Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"oocyst"

Original Articles

Development of Toxoplasma gondii Chinese I genotype Wh6 Strain in Cat Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Guihua Zhao, Lixin Zhang, Lisha Dai, Haozhi Xu, Chao Xu, Ting Xiao, Jun Li, Hui Sun, Beibei Zhou, Kun Yin; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(4):241-246.
Published online August 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.241

Felids are the unique definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii. The intestine of felid is the only site for initiating Toxoplasma gondii sexual reproduction. T. gondii excretes millions of infectious oocysts from the intestine, which are the primary source of infection. There are many difficulties in developing vaccines and drugs to control oocyst excretion due to the lack of an appropriate experimental model. Here, we established an in vitro feline intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) infection system and an efficient animal model of T. gondii Chinese 1 genotype, Wh6 strain (TgCtwh6). The Kunming mice brain tissues containing TgCtwh6 cysts were harvested 42-day post-infection. The bradyzoites were co-cultured with cat IECs in vitro at a ratio of 1:10. Five 3-month-old domestic cats were orally inoculated with 600 cysts each. The oocysts were detected by daily observation of cat feces by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. We found that the parasite adhered and invaded cat IECs in vitro, transformed into tachyzoites, and then divided to form rose-like structures. These parasites eventually destroyed host cells, escaped, and finished the asexual reproduction process. Schizonts associated with sexual reproduction have not been observed during development in vitro cultured cells. However, schizonts were detected in all infected cat intestinal epithelial cells, and oocysts were presented in all cat feces. Our study provides a feasible cell model and an efficient infection system for the following studies of T. gondii sexual reproduction, and also lays a foundation to develop drugs and vaccines for blocking excretion and transmission of oocysts.

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Detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples in Gaza, Palestine: A combined parasitological and molecular approach
Zuhair Dardona, Adnan Al Hindi, Mohamed Hafidi, Ali Boumezzough, Fadel Sharif, Samia Boussaa
One Health Bulletin.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The development and excretion of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst manipulate the gut microbiota in its definitive host
Gui-Hua Zhao, Bei-Bei Zhou, Zhi-Heng Cao, Ting Xiao, Ya-Nan Li, Wen-Ju Zhu, Hang Sun, Huan-Huan Xie, Xiao-Man Xie, Jun-Mei Zhang, Qi Wang, Xin Zhang, Jin-Jing Xie, Hong-Jie Dong, Chao Xu, Kun Yin
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii alters gut microbiota and systemic metabolism in cats: A multi-omics approach
Ji-Xin Zhao, Xue-Yao Wang, Xuancheng Zhang, Lu-Yao Tang, Shi-Chen Xie, Yi-Han Lv, Zhi Zheng, Ying-Qian Gao, Jing Jiang, Xiao-Xuan Zhang, He Ma
The Veterinary Journal.2025; 314: 106455. CrossRef
Proteomics analysis of Toxoplasma gondii merozoites reveals regulatory proteins involved in sexual reproduction
Guihua Zhao, Hongjie Dong, Lisha Dai, Huanhuan Xie, Hang Sun, Junmei Zhang, Qi Wang, Chao Xu, Kun Yin
Microbial Pathogenesis.2024; 186: 106484. CrossRef

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Excretion of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts from Feral Cats in Korea: Kyu-Sung Ahn, Ah-Jin Ahn, Sang-ik Park, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jae-han Shim, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):665-670.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.665

Abstract
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Sporulated oocysts from the feces of infected cats with Toxoplasma gondii can cause detrimental disease in both humans and animals. To investigate the prevalence of feral cats that excrete T. gondii oocysts in the feces, we examined fecal samples of 563 feral cats over a 3-year period from 2009 to 2011. Oocysts of T. gondii excreted into the feces were found from 4 of 128 cats in 2009 (3.1%) and one of 228 (0.4%) in 2010 while none of the 207 cats in 2010 were found positive with oocysts in their feces, resulting in an overall prevalence rate of 0.89% (5/563) between 2009 and 2011. Among the 5 cats that tested positive with T. gondii oocysts, 4 of the cats were male and 1 was a female with an average body weight of 0.87 kg. Numerous tissue cysts of 60 ?m in diameter with thin (<0.5 ?m) cyst walls were found in the brain of one of the 5 cats on necropsy 2 months after the identification of oocysts in the feces. A PCR amplification of the T. gondii-like oocysts in the feces of the positive cats using the primer pairs Tox-5/Tox-8 and Hham34F/Hham3R confirmed the presence of T. gondii oocysts in the feces. This study provides a good indication of the risk assessment of feral cats in the transmission of T. gondii to humans in Korea.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Toxoplasmosis, Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Parasitic in Domestic Cats in Al-Marj City - Libya
Faisal Fathalla Mohammed , Munthir Salah Alasbali
مجلة العلوم والدراسات الإنسانية - كلية الآداب والعلوم – المرج .2024; (77): 1. CrossRef
The detection and phylogenetic characterization of Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, and Giardia duodenalis of cats in South Korea
Chi Sun Yun, Bo-Youn Moon, Kichan Lee, Su Min Kang, Bok-Kyung Ku, Mi-Hye Hwang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Measured by Western Blot, ELISA and DNA Analysis, by PCR, in Cats of Western Mexico
María de la Luz Galván-Ramírez, Claudia Charles-Niño, César Pedroza-Roldán, Carolina Salazar-Reveles, Karen Lissete Ocampo-Figueroa, Laura Roció Rodríguez-Pérez, Varinia Margarita Paez-Magallán
Pathogens.2022; 11(1): 109. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats in tropical region of Serra da Tiririca State Park, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro
R.L. Freitas, A. Consalter, A.F.S. Spyrides, P.B.A. Dória, G.L. Albuquerque, S.F. Bruno, C.G. Barbosa, A.M.R. Ferreira
Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia.2022; 74(2): 319. CrossRef
Prevalence of Zoonotic Pathogens in Domestic and Feral Cats in Shanghai, with Special Reference to Salmonella
Halim A, Bhekharee AK, Feng M, Cheng X, Halim M
Journal of Health Care and Research.2021; 2(1): 1. CrossRef
All about toxoplasmosis in cats: the last decade
J.P. Dubey, C.K. Cerqueira-Cézar, F.H.A. Murata, O.C.H. Kwok, Y.R. Yang, C. Su
Veterinary Parasitology.2020; 283: 109145. CrossRef
Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma Gondii in Haemaphysalis Ticks in Korea
Ju Yeong Kim, You Shine Kwak, In-Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 327. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and B1 gene Phylogeny of Toxoplasma gondii of Dogs and Cats in Republic of Korea
Yeojin Park, Jinhyeong Noh, Hyun-Ji Seo, Keun-Ho Kim, Subin Min, Mi-Sun Yoo, Bo-Ram Yun, Jong-Ho Kim, Eun-Jin Choi, Doo-Sung Cheon, Sung-Jong Hong, Soon-Seek Yoon, Yun Sang Cho
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(3): 257. CrossRef
Genetic Analysis of Zoonotic Gastrointestinal Protozoa and Microsporidia in Shelter Cats in South Korea
Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Pathogens.2020; 9(11): 894. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium Infection among Inhabitants of 2 Rural Areas in White Nile State, Sudan: Seobo Sim, Jae-Ran Yu, Young-Ha Lee, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Abd Al Wahab Saed Mohamed, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):745-747.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.745

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that causes watery diarrhea, is found worldwide and is common in areas with low water hygiene. In February 2014, 866 stool samples were collected from the inhabitants of 2 rural areas in White Nile State, Sudan. These stool samples were assessed by performing modified acid-fast staining, followed by examination under a light microscope. The overall positive rate of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 13.3%. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 8.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area having water purification systems and in 14.6% stool samples obtained from inhabitants living in the area not having water purification systems. No significant difference was observed in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection between men and women (14.7% and 14.1%, respectively). The positive rate of oocysts by age was the highest among inhabitants in their 60s (40.0%). These findings suggest that the use of water purification systems is important for preventing Cryptosporidium infection among inhabitants of these rural areas in Sudan.

Citations

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Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence in the general population in Guinea: first large-scale screening study
Timothé Guilavogui, Nausicaa Gantois, Jérémy Desramaut, Fode Ibrahima Cissé, Salif Cherif Touré, Bakary Luther Kourouma, Cristian Preda, Magali Chabé, Eric Viscogliosi, Gabriela Certad
Parasite.2024; 31: 70. CrossRef
Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis among children with diarrhoea under five years admitted to Kosti teaching hospital, Kosti City, Sudan
Abdelhakam G. Tamomh, AbdElhadi M. Agena, Elham Elamin, Mohammed A. Suliman, Mohammed Elmadani, Asmaa B. Omara, Sahar A. Musa
BMC Infectious Diseases.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
First report and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans and animals in Khartoum state, Sudan
Kaltoum Yagoub Adam, A. A. Ismail, M. A. Masri, A. A. Gameel
Veterinary World.2019; 12(1): 183. CrossRef
Epidemiological Survey on Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Helminthiasis among Village Residents of the Rural River Basin Area in White Nile State, Sudan
Young-Ha Lee, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed Mohamed, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(2): 135. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges
Sylvia Afriyie Squire, Una Ryan
Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Cryptosporidium spp. and rotavirus gastroenteritis and change of incidence after rotavirus vaccination among children in Raparin Pediatrics Hospital, Erbil, Iraq
Sally S. Azeez, Hadi M. Alsakee
Medical Journal of Indonesia.2017; 26(3): 190. CrossRef

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Effects of Different Sizes of Glass Beads on the Release of Sporocysts from Eimeria tenella Oocysts: Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):317-319.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.317

Abstract
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The oocyst wall is severed by means of mechanical injury or chemical agents. This study reports the percentage of in vitro sporocyst release following mechanical shaking in the presence of varying sizes of glass beads. Glass beads measured 0.5, 1, and 3 mm in diameter and were shaken with the oocysts for different times ranging from 5 sec to 5 min. Approximately 80% of sporocysts were released with 5 min of shaking in the presence of 3 mm glass beads, as well as 30 sec with 0.5 mm beads and 1 mm glass beads. The release of sporocysts of E. tenella was most efficient using 1 mm glass beads and treatment times of 30 sec to 1 min. Therefore, the use of 1 mm glass beads with 30 sec to 1 min of agitation is recommended in order to maximize sporocyst release and recovery and to improve the yield of viable sporozoites for use in biochemical, tissue culture, and immunological applications of coccidia.

Citations

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An ultra-simplified protocol for PCR template preparation from both unsporulated and sporulated Eimeria oocysts
Aruto Takano, Dennis V. Umali, April H. Wardhana, Dyah H. Sawitri, Isao Teramoto, Toshimitsu Hatabu, Yasutoshi Kido, Akira Kaneko, Kazumi Sasai, Hiromitsu Katoh, Makoto Matsubayashi
Poultry Science.2025; 104(3): 104810. CrossRef
Multicenter comparative study of Enterocytozoon bieneusi DNA extraction methods from stool samples, and mechanical pretreatment protocols evaluation
Céline Nourrisson, Maxime Moniot, Maxime Tressol, Céline Lambert, Emilie Fréalle, Florence Robert-Gangneux, Damien Costa, Louise Basmaciyan, Philippe Poirier
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Anti-Eimeria tenella activity of Ethanamizuril in vitro and in vivo
Hongbo CHEN, Yindi DAI, Jiyu LIU, Lianmao DUAN, Juan HU, Shaohui SUN, Guangshan ZHU, Xiaoping MA, Jin WAN, Nini MA, Xiao ZHANG, Cong WANG, Ningning ZHAO
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2024; 86(9): 1008. CrossRef
Comparative Study of Eleven Mechanical Pretreatment Protocols for Cryptosporidium parvum DNA Extraction from Stool Samples
Laure Claudel, Nicolas Valeix, Louise Basmaciyan, Bruno Pereira, Damien Costa, Anne Vincent, Stéphane Valot, Loic Favennec, Frederic Dalle
Microorganisms.2021; 9(2): 297. CrossRef
Statistical Prediction of the Peak Point (Time) Required for Release of Maximum Number of Sporocysts after Eimeria Tenella Oocyst Excystation
JO Cha, KS Shim, HW Lee, HC Kim
Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of different floatation solutions on E. tenella oocyst purification and optimization of centrifugation conditions for improved recovery of oocysts and sporocysts
Nanshan Qi, Shenquan Liao, Asmaa M.I. Abuzeid, Juan Li, Caiyan Wu, Minna Lv, Xuhui Lin, Junjing Hu, Wenwan Xiao, Mingfei Sun, Guoqing Li
Experimental Parasitology.2020; 217: 107965. CrossRef
Multicenter Comparative Study of Six Cryptosporidium parvum DNA Extraction Protocols Including Mechanical Pretreatment from Stool Samples
Nicolas Valeix, Damien Costa, Louise Basmaciyan, Stéphane Valot, Anne Vincent, Romy Razakandrainibe, Florence Robert-Gangneux, Céline Nourrisson, Bruno Pereira, Emilie Fréalle, Philippe Poirier, Loic Favennec, Frederic Dalle
Microorganisms.2020; 8(9): 1450. CrossRef
The effect of autophagy on the survival and invasive activity of Eimeria tenella sporozoites
Nanshan Qi, Shenquan Liao, Asmaa M. I. Abuzeid, Juan Li, Caiyan Wu, Minna Lv, Xuhui Lin, Junjing Hu, Linzeng Yu, Wenwan Xiao, Mingfei Sun, Guoqing Li
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular and biochemical characterization of Eimeria tenella hexokinase
Mingfei Sun, Shenquan Liao, Longxian Zhang, Caiyan Wu, Nanshan Qi, Minna Lv, Juan Li, Xuhui Lin, Jianfei Zhang, Mingquan Xie, Guan Zhu, Jianping Cai
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(9): 3425. CrossRef
Effect of in vitro and in vivo 25-hydroxyvitamin D treatment on macrophages, T cells, and layer chickens during a coccidia challenge12
A. Morris, R. Shanmugasundaram, J. McDonald, R. K. Selvaraj
Journal of Animal Science.2015; 93(6): 2894. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Waterborne Outbreak and Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water of an Older High-Rise Apartment Complex in Seoul: Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Young Yang, Eun-Sook Lee, Se-Chul Kim, So-Yang Cha, Sung-Tek Kim, Man-Ho Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Young-Sang Park; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):461-466.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.461

Abstract
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From May to June 2012, a waterborne outbreak of 124 cases of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the plumbing systems of an older high-rise apartment complex in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The residents of this apartment complex had symptoms of watery diarrhea and vomiting. Tap water samples in the apartment complex and its adjacent buildings were collected and tested for 57 parameters under the Korean Drinking Water Standards and for additional 11 microbiological parameters. The microbiological parameters included total colony counts, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus, fecal streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, total culturable viruses, and Norovirus. While the tap water samples of the adjacent buildings complied with the Korean Drinking Water Standards for all parameters, fecal bacteria and Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in the tap water samples of the outbreak apartment complex. It turned out that the agent of the disease was Cryptosporidium parvum. The drinking water was polluted with sewage from a septic tank in the apartment complex. To remove C. parvum oocysts, we conducted physical processes of cleaning the water storage tanks, flushing the indoor pipes, and replacing old pipes with new ones. Finally we restored the clean drinking water to the apartment complex after identification of no oocysts.

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Disruptive effects of sewage intrusion into drinking water: Microbial succession and organic transformation at molecular level
Mengqing Fan, Anran Ren, Mingchen Yao, Xiaoming Li, Walter van der Meer, Guo Yu, Gertjan Medema, Joan Rose, Gang Liu
Water Research.2024; 266: 122281. CrossRef
Current status of intestinal parasite infections in fecal samples of dogs in Korea
You-Jeong Lee, Beoul Kim, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(4): 438. CrossRef
Molecular identification and antiprotozoal activity of silver nanoparticles on viability of Cryptosporidium parvum isolated from pigeons, pigeon fanciers and water
Rasha M. M. Abou Elez, Amira S. A. Attia, Hala M. N. Tolba, Reham G. A. Anter, Ibrahim Elsohaby
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Outbreak of severe diarrhea due to zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum and C. xiaoi in goat kids in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
Ah-Young Kim, Badriah Alkathiri, Subin Lee, Kyung-Duk Min, Soochong Kim, Sang-Myeong Lee, Wan-Kyu Lee, Dongmi Kwak, Seung-Hun Lee
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(9): 2045. CrossRef
Giardia spp. cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in drinking water treatment residues: comparison of recovery methods for quantity assessment
Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva, Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
Environmental Technology.2021; 42(20): 3144. CrossRef
Detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in environmental matrices with immunomagnetic separation: two or three acid dissociations
Fernando César Andreoli, Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
Parasitology Research.2021; 120(2): 629. CrossRef
Molecular Prevalence and Genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in Patients with Acute Diarrhea in Korea, 2013-2016
Da-Won Ma, Myoung-Ro Lee, Sung-Hee Hong, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(5): 531. CrossRef
Monitoring of Noxious Protozoa for Management of Natural Water Resources
Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Sung Kyu Ahn, Sangjung Park, Won Hwa Jheong, Yun-Kyu Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Sang-Seob Lee, Okjae Rhee, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(2): 205. CrossRef

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Original Article

A Survey of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Water Supplies during a 10-Year Period (2000-2009) in Seoul: Mok Young Lee, Eun Joo Cho, Jin Hyo Lee, Sun Hee Han, Yong Sang Park; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):219-224.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.219

Abstract
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This study has been conducted to estimate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water supplies in the Metropolitan area of Seoul, South Korea, for 10 years from 2000 to 2009. Water samples were collected quarterly at 6 intakes in the Han River and its largest stream and 6 conventional Water Treatment Plants (WTPs) serving drinking water for 10 million people of Seoul. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 22.5% of intake water samples and arithmetic mean was 0.65 oocysts/10 L (range 0-22 oocysts/10 L). Although the annual mean of oocyst number was as low as 0.04-1.90 oocysts/10 L, 3 peaks in 2004 and 2007 were observed and the pollution level was a little higher in winter. The lowest density was observed at Paldang intake and the pollution level increased at Kuui and Jayang intakes. At the end of the largest stream, oocysts were found in 70% of collected samples (mean 5.71 oocysts/10 L) and it seemed that its joining the Han River resulted in the increase at Kuui intake and downstream. Oocyst removal by physical process exceeded 2.0-2.3 log and then all finished water samples collected at 6 WTPs were negative for Cryptosporidium in each 100 L sample for 10 years. These results suggested that domestic wastewater from the urban region could be a source of Cryptosporidium pollution and separating sewage systems adjacent to the intakes could be meaningful for some intakes having weakness related to parasitological water quality.

Citations

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Food and Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis from a One Health Perspective: A Comprehensive Review
Munwar Ali, Yaru Ji, Chang Xu, Qazal Hina, Usama Javed, Kun Li
Animals.2024; 14(22): 3287. CrossRef
Molecular Prevalence and Genotypes of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis in Patients with Acute Diarrhea in Korea, 2013-2016
Da-Won Ma, Myoung-Ro Lee, Sung-Hee Hong, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(5): 531. CrossRef
Monitoring of Noxious Protozoa for Management of Natural Water Resources
Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Sung Kyu Ahn, Sangjung Park, Won Hwa Jheong, Yun-Kyu Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Sang-Seob Lee, Okjae Rhee, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(2): 205. CrossRef
Cryptosporidium Contamination and Attributed Risks in Yunlong Lake in Xuzhou, China
Yadong Kong, Ping Lu, Tao Yuan, Jinghui Niu, Zhaoji Li, Baisong Yang
Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology.2017; 2017: 1. CrossRef
Simultaneous Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora from Raw Vegetables in Korea
Seobo Sim, Jua Won, Jae-Whan Kim, Kyungjin Kim, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 137. CrossRef
Development of a Diagnostic Kit to Detect Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia
Hyeng-Il Cheun, Byung-Suk Chung, Da-Won Ma, Bo-La Goo, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Mi-jung Ji, Won-Ja Lee
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(3): 146. CrossRef
Health Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium in Tap Water in Korea
Mok-Young Lee, Sang-Jung Park, Eun-Joo Cho, Su-Jeong Park, Sun-Hee Han, Oh-Sang Kwon
Korean Journal of Environmental Health Sciences.2013; 39(1): 32. CrossRef
Occurrence and potential health risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China
Guosheng Xiao, Zhiqun Qiu, Junsheng Qi, Ji-an Chen, Fengdan Liu, Wenyi Liu, Jiaohua Luo, Weiqun Shu
Water Research.2013; 47(7): 2431. CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of the First Water-Borne Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in Seoul, Korea
Shinje Moon, Wooseok Kwak, Sangwon Lee, Won Kim, Jaeyeon Oh, Seung-Ki Youn
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2013; 28(7): 983. CrossRef
A Waterborne Outbreak and Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Drinking Water of an Older High-Rise Apartment Complex in Seoul
Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Young Yang, Eun-Sook Lee, Se-Chul Kim, So-Yang Cha, Sung-Tek Kim, Man-Ho Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Young-Sang Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(4): 461. CrossRef
A Ten-year Survey ofGiardia Cystsin Drinking Water Supplies of Seoul, the Republic of Korea
Mok-Young Lee, Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Hyo Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Yong-Sang Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(1): 9. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Fecal and Molecular Survey of Neospora caninum in Farm and Household Dogs in Mashhad Area, Khorasan Province, Iran: Gholamreza Razmi; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):417-420.
Published online December 2, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.417

Abstract
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Neospora caninum is an important cause of abortion in dairy cattle worldwide. Dog is the definitive host for N. caninum and can infect dairy cattle. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Neospora oocysts in feces of dogs from dairy farms. A total of 174 fecal samples was collected from 89 farm dogs and 85 household dogs during 2006 and 2008. Fecal samples of dogs were microscopically examined for detecting Hammondia Neospora-like oocysts (HNLO) by Mini Parasep®SF fecal parasite concentrator. HNLO were microscopically detected in 4 fecal samples (2.2%). The fecal samples with HNLO were examined by N. caninum-specific PCR. Two of the samples were positive for N. caninum. The 2 positive fecal samples were selected for inoculation to calves. Two inoculated calves were seronegative by ELISA for 4 months post-infection. This is the first report of finding N. caninum DNA in feces of farm dogs in Mashhad area, Iran.

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Molecular Detection of Neospora Caninum in Different Tissues of Dogs and Cats in Shiraz, Iran
Gholam Reza Hatam, Fattaneh Mikaeili, Qasem Asgari, Mehdi Namavari, Shamsi Noorpisheh Ghadimi
Veterinary Medicine and Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Neospora caninum in various hosts from Iran
Jamal Gharekhani, Mohammad Yakhchali, Reza Heidari
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2022; 80: 101737. CrossRef
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Alireza Sazmand, Alireza Nourian
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2020; 69: 101420. CrossRef
Neospora caninum infection in Iran (2004–2020): A review
Jamal Gharekhani, Mohammad Yakhchali, Reza Berahmat
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2020; 44(4): 671. CrossRef
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Jamal Gharekhani, Mohammad Yakhchali, Reza Khaltabadi-Farahani
Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection.2020; 7(1): 22. CrossRef
Risk of environmental exposure to small coccidia from wild canid feces in rural Ohio
Karla I. Moreno-Torres, Devinn M. Sinnott, Barbara A. Wolfe, Antoinette E. Marsh, William J. A. Saville, Mark Moritz, Rebecca B. Garabed
American Journal of Veterinary Research.2018; 79(11): 1179. CrossRef
Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique and comparison with quantitative real-time PCR for the rapid visual detection of canine neosporosis
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Parasites & Vectors.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Occurrence and first multilocus microsatellite genotyping of Neospora caninum from naturally infected dogs in dairy farms in Henan, Central China
Weifeng Qian, Tianqi Wang, Wenchao Yan, Lifang Han, Kai Zhai, Baoqing Duan, Chaochao Lv
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(8): 3267. CrossRef
The detection and characterisation of Neospora /Hammondia-like oocysts from naturally infected dogs within the same urban region of Australia
Amanda Ash, Aileen Elliot, R.C. Andrew Thompson
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2015; 1-2: 47. CrossRef
Molecular identification of Neospora caninum from calf/foetal brain tissue and among oocysts recovered from faeces of naturally infected dogs in southern Ethiopia
K. Asmare, E. Skjerve, J. Bekele, D. Sheferaw, T. Stachurska-Hagen, L.J. Robertson
Acta Tropica.2014; 130: 88. CrossRef
Histopathological and molecular study of Neospora caninum infection in bovine aborted fetuses
Amir Kamali, Hesam Adin Seifi, Ahmad Reza Movassaghi, Gholam Reza Razmi, Zahra Naseri
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2014; 4(12): 990. CrossRef
Neosporosis in animals—The last five years
J.P. Dubey, G. Schares
Veterinary Parasitology.2011; 180(1-2): 90. CrossRef
Neospora caninum infection in stray and farm dogs: Seroepidemiological study and oocyst shedding
J. Regidor-Cerrillo, S. Pedraza-Diaz, S. Rojo-Montejo, E. Vazquez-Moreno, I. Arnaiz, M. Gomez-Bautista, S. Jimenez-Palacios, L.M. Ortega-Mora, E. Collantes-Fernandez
Veterinary Parasitology.2010; 174(3-4): 332. CrossRef

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Original Article

Cryptosporidium Oocyst Detection in Water Samples: Floatation Technique Enhanced with Immunofluorescence Is as Effective as Immunomagnetic Separation Method: Khuanchai Koompapong, Chantira Sutthikornchai, Yowalark Sukthana; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):353-357.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.353

Abstract
PDF

Cryptosporidium can cause gastrointestinal diseases worldwide, consequently posing public health problems and economic burden. Effective techniques for detecting contaminated oocysts in water are important to prevent and control the contamination. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) method has been widely employed recently due to its efficiency, but, it is costly. Sucrose floatation technique is generally used for separating organisms by using their different specific gravity. It is effective and cheap but time consuming as well as requiring highly skilled personnel. Water turbidity and parasite load in water sample are additional factors affecting to the recovery rate of those 2 methods. We compared the efficiency of IMS and sucrose floatation methods to recover the spiked Cryptosporidium oocysts in various turbidity water samples. Cryptosporidium oocysts concentration at 1, 10¹, 10², and 10³ per 10 ?l were spiked into 3 sets of 10 ml-water turbidity (5, 50, and 500 NTU). The recovery rate of the 2 methods was not different. Oocyst load at the concentration < 10² per 10 ml yielded unreliable results. Water turbidity at 500 NTU decreased the recovery rate of both techniques. The combination of sucrose floatation and immunofluorescense assay techniques (SF-FA) showed higher recovery rate than IMS and immunofluorescense assay (IMS-FA). We used this SF-FA to detect Cryptosporidium and Giardia from the river water samples and found 9 and 19 out of 30 (30% and 63.3%) positive, respectively. Our results favored sucrose floatation technique enhanced with immunofluorescense assay for detecting contaminated protozoa in water samples in general laboratories and in the real practical setting.

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Yuu Matsuura, Makoto Matsubayashi, Satoko Nukata, Tomoyuki Shibahara, Osamu Ayukawa, Yasuko Kondo, Tomohide Matsuo, Shigehiko Uni, Masaru Furuya, Hiroyuki Tani, Naotoshi Tsuji, Kazumi Sasai
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Prevalence and distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater and the surface, drinking and ground waters in the Lower Rhine, Germany
C. GALLAS-LINDEMANN, I. SOTIRIADOU, J. PLUTZER, P. KARANIS
Epidemiology and Infection.2013; 141(1): 9. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Loss of infectivity of Neospora caninum oocysts maintained for a prolonged time: Rosangela Soares Uzeda, Kattyanne De Souza Costa, Sara Lima Santos, Alexandre Moraes Pinheiro, Maria Angela Ornelas De Almeida, Milton M. McAllister, Luis Fernando Pita Gondim; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(4):295-299.
Published online December 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.4.295

Abstract
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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether sporulated Neospora caninum oocysts, which had been stored for 46 mo in a 2% sulfuric acid solution at 4℃, remain morphologically viable and infective to gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Six gerbils were orally inoculated with doses of 400 or 1,200 oocysts. Two mo after inoculation, the animals did not show any clinical signs, had no histological lesions, and were seronegative for N. caninum at 1: 50 in an immunofluorescent antibody test. PCR using the brain from each gerbil did not reveal N. caninum specific DNA. We conclude that oocysts preserved for 46 mo are not infective, despite being morphologically intact.

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Serological study of Neospora caninum in dogs and wildlife in a nature conservation area in southern Portugal
H. WAAP, T. NUNES, Y. VAZ, A. LEITÃO
Parasitology Open.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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Camila Koutsodontis Cerqueira-Cézar, Rafael Calero-Bernal, Jitender Prakash Dubey, Solange Maria Gennari
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária.2017; 26(3): 253. CrossRef
Neosporosis in animals—The last five years
J.P. Dubey, G. Schares
Veterinary Parasitology.2011; 180(1-2): 90. CrossRef

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72 Download
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Time gap between oocyst shedding and antibody responses in mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum: Jae-Ran Yu, Soo-Ung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):225-228.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.225

Abstract
PDF

We observed the time gap between oocyst shedding and antibody responses in mice (3-week-old C57BL/6J females) infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Oocyst shedding was verified by modified acid-fast staining. The individually collected mouse sera were assessed for C. parvum IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from 5 to 25 weeks after infection. The results showed that C. parvum oocysts were shed from day 5 to 51 post-infection (PI). The IgM antibody titers to C. parvum peaked at week 5 PI, whereas the IgG antibody titers achieved maximum levels at week 25 PI. The results revealed that IgM responses to C. parvum infection occurred during the early stage of infection and overlapped with the oocyst shedding period, whereas IgG responses occurred during the late stage and was not correlated with oocyst shedding. Hence, IgM antibody detection may prove helpful for the diagnosis of acute cryptosporidiosis, and IgG antibody detection may prove effective for the detection of past infection and endemicity.

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Mai M. Elghonemy, Mohamed G. Sharaf El-Din, Dina Aboelsoued, Mohamed F. Abdelhameed, Mohamed A. El-Saied, Nagwa I. Toaleb, Mohamed A. Farag, Abdelsamed I. Elshamy, Abdelbaset M. Elgamal, Horacio Bach
PLOS ONE.2025; 20(3): e0317497. CrossRef
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Dina Aboelsoued, Hend H. A. M. Abdullah, Kadria N. Abdel Megeed, Soad E. Hassan, Nagwa I. Toaleb
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N. A. Filatova, N. A. Knyazev, S. O. Skarlato, O. V. Anatskaya, A. E. Vinogradov
Parasite Immunology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Development and evaluation of the first immunochromatographic test that can detect specific antibodies against Cryptosporidium parvum
Ragab M. Fereig, Hanan H. Abdelbaky, Fumiaki Ihara, Yoshifumi Nishikawa
Acta Tropica.2018; 185: 349. CrossRef
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Hebat-Allah S. Yousof, Mona M. Khater, Shaimaa H. El-Sayed, Ayman A. El-Badry
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Experimental infection with Cryptosporidium parvum IIaA21G1R1 subtype in immunosuppressed mice
Valeria F. Del Coco, María A. Córdoba, Alicia Sidoti, Mónica Santín, Ricardo Drut, Juan A. Basualdo
Veterinary Parasitology.2012; 190(3-4): 411. CrossRef

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Genotype and animal infectivity of a human isolate of Cryptosporidium parvum in the Republic of Korea: Sang-Mee Guk, Tai-Soon Yong, Soon-Jung Park, Jae-Hwan Park, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(2):85-89.
Published online June 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.2.85

Abstract
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Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were isolated from a child suffering from acute gastroenteritis and successfully passaged in a calf and mice (designated hereafter SNU-H1) in the Republic of Korea; its molecular genotype has been analyzed. The GAG microsatellite region was amplified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with a 238 base pair product, which is commonly displayed in C. parvum. The isolate was shown to be a mixture of the genotypes 1 (anthroponotic) and 2 (zoonotic). To study its infectivity in animals, 2 calves and 3 strains of mice were infected with the SNU-H1; in these animals, the propagation of both genotypes was successful. In immunosuppressed (ImSP) BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice the number of oocysts decreased after day 10 post-infection (PI); but in ImSP ICR mice, they remained constant until day 27 PI. The results show that both the C. parvum genotypes 1 and 2 can be propagated in calves and ImSP mice.

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H. V. Smith, R. A. B. Nichols, M. Mallon, A. Macleod, A. Tait, W. J. Reilly, L. M. Browning, D. Gray, S. W. J. Reid, J. M. Wastling
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Original Article

Infection kinetics and developmental biology of Cryptosporidium muris (strain MCR) in Korean native kids and Corriedale lambs: Jae Ku Rhee, Hyeon Cheol Kim, Gil Soo Eun; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(3):171-181.
Published online September 30, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.3.171

Abstract
PDF

A total of nine Korean native kids and two Corriedale lambs, 1-20 days old, were each inoculated per os with a single dose of 2 × 10⁷ oocysts of Cryptosporidium muris (strain MCR) originated from mice to elucidate the kinetics and developmental stages of the coccidium in small ruminants. Irrespective of host's age, the prepatent period for both animals ranged from 19 to 35 days (28.1 days, on the average) and the patent period 16-85 days (47.8 days), and the total oocyst outputs showed enormous differences. Infection with greater numbers of oocyst outputs was not ordinarily established by transmission experiments. Oocysts discharged from the kids retained their infectivity by the mouse titration method. The immunogenicity of the coccidium and oocyst reproduction were proven by challenge infection and administration of prednisolone acetate, respectively. All the developmental stages of the coccidium in parasitophorous vacuoles were found by transmission electron microscopy in the pits of the gastric glands of a kid inoculated with oocysts and then necropsied on day 44 postinoculation. It indicated the full course of the host-parasite relationship in kids and lambs as well as mice.

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