes)
Thanh Hoa Le, Khue Thi Nguyen, Linh Thi Khanh Pham, Huong Thi Thanh Doan, Do Thi Roan, Xuyen Thi Kim Le, Takeshi Agatsuma, David Blair
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(7): 1531. CrossRef
Paragonimus westermani infection manifesting as a pulmonary cavity and adrenal gland mass: A case report
Yong Shik Kwon, Hye Won Lee, Hyun Jung Kim
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy.2019; 25(3): 200. CrossRef
Ion-exchange protocol to obtain antigenic fractions with potential for serodiagnosis of strongyloidiasis
H. T. GONZAGA, C. VILA-VERDE, D. S. NUNES, V. S. RIBEIRO, J. P. CUNHA-JÚNIOR, J. M. COSTA-CRUZ
Parasitology.2013; 140(1): 69. CrossRef

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Toxoplasma gondii: Ultrastructural localization of specific antigens and inhibition of intracellular multiplication by monoclonal antibodies: Boo-Young Lee, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Hyun-Chul Kim, Duk-Young Min; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(1):67-75.
Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.1.67

Abstract
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This experiment was focused on the characterization of anti-Toxoplasma monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and the effect of mAbs on the parasite invasion of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Twenty eight mAbs including M110, M556, R7A6 and M621 were characterized by Ab titer, immunoglobulin isotyping and western blot pattern. Antibody titer (optical density) of 4 mAbs, M110, M556, R7A6 and M621, were 0.53, 0.67, 0.45 and 0.39 (normal mouse serum; 0.19) with the same IgG1 isotypes shown by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blot analysis showed that M110, M556, R7A6 and M621 reacted with the 33 kDa (p30), 31 kDa (p28), 43 kDa and 36 kDa protein. Immunogold labelling of mAbs M110, M556, R7A6 and M621 reacted with the surface membrane, dense granules and parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM), rhoptries and cytoplasm of tachyzoite, respectively. For in vitro assay, preincubation of tachyzoites with four mAbs, M110, M556, R7A6 and M621 resulted in the decrease of the number of infected macrophages (p < 0.05) and the suppression of parasite multiplication at 18 h postinfection. Four monoclonal antibodies including M110 (SAG1) were found to have an important role in the inhibition of macrophage invasion and T. gondii multiplication in vitro, and these mAbs may be suitable for vaccine candidates, diagnostic kit and for chemotherapy.

Citations

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Engineering and Functional Evaluation of Neutralizing Antibody Fragments Against Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Anne di Tommaso, Matthieu O Juste, Zineb Lakhrif, Marie-Noëlle Mévélec, Coraline Borowczyk, Pierre Hammeni, Guillaume Désoubeaux, Nathalie Van Langendonck, Françoise Debierre-Grockiego, Nicolas Aubrey, Isabelle Dimier-Poisson
The Journal of Infectious Diseases.2021; 224(4): 705. CrossRef
Molecular cloning and characterization ofNcROP2Fam-1, a member of the ROP2 family of rhoptry proteins inNeospora caninumthat is targeted by antibodies neutralizing host cell invasionin vitro
FERIAL ALAEDDINE, ANDREW HEMPHILL, KARIM DEBACHE, CHRISTOPHE GUIONAUD
Parasitology.2013; 140(8): 1033. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii: Ultrastructure study of the entry of tachyzoites into mammalian cells
Fawzia H. Toulah, Saedia A. Sayed Al-Ahl, Dawlat M. Amin, Mona H. Hamouda
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2011; 18(2): 151. CrossRef
Neospora caninum: Comparative gene expression profiling of Neospora caninum wild type and a temperature sensitive clone
Robert W. Li, Wenbin Tuo
Experimental Parasitology.2011; 129(4): 346. CrossRef
Generation of a Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Fab Fragment to Surface Antigen 1 ofToxoplasma gondiiTachyzoites
Yong-Feng Fu, Meng Feng, Kenji Ohnishi, Tamon Kimura, Johbu Itoh, Xun-Jia Cheng, Hiroshi Tachibana, J. H. Adams
Infection and Immunity.2011; 79(1): 512. CrossRef
Multiplex PCR-aided Differential Diagnosis of Taeniid Species

Journal of Life Science.2010; 20(6): 955. CrossRef
Rab11A-Controlled Assembly of the Inner Membrane Complex Is Required for Completion of Apicomplexan Cytokinesis
Carolina Agop-Nersesian, Bernina Naissant, Fathia Ben Rached, Manuel Rauch, Angelika Kretzschmar, Sabine Thiberge, Robert Menard, David J. P. Ferguson, Markus Meissner, Gordon Langsley, L. David Sibley
PLoS Pathogens.2009; 5(1): e1000270. CrossRef
Effects of specific monoclonal antibodies to dense granular proteins on the invasion of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in vivo
Dong Yeob Cha, In Kwan Song, Gye Sung Lee, Ok-Sun Hwang, Hyung-Jun Noh, Seung-Dong Yeo, Dae-Whan Shin, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(3): 233. CrossRef

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Localization of cytoskeletal proteins in Pneumocystis carinii by immuno-electron microscopy: Jae-Ran Yu, Jae-Kyong Pyon, Min Seo, Byung-Suk Jung, Sang Rock Cho, Soon-Hyung Lee, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2001;39(1):13-21.
Published online March 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2001.39.1.13

Abstract
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Pneumocystis carinii causes serious pulmonary infection in immunosuppressed patients. This study was undertaken to observe the cytoskeletal proteins of P. carinii by immuno-electron microscopy. P. carinii infection was experimentally induced by immunosuppression of Sprague-Dawley rats for seven weeks, and their lungs were used for the observations of this study. The gold particles localized actin, tropomyosin, and tubulin. The actin was irregularly scattered in the cytoplasm of the trophic forms but was much more concentrated in the inner space of the cell wall of the cystic forms called the inner electron-lucent layer. No significant amount of tropomyosin was observed in either trophic forms or cystic forms. The tubulin was distributed along the peripheral cytoplasm and filopodia of both the trophic and cystic forms rather than in the inner side of the cytoplasm. Particularly, in the cystic forms, the amount of tubulin was increased and located mainly in the inner electron-lucent layer of the cell wall where the actin was concentrated as well. The results of this study showed that the cell wall of P. carinii cystic forms is a structure whose inner side is rich in actin and tubulin. The location of the actin and tubulin in P. carinii suggests that the main role of these proteins is an involvement in the protection of cystic forms from the outside environment by maintaining rigidity of the cystic forms.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A Molecular Window into the Biology and Epidemiology of Pneumocystis spp
Liang Ma, Ousmane H. Cissé, Joseph A. Kovacs
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2018;[Epub] CrossRef