Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Brief Communications

Changes in schistosomiasis prevalence after 2 years of an integrated intervention in the Itilima district of Tanzania: Humphrey Mazigo, Jungim Lee, Yoonho Cho, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):75-86.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24057

Schistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases in Tanzania. World Vision Tanzania, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health through the National Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Programme, implemented school- and community-based mass drug administrations, community-led total sanitation, and community voice and action from 2020 to 2022. This study assessed changes in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in the Itilima district of northwestern Tanzania following the implementation of these integrated interventions. A total of 1,405 students from 22 schools participated in the baseline survey in August to September 2020, and 1,320 in September 2022. Additionally, 368 adults from 8 villages participated in the baseline survey, and 401 in the endline survey. The prevalence difference was calculated to assess changes before and after the integrated interventions. We also investigated risk factors for Schistosoma haematobium infection using endline data. The prevalence difference between 2020 and 2022 was -20.0% (95% confidence interval (CI)=-22.2%–-17.7%, p<0.001) for students and -19.6% (95% CI=-22.2%–-17.7%, p<0.001) for adults. Individuals without a latrine were more likely to have schistosomiasis (adjusted odds ratio=5.9, 95% CI=1.7–21.5, p=0.01) compared to those who had a latrine. The findings indicate substantial changes in schistosomiasis prevalence in the study area following the implementation of integrated interventions. To sustain these achievements in Itilima, a multi-sectorial approach is highly recommended to integrate additional measures for eliminating schistosomiasis as a public health problem.

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An integrated mass drug administration against hymenolepiasis and schistosomiasis in Sudan: Yan Jin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):87-94.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24056

Hymenolepis nana, commonly known as the dwarf tapeworm, affects 50 to 75 million people worldwide. To date, no studies have explored the disease burden of H. nana infection in Sudan. This study aimed to determine the national prevalence of H. nana across 189 districts and 18 states in Sudan and the number of individuals infected with H. nana who did not receive treatment during the mass drug administration (MDA) campaign targeting schistosomiasis. In addition, the study sought to evaluate the extent of co-infection of H. nana with schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. This involved a secondary analysis of a nationwide survey conducted in 2017 in Sudan. Binomial family generalized linear models with a logarithmic link function were used to estimate the prevalence ratio of potential risk factors, including sex and water and sanitation conditions in schools and households. For the nationwide survey, a 2-stage sampling method was used, in which 105,167 students were selected from 1,772 schools. A total of 96,679 stool samples were collected, of which 4,706 (4.9%) tested positive for H. nana. Of these, fewer than 1% were co-infected with schistosomiasis (either Schistosoma haematobium or Schistosoma mansoni), and a mere 0.1% had co-infections with soil-transmitted helminths. At an 8% threshold for village-based MDA, approximately 1.1 million infected adults are ineligible to receive praziquantel from the village-based MDA. Children residing in households with improved latrines had a lower odds of H. nana infection than those without improved latrines did (adjusted odds ratio=0.87, 95% confidence interval=0.80–0.94, p=0.001). In countries where H. nana is endemic, such as Sudan, providers making MDA decisions should consider the prevalence of either H. nana or schistosomiasis, rather than focusing solely on the latter.

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Original Articles

Probiotic-induced changes in intestinal microbiome inhibits Toxoplasma gondii infection: Hak-Jae Lee, Do-Won Ham, Seung-Hwan Seo, Guang-Ho Cha, Eun-Hee Shin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):408-423.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24068

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii primarily invades the central nervous system, causing latent infections. Cysts persist in the host for life and there is currently no effective treatment. T. gondii infects human hosts through contaminated meat, invading the intestinal tissue and leading to changes in the number and composition of the gut microbiota. Since probiotic ingestion modulates intestinal microbiota changes, we hypothesized that intestinal microbiota dysbiosis caused by T. gondii infection would be restored following probiotic supplementation. To this end, we orally infected C57BL/6 mice with 10 T. gondii cysts and administered supplemental probiotics daily. We analyzed the levels of T. gondii B1 gene DNA, indicative of T. gondii infection, in brain tissue. We investigated alterations in the gut microbiota composition and functional pathways between the probiotic and non-probiotic treatment groups via next-generation sequencing analysis of each fecal sample. The infection level in the probiotic-treated group was significantly reduced after 4 weeks (p<0.05). Probiotic supplementation notably changed the gut microbiota after 2 weeks of infection, increasing the relative abundance of Intestinimonas massiliensis and Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus. Probiotic supplements appear to modulate the gut microbiota, activating functional pathways involved in intestinal short-chain fatty acid production and strengthening the intestinal barrier, thereby impeding T. gondii infection and subsequent proliferation. Our findings provide valuable insights into T. gondii infection control and future study directions.

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Lactobacillus vaginalis alleviates DSS induced colitis by regulating the gut microbiota and increasing the production of 3-indoleacrylic acid
Zhuoya Wang, Tian Liu, Li Liu, Jian Xie, Furui Tang, Yimin Pi, Yuchun Zhong, Zhidong He, Wenming Zhang, Cihua Zheng
Pharmacological Research.2025; 213: 107663. CrossRef
Gut microbiota-derived butyrate alleviates the impairment of mice intestinal integrity caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection
Shuni Liu, Yutao Zheng, Bingqian Cui, Jiayi Yang, Bohui Yuan, Yuhan Cao, Zimu Zhao, Zhuo Sun, Qingling Wang, Xiaoying Yang, Wei Pan, Cheng He
Life Sciences.2025; 374: 123709. CrossRef
Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Assessment of Environmental Health in Western Anatolian Vole (Microtus lydius Blackler, 1916)
Tuba Yağcı, Gözde Ayseçkin
Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences.2025; 10(4): 471. CrossRef
Microbiome of Dipteran vectors associated with integron and antibiotic resistance genes in South Korea
Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Hyun Seo Park, Du-Yeol Choi, Dongjun Kang, Singeun Oh, Dawon Lee, Myungjun Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Yoon Hee Cho, Myung-hee Yi, Ju Yeong Kim
Acta Tropica.2025; 271: 107858. CrossRef
Urban environmental drivers of eukaryotic microbiota and parasite prevalence in domestic pigeon faeces: a metabarcoding-based public health risk assessment in Seoul, South Korea
Singeun Oh, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myungjun Kim, Dongjun Kang, Myung-hee Yi, Yoon Hee Cho, In-Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Seongjun Choe, Ju Yeong Kim
Journal of The Royal Society Interface.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Comparative analysis of essential oil efficacy against the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae): Mohammad Saiful Islam, Md. Samiul Haque, Myung-Jo You; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):217-225.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23097

Abstract
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This study evaluated the potential repellent and acaricidal effects of 4 essential oils (clove, eucalyptus, lavender, and mint) against the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, a vector of various tick-borne diseases in medical and veterinary contexts. Selected for their potential repellent and acaricidal properties, the 4 essential oils were tested on adult and nymph H. longicornis ticks at different concentrations. The experiment assessed mortality rates and repellency, particularly during tick attachment to host skin. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in tick mortality and repellency scores across all groups. At a 1% concentration, adult tick mortality ranged from 36% to 86%, while nymph mortality ranged from 6% to 97%. Clove oil exhibited notable efficacy, demonstrating high mortality rates of nymphs and adults. Clove oil also displayed strong repellency properties, with a repellency index of 0.05, surpassing those of mint, eucalyptus, and lavender oils. Clove oil showed the highest effectiveness in deterring nonattached adult ticks (90%) and nymphs (95%) when applied to skin. Clove oil was the most effective against adult and nymph ticks, achieving mortality rates of 86% and 97%, respectively, and led to the highest nonattachment rates when applied to skin. In conclusion, essential oils such as clove, eucalyptus, lavender, and mint oils present promising results for tick population control.

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Comprehensive antigen identification and comparative analysis: significant approaches for controlling Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Bumseok Kim, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Molecular detection and characterization of Acanthamoeba infection in dogs and its association with keratitis in Korea: Subin Lee, Badriah Alkathiri, Ji Seung Jung, Nanyoung Kang, Jiyi Hwang, Sang-Eun Park, Yeonchul Hong, Kyung-Mee Park, Seung-Hun Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):139-144.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23112

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba infection is associated with keratitis in humans; however, its association with keratitis in dogs remains unclear. To investigate this possibility, we collected 171 conjunctival swab samples from dogs with eye-related diseases (65 with keratitis and 106 without keratitis) at Chungbuk National University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Korea, from August 2021 to September 2022. Polymerase chain reaction identified 9 samples (5.3%) as Acanthamoeba positive; of these, 3 were from dogs with keratitis (4.6%) and 6 were from dogs without keratitis (5.7%). Our results indicated no significant association between Acanthamoeba infection and keratitis, season, sex, or age. All Acanthamoeba organisms found in this study had the genotype T4, according to 18S ribosomal RNA analysis. Acanthamoeba infection in dogs might have only a limited association with keratitis.

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Epidemiology, molecular characterization, and risk factors of Acanthamoeba spp., Blastocystis spp., and Cyclospora spp. infections in snakes in China
Yilei Zhang, Zhouchun Li, Xinyuan Wang, Kaili Gao, Lijie Tian, Olalekan Opeyemi Ayanniyi, Qianming Xu, Congshan Yang
Veterinary Parasitology.2025; 335: 110420. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba spp.: Neglected Protists in Veterinary Medicine
Somayeh Bahrami, Mehdi Zarei, Fiona L. Henriquez, Chukwunonso O. Nzelu
Acta Parasitologica.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Anti-adherent effects of Rhizophora apiculata bark and leaf extracts and computational prediction of the effects of its compound on β-tubulin interaction in Acanthamoeba triangularis genotype 4
Siriphorn Chimplee, Imran Sama-ae, Suthinee Sangkanu, Watcharapong Mitsuwan, Julalak Chuprom, Rachasak Boonhok, Dhrubo Ahmed Khan, Partha Biswas, Md Nazmul Hasan, Hazel Anne Tabo, Cristina C. Salibay, Polrat Wilairatana, Maria L. Pereira, Muhammad Nawaz,
Veterinary World.2024; : 2829. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):2-14.
Published online February 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22160

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan that causes trichomoniasis, a common nonviral sexually transmitted infection. T. vaginalis infection is asymptomatic in most infected men but can lead to chronic infection. The inflammatory response to chronic T. vaginalis infection may contribute to prostatic diseases, such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); however, studies on the relationship between T. vaginalis infection and prostate diseases are scarce. In this review, we discuss evidence from our studies on the involvement of T. vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostate diseases, such as prostatitis and BPH. Studies of prostatitis have demonstrated that the attachment of T. vaginalis trophozoite to prostate epithelial cells (PECs) induces inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory cell migration, leading to prostatitis. T. vaginalis also causes pathological changes, such as inflammatory cell infiltration, acinar changes, interstitial fibrosis, and mast cell infiltration, in prostate tissues of infected rats. Thus, T. vaginalis is considered an infectious agent that triggers prostatitis. Meanwhile, studies of prostatic hyperplasia revealed that mast cells activated by T. vaginalis-infected prostate cells secreted inflammatory mediators, such as β-hexosaminidase and tryptase, which promoted proliferation of prostate stromal cell (PSC). Moreover, interleukin-6 produced by proliferating PSCs induced the multiplication of BPH-1 epithelial cells as a result of stromal–epithelial interaction, suggesting that the proliferation of T. vaginalis-infected prostate cells can be induced through crosstalk with mast cells. These collective findings suggest that T. vaginalis contributes to the progression of prostatitis and prostatic hyperplasia by creating an inflammatory microenvironment involving PECs and PSCs.

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Immunomodulatory roles of autophagic flux and IFIT in human ectocervical cells upon Trichomonas vaginalis infection
Ching-Chun Liu, Lichieh Julie Chu, Yuan-Ming Yeh, Hsin-Chung Lin, Lih-Chyang Chen, Ching-Yun Huang, Shu-Fang Chiu, Fang-Wen Cheng, Wei-Ning Lin, Kuo-Yang Huang
International Immunopharmacology.2025; 155: 114643. CrossRef
Detection of trichomonads in induced sputum from asthma patients in Korea
Myung-hee Yi, Myungjun Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Yoon Hee Cho, Hyun Kyung Oh, Jung-Won Park, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 254. CrossRef
Interplay of obesity and parasitic infection: current evidence of immunogenesis, tumorigenesis and leptin receptor involvement
Enas El Saftawy, Mansour Alghamdi, Basma Emad Aboulhoda
Nutrition & Metabolism.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Past, Present, and Future in the Diagnosis of a Neglected Sexually Transmitted Infection: Trichomoniasis
Alexandra Ibáñez-Escribano, Juan José Nogal-Ruiz
Pathogens.2024; 13(2): 126. CrossRef
Evaluation of the clinical application value of cytokine expression profiles in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer
Rongfa Chen, Linna Liu, Hui Chen, Chao Xing, Tingting Zhang, Yilin Pang, Xunjun Yang
Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
CysLT receptor-mediated NOX2 activation is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 270. CrossRef
Dynamin 2-mediated endocytosis of BLT1 is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 281. CrossRef

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Case Report

Demodex Blepharitis: An Analysis of Nine Patients: Young Il Lee, Min Seo, Kyong Jin Cho; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(6):429-432.
Published online December 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.6.429

Abstract
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Inflammatory eyelid symptoms are common in primary care and there have been several reports on Demodex blepharitis. In the present study, we evaluate the 9 patients with Demodex blepharitis, who showed inflammation of the eyelids, dry eye, and cylindrical dandruff at the base of the eyelashes. The causative species from all patients was Demodex folliculorum of either the adult or nymph stage. Two patients had recurrent chalazion and 3 patients had keratitis. Weekly lid scrubs with 50% tee tree oil were performed for 6 weeks. After treatment, the symptoms of blepharitis and keratitis had improved in all patients. This case report provides clinical reference source for the proper treatment of ocular demodicosis.

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Natural Products as Mite Control Agents in Animals: A Review
Fei Liao, Changquan Han, Qingsheng Deng, Ziyao Zhou, Taotao Bao, Menghuai Zhong, Guangyao Tao, Renjun Li, Bo Han, Yanlong Qiao, Yanchun Hu
Molecules.2023; 28(19): 6818. CrossRef

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Original Article

Status of Helminthic Infections in Residents around River Basins in the Republic of Korea for 10 Years (2011-2020): Myoung-Ro Lee, Hee-Eun Shin, Seon-Ok Back, Young-Ju Lee, Hee-Il Lee, Jung-Won Ju; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(3):187-193.
Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.3.187

Abstract
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The positive rate of Clonorchis sinensis is the highest among intestinal parasites in the Republic of Korea (Korea). More than 1.2 million people were at risk of C. sinensis infection in Korea in 2012. An intensive control program is being implemented for residents of the 5 major river basins to reduce helminthic infections, including C. sinensis infection. This study evaluated the continuous intensive control program for parasitic diseases including clonorchiasis in areas near the 5 major river basins in Korea over the past 10 years (2011-2020). A total of 335,020 fecal samples (one sample per resident) prepared by the modified sedimentation technic were microscopically examined. Those who expelled helminth eggs were treated with anthelmintics through local health centers and re-examined 3 months later. The overall positive rate of helminths egg was 7.1%. The annual positive rates were dramatically decreased from 14.4% (2011) to 5.9% (2020). The egg positive rate was highest in C. sinensis (5.3%), followed by heterophyid flukes (1.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.2%). The prevalence of C. sinensis was significantly higher in males (7.6%) than in females (3.7%), and the highest in the 50–59 years (7.0%) age group. Our results are beneficial to establish prevention and control policies against helminthiases including clonorchiasis in endemic areas in this country.

Citations

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Clonorchis sinensis and Cholangiocarcinoma
Eun-Min Kim, Sung-Tae Hong
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Multiparasitism in Spain in a Korean Visiting Friends and Relatives: Case Report and Review of Imported Cases of Clonorchis sinensis in Europe
Paola Cociancic, Jacklyn Comas, J. Guillermo Esteban
Clinical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessing trends in clonorchiasis incidence via prescription data analysis in South Korea
Taeksang Lee, Jun Hyun Lee, Hanna Jin, Yun Kyung Lee, Hyun Beom Song
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2023년 국내 장내기생충 감염 조사
명노 이, 정원 주, 선옥 백, 영주 이, 은솔 이, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2024; 17(28): 1227. CrossRef
Efficacy assessment of miltefosine and curcumin against Clonorchis sinensis infection
Soon-Ok Lee, Ki Back Chu, Keon-Woong Yoon, Gi-Deok Eom, Jie Mao, Hyeryon Lee, Joo Hwan No, Jin Ho Song, Sung-Jong Hong, Sung Soo Kim, Fu-Shi Quan, Audrey Odom John
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A novel kit for enrichment of fecal helminth eggs
Eunsol Lee, Seon-Ok Back, Young-Ju Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Hee-Il Lee, Myoung-Ro Lee
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 323. CrossRef
Age, period, and cohort effects of Clonorchis sinensis infection prevalence in the Republic of Korea: Insights and projections
Sung-mok Jung, Heewon Kang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sejin Ju, Jung-Won Ju, Myoung-Ro Lee, Jong-hun Kim, Sung Hye Kim, Ran Wang
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(10): e0012574. CrossRef
Risk factors for Clonorchis sinensis infections and control measures reinforced with focused interviews
Soon-Ok Lee, Fuhong Dai, Eun Joo Park, Yun Pyo Hong, Fu-Shi Quan, Jin-Ho Song, Sung-Jong Hong
Parasitology Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
2022년 유행지역 주민의 장내기생충 감염 조사
명노 이, 정원 주, 선옥 백, 영주 이, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2023; 16(32): 1131. CrossRef
2022년 국내 자연산 민물고기 간흡충 감염도 조사
명노 이, 정원 주, 선옥 백, 영주 이, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2023; 16(43): 1455. CrossRef
Relationship between Clonorchis sinensis Infection and Cholangiocarcinoma in Korea
Hwa Sun Kim, Ho-Woo Nam, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Yeong Hoon Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(4): 261. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Specific Detection of Acanthamoeba species using Polyclonal Peptide Antibody Targeting the Periplasmic Binding Protein of A. castellanii: Min-Jeong Kim, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong, Jong-Hyun Kim, Eun-Kyung Moon; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(2):143-147.
Published online April 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.2.143

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare ocular disease, but it is a painful and sight-threatening infectious disease. Early diagnosis and adequate treatment are necessary to prevent serious complications. While AK is frequently diagnosis via several PCR assays or Acanthamoeba-specific antibodies, a more specific and effective diagnostic method is required. This study described the production of a polyclonal peptide antibody against the periplasmic binding protein (PBP) of A. castellanii and investigated its diagnostic potential. Western blot analysis showed that the PBP antibody specifically reacted with the cell lysates of A. castellanii. However, the PBP antibody did not interact with human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells and the other 3 major causative agents of keratitis. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) results revealed the specific detection of A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts by PBP antibodies when A. castellanii were co-cultured with HCE cells. PBP antibody specificity was further confirmed by co-culture of A. castellanii trophozoites with F. solani, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa via ICC. The PBP antibody specifically reacted with the trophozoites and cysts of A. polyphaga, A. hatchetti, A. culbertsoni, A. royreba, and A. healyi, thus demonstrated its genus-specific nature. These results showed that the PBP polyclonal peptide antibody of A. castellanii could specifically detect several species of Acanthamoeba, contributing to the development of an effective antibody-based AK diagnostics.

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Evaluation of the potential for diagnosis of fungal keratitis using a Fusarium-specific antibody
Hye-Jeong Jo, Min-Jeong Kim, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong, Eun-Kyung Moon
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of Fusarium solani using cutinase antibody and its application in diagnosing fungal keratitis in an animal model
Hye-Jeong Jo, Min-Jeong Kim, Hae-Ahm Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong, Eun-Kyung Moon, Olaf Kniemeyer
PLOS One.2025; 20(8): e0330455. CrossRef
A chorismate mutase-targeted, core-shell nanoassembly-activated SERS immunoassay platform for rapid non-invasive detection of Acanthamoeba infection
Hyerin Lee, Min-Jeong Kim, Junkyu Chung, Wansun Kim, Hye-Jeong Jo, Tae Gi Kim, Jae-Ho Shin, Gi-Ja Lee, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong, Sang Woong Moon, Eun-Kyung Moon, Samjin Choi
Nano Today.2024; 59: 102506. CrossRef
Evaluating the Diagnostic Potential of Chorismate Mutase Poly-Clonal Peptide Antibody for the Acanthamoeba Keratitis in an Animal Model
Min-Jeong Kim, Hye-Jeong Jo, Hae-Jin Sohn, Ho-Joon Shin, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong, Eun-Kyung Moon
Pathogens.2023; 12(4): 526. CrossRef
Detection of Acanthamoeba from Acanthamoeba Keratitis Mouse Model Using Acanthamoeba-Specific Antibodies
Min-Jeong Kim, A-Jeong Ham, A-Young Park, Hae-Jin Sohn, Ho-Joon Shin, Fu-Shi Quan, Hyun-Hee Kong, Eun-Kyung Moon
Microorganisms.2022; 10(9): 1711. CrossRef

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Introduction of Non-Native Ticks Collected from Fresh Migratory Bird Carcasses on a Stopover Island in the Republic of Korea: Chang-Yong Choi, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Hyun-Young Nam, Gi-Chang Bing; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(1):57-63.
Published online February 23, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.1.57

Abstract
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When free-ranging birds are accidentally killed or die, there may be greater potential for their associated ticks to detach, seek alternate hosts, and become established. We examined 711 carcasses of 95 avian species for ticks at a stopover island of migratory birds in the Republic of Korea where only Ixodes nipponensis and I. persulcatus were previously reported from local mammals and vegetation. A total of 16 ticks, I. turdus and Haemaphysalis flava, were collected from 8 fresh carcasses belonging to 5 avian species. Despite their known abundance on migratory birds and mainland Korea, these species had not colonized the isolated insular ecosystem possibly due to the low abundance and diversity of local hosts. The results imply that increasing human impact, such as the anthropogenic mortality of migratory birds and the introduction of non-native mammalian hosts, will increase the potential invasion and colonization risk of ticks. This finding also suggests that tick surveillance consisting of fresh carcasses of dead migratory birds may provide additional information, often ignored in surveillance of ticks on live birds, for the potential introduction of non-native ticks and associated pathogens affecting animal and human health.

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Comparative population genetic structure of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene of Haemaphysalis flava (Acari: Ixodidae) between Nantong, China, and regions along the East Asia-Australasian Flyway
Jing Su, Wei-Bing Zhang, Bin Sun, Xin Zhang, Yun-Peng Zhai, Jian-Ming Yuan
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Ixodid ticks from wild and domestic animals in East and Central Asian flyways
Hye-Ryung Byun, Mi-Sun Rieu, Sun-Woo Han, Seong-Ryeong Ji, Hyun-Young Nam, Seulgi Seo, Chang-Yong Choi, Bui Khanh Linh, Hien Le Thanh, Morakot Kaewthamasorn, Ana Sahara, Remil L. Galay, Shang-Lin Wang, Tuvshinjargal Erdenechimeg, Nyambayar Batbayar, Shin
Acta Tropica.2024; 249: 107091. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Failure of Repeated MDA with Albendazole for Trichuriasis Control in Schoolchildren of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: Sooji Hong, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyun-Seung Kim, Mun-Hyoo Jeong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):607-613.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.607

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are still a considerable challenge in Myanmar. We undertook a control program for STH infections (especially Trichuris trichiura) among schoolchildren in Myanmar using mass drug administration (MDA) and health education. Around 1,700 schoolchildren from 15 primary schools in 3 suburban districts (Shwe Pyi Thar, Twantay, and Kyauktan) of the Yangon Region were subjected in this study during 2017-2019. All of the schoolchildren in each school were orally administered albendazole (400 mg in a single dose) 2, 3, and 4 times a year in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. The results revealed that the egg positive rate of any intestinal helminths (including STH) was reduced from 37.6% (649/1,724) in 2017 to 22.8% (352/1,542) in 2019. The egg positive rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was decreased remarkably from 23.3% (402/1,724) in 2017 to 3.6% (56/1,542) in 2019. However, that of T. trichiura was only slightly reduced from 26.9% (464/1,724) in 2017 to 20.2% (312/1,542) in 2019. The intensity of infection with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was both more or less reduced, and the proportion of light infection cases with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura increased from 35.6% in 2017 to 64.3% in 2019 and from 70.3% in 2017 to 81.7% in 2019, respectively. The results indicated that repeated MDAs (2-4 times a year for 3 years) using albendazole on schoolchildren in Myanmar failed to control T. trichiura infection. For a successful control of trichuriasis in Myanmar, new MDA strategies, using a modified albendazole regimen (multiple daily doses for 2 or 3 days) or an alternative anthelmintic drug, such as oxantel pamoate, is strongly recommended.

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Assessing soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma mansoni infections using parasitological indicators after seven years of preventive chemotherapy among school-age children in Mizan-Aman town
Mitiku Abera, Tariku Belay, Daniel Emana, Zeleke Mekonnen, Uwem Friday Ekpo
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(5): e0013058. CrossRef
Standard- and large-sized eggs of Trichuris trichiura in the feces of schoolchildren in the Yangon Region, Myanmar: Morphological and molecular analyses
Seungwan Ryoo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Hyemi Song, Hyun-Seung Kim, Jin-Youp Ryu, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Jong-Yil Chai
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 317. CrossRef

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Signaling Role of Adipocyte Leptin in Prostate Cell Proliferation Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis: Jung-Hyun Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Su-Jin Shin, Sung-Yul Park, Hyo-Yeoung Chung, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):235-249.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.235

Abstract
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Leptin is a type of adipokine mainly produced by adipocytes and reported to be overproduced in prostate cancer. However, it is not known whether it stimulates the proliferation of prostate cells. In this study, we investigated whether benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial cells (BPH-1 cells) infected with Trichomonas vaginalis induced the proliferation of prostate cells via a leptin signaling pathway. To investigate the effect of crosstalk between adipocyte leptin and inflamed epithelial cell in proliferation of prostate cells, adipocytes 3T3-L1 cells were incubated in conditioned medium of BPH-1 cells infected with T. vaginalis (T. vaginalis-conditioned medium, TCM), and then the adipocyte-conditioned medium (ATCM) was identified to cause proliferation of prostate cells. BPH-1 cells incubated with live T. vaginalis released pro-inflammatory cytokines, and conditioned medium of these cells caused migration of adipocytes. When prostate stromal cells and BPH-1 cells were incubated with adipocyte conditioned medium containing leptin, their growth rates increased as did expression of the leptin receptor (known as OBR) and signaling molecules such as JAK2/STAT3, Notch and survivin. Moreover, blocking the OBR reduced this proliferation and the expression of leptin signaling molecules in response to ATCM. In conclusion, our findings show that inflamed BPH-1 cells infected with T. vaginalis induce the proliferation of prostate cells through leptin-OBR signaling. Therefore, it is likely that T. vaginalis contributes to prostate enlargement in BPH via adipocyte leptin released as a result of inflammation of the prostate.

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Enas El Saftawy, Mansour Alghamdi, Basma Emad Aboulhoda
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Yuki Kyoda, Kosuke Shibamori, Tetsuya Shindo, Takeshi Maehana, Kohei Hashimoto, Ko Kobayashi, Toshiaki Tanaka, Fumimasa Fukuta, Naoya Masumori
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John F. Alderete, Hermes Chan
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Zhenchao Zhang, Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Yuhua Li, Wanxin Sheng, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lihua Guo, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei
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Ik-Hwan Han, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jae-Sook Ryu
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Proliferation of Mouse Prostate Cancer Cells Inflamed by Trichomonas vaginalis
Sang-Su Kim, Kyu-Shik Kim, Ik-Hwan Han, Yeseul Kim, Seong Sik Bang, Jung-Hyun Kim, Yong-Suk Kim, Soo-Yeon Choi, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 547. CrossRef
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Reduction of Reinfection Rates with Opisthorchis viverrini through a Three-Year Management Program in Endemic Areas of Northeastern Thailand: Suksanti Prakobwong, Kulwadee Suwannatrai; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):527-535.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.527

Abstract
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To clarify the reinfection profile associated with risk factors of opisthorchiasis, we conducted an epidemiological study on the chemotherapeutic effects on reinfection with O. viverrini in the endemic areas of Northeastern Thailand for 3 years. A total of 3,674 fecal samples were collected from participants in villages of 5 provinces. They were examined microscopically using a modified technique of formalin ethyl-acetate concentration. Egg-positive residents were reexamined year (2018) by year (2019) after treatment with a single dose (40 mg/kg) of praziquantel. Health education was provided to the participants yearly. The egg-positive rate of O. viverrini was 14.3%, and was highest (22.2%) in the 20-30 year-old group in 2017. The egg positive rate was 15.3% in dogs and 11.4% cats. Human reinfection rate was 15.5% and 6.3% in next 2 years, and was highest (23.2%) among the fishermen. Relative risk factors of reinfection were significantly higher for males, over 40-year-old age, or working as fishermen or farmers, and eating uncooked fish within the preceding year. A significant difference resulting from a health education program was observed in the third year. Therefore, health education and sustainable surveillance for opisthorchiasis should be maintained to decrease the risk of reinfection.

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Suksanti Prakobwong, Lakhanawan Charoensuk, Suwit Chaipibool, Kacha Chedtabud, Umawadee Laothong, Apiporn T. Suwannatrai, David Blair, Somchai Pinlaor
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Wiwat Kaensa, Lakhanawan Charoensuk, Chadon Nakmai, Somchai Pinlaor, Apiporn T. Suwannatrai, Umawadee Laothong, Suksanti Prakobwong
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2025; 30: e00447. CrossRef
Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, morbidity, diagnosis, treatment, and control
Men-Bao Qian, Jennifer Keiser, Jürg Utzinger, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Graeme N. Forrest
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Lakhanawan Charoensuk, Kacha Chedtabud, Suwit Chaipibool, Umawadee Laothong, Apiporn Suwannatrai, Somchai Pinlaor, Suksanti Prakobwong
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Jenwit Sornpom, Apiporn T. Suwannatrai, Kulwadee Suwannatrai, Matthew Kelly, Kavin Thinkhamrop
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Infection rate of Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae in cyprinoid fish from the markets and its association to human opisthorchiasis in the local community in the Northeast Thailand
Lakhanawan Charoensuk, Alexis Ribas, Kacha Chedtabud, Suksanti Prakobwong
Acta Tropica.2022; 225: 106216. CrossRef
Performance of Mini Parasep® SF stool concentrator kit, Kato-Katz, and formalin-ethyl acetate concentration methods for diagnosis of opisthorchiasis in Northeast Thailand
Kulthida Y. Kopolrat, Seri Singthong, Narong Khuntikeo, Watcharin Loilome, Chanika Worasith, Chutima Homwong, Chompunoot Wangboon, Patiwat Yasaka, Chatanun Eamudomkarn, Opal Pitaksakulrat, Krisnakorn Tonkhamhak, Arunee Paeyo, Thomas Crellen, Jiraporn Sith
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Nopparat Songserm, Worawut Namwong, Somkiattiyos Woradet, Banchob Sripa, Akhtar Ali
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Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from Riparian People along the Mekong River in Cambodia: Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Woon-Mok Sohn, Muth Sinuon, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):431-443.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.431

Abstract
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Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) is described based on adult flukes collected from humans residing along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Total 256 flukes were collected from the diarrheic stool of 6 echinostome egg positive villagers in Kratie and Takeo Province after praziquantel treatment and purging. Adults of the new species were 9.0-13.1 (av. 11.3) mm in length and 1.3-2.5 (1.9) mm in maximum width and characterized by having a head collar armed with 37 collar spines (dorsal spines arranged in 2 alternative rows), including 5 end group spines. The eggs in feces and worm uterus were 98-132 (117) μm long and 62-90 (75) μm wide. These morphological features closely resembled those of Echinostoma revolutum, E. miyagawai, and several other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma species. However, sequencing of the nuclear ITS (ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2) and 2 mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad1, revealed unique features distinct from E. revolutum and also from other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma group available in GenBank (E. bolschewense, E. caproni, E. cinetorchis, E. deserticum, E. miyagawai, E. nasincovae, E. novaezealandense, E. paraensei, E. paraulum, E. robustum, E. trivolvis, and Echinostoma sp. IG). Thus, we assigned our flukes as a new species, E. mekongi. The new species revealed marked variation in the morphology of testes (globular or lobulated), and smaller head collar, collar spines, oral and ventral suckers, and cirrus sac compared to E. revolutum and E. miyagawai. Epidemiological studies regarding the geographical distribution and its life history, including the source of human infections, remain to be performed.

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International Journal of Food Microbiology.2024; 418: 110732. CrossRef
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Aida Vafae Eslahi, Majid Pirestani, Armin Aligolzadeh, Oskar Nowak, Elham Hajialilo, Pourya Fathollahzadeh, Fahimeh Hajiaghaee, Milad Badri, Luís Manuel Madeira de Carvalho
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Madeleine Ray, Michael Trinidad, Nidhish Francis, Shokoofeh Shamsi
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Comparison of the Change in the Prevalence and Intensity of Schistosoma haematobium Infection Between High and Low Prevalence Areas of White Nile State, Sudan: Seungman Cha, Sung-Tae Hong, Jin-Su Lee, Hoo Gn Jeong, In-Sun Kwon, Abd Al Wahab Saed, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Mutamad Amin, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):421-430.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.421

Abstract
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This study aimed to investigate whether mass drug administration (MDA) intervention has an equivalent effect on reducing the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection regardless of the baseline values. A repeated cross-sectional survey was performed targeting students of 12 primary schools in Al Jabalain and El Salam districts of White Nile State, Sudan, at both 1 week before and 8 months after the MDA. Prior to the baseline survey, school-aged children in Al Jabalain had received MDA interventions twice in 4 years, while those in El Salam had not. The baseline prevalence was 9.1% in Al Jabalain and 35.2% in El Salam, which were reduced to 1.8% and 5.5% at 8 months after the MDA, respectively. The corresponding reduction rates were 80.3% and 84.4%, not significant difference between both districts. However, changes in the geometric mean intensity (GMI) of egg counts were significantly different between both districts. The baseline GMIs were 14.5 eggs per 10 ml of urine (EP10) in Al Jabalain and 18.5 EP10 in El Salam, which were reduced to 7.1 and 11.2 EP10 after treatment, respectively. The corresponding reduction rates were 51.0% and 39.5%. In conclusion, MDA interventions were found to bring about similar relative reduction in prevalence regardless of the baseline value; however, the relative reduction in infection intensity was more salient in the district with a low baseline value for both prevalence and intensity. This clearly points to the importance of repeated MDA interventions in endemic areas, which will eventually contribute to schistosomiasis elimination.

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Yousef Alsaafin, Ayman Omer, Osama Felemban, Sarra Modawi, Maydolin Ibrahim, Abdullah Mohammed, Ammar Elfaki, Ahmed Abushara, Maryam A SalahEldin
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Programmatic Implications for Schistosomiasis Elimination Based on Community-Based Survey in the Blue Nile, North Kordofan, and Sennar States, Sudan
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin, Sung-Tae Hong
Life.2023; 13(4): 1049. CrossRef
Implications for selecting persistent hot spots of schistosomiasis from community- and school-based surveys in Blue Nile, North Kordofan, and Sennar States, Sudan
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Seungman Cha, Yan Jin, Sung-Tae Hong
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(2): 216. CrossRef
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Sung-Tae Hong
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Investigation of Intestinal and Blood Parasites in People Returning to Turkey with a History of Traveling Abroad During the Pandemic
Abdurrahman Ekici, Esra Gürbüz, Ahmet Hakan Ünlü, Rahmi Yıldız, Selahattin Aydemir, Ahmed Galip Halidi, Nuriz Ödemiş, Sinan Karakuş, Şehriban Yürektürk, Mutalip Çiçek, Hasan Yılmaz
Turkish Journal of Parasitology.2022; 46(2): 108. CrossRef
Transmission Dynamics of Schistosoma haematobium among School-Aged Children: A Cohort Study on Prevalence, Reinfection and Incidence after Mass Drug Administration in the White Nile State of Sudan
Yan Jin, Young-Ha Lee, Seungman Cha, In-Uk Choi, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail, Mousab Siddig Elhag, Sung-Tae Hong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(21): 11537. CrossRef
Urinary schistosomiasis and the associated bladder cancer: update
Mohamed S. Zaghloul, Tarek M. Zaghloul, Mai K. Bishr, Brian C. Baumann
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Effectiveness of Mass Drug Administration on Neglected Tropical Diseases in Schoolchildren in Zanzibar, Tanzania: Ju Yeong Kim, Seobo Sim, Eun Joo Chung, Han-Jong Rim, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min, Keeseon S. Eom, Khalfan A. Mohammed, Iddi S. Khamis, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):109-119.
Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.109

Abstract
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Soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma haematobium affect more than 3 billion people globally and mainly occur in sub-Saharan Africa. The present study assessed the overall infection status of a 1716-student cohort of school-children in Zanzibar and applied mass drug administration (MDA) to the cohort from 2007 to 2009. Schools in Pemba, Zanzibar, had a much higher prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections than those in Unguja, and the Chaani, Ghana, and Machui schools of Unguja exhibited high S. haematobium infection rates. The MDA program only partially controlled parasite infections, owing to high rates of re-infection. The infection rate of S. haematobium across all 10 schools, for example, was only reduced by 1.8%, and even this change not significant, even though the S. haematobiuminfection rates of the Chaani and Mzambarauni schools were significantly reduced from 64.4 and 23.4%, respectively, at the first screening, to 7.3 and 2.3% at the last screening. The overall infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was reduced from 36.0% at the first screening to 22.6% at the last screening. However, the infection rates for both Trichuris trichiuraand hookworm were generally unaffected by MDA. In the future, parasite control programs should involve strategically designed MDA schedules and holistic intervention (e.g., sanitation improvement, hygiene behavior changes, and control of intermediated hosts).

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Maryline Vere, Wilma ten Ham-Baloyi, Paula Ezinne Melariri, Raquel Inocencio da Luz
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Birhan Mengistu, Ewnetu Firdawek Liyew, Melkie Chernet, Geremew Tasew, Rosie Maddren, Benjamin Collyer, Ufaysa Anjulo, Adugna Tamiru, Kathryn Forbes, Zelalem Mehari, Kebede Deribe, Teshale Yadeta, Mihretab Salasibew, Getachew Tollera, Roy Anderson
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Parasitic helminth infections in humans modulate Trefoil Factor levels in a manner dependent on the species of parasite and age of the host
Babatunde Adewale, Jonathan R. Heintz, Christopher F. Pastore, Heather L. Rossi, Li-Yin Hung, Nurudeen Rahman, Jeff Bethony, David Diemert, James Ayorinde Babatunde, De’Broski R. Herbert, Subash Babu
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2021; 15(10): e0009550. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Parasite Infiltration and Apoptosis in Spleen upon Toxoplasma gondii Infection: Su-Hwa Lee, Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(5):537-541.
Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.537

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii infection induces parasite infiltration and apoptosis in the spleen. However, dose-dependent parasite infiltration, apoptosis, body weight alternations and survival in mice remain largely unknown. In this study, mice were intraperitoneally infected with 10, 30 or 100 tachyzoites of T. gondii, respectively. Parasite infiltration and apoptosis in the spleen were analyzed on days 3, 7, and 9 post-infection by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Significantly higher levels of T. gondii infiltration and apoptosis in the spleen were found in 30 and 100 tachyzoites infected mice compared to 10 tachyzoites infected mice on days 7 and 9 post-infection. Although 30 and 100 tachyzoites infected mice showed significant body weight loss compared to 10 tachyzoites infected mice, all of the 100, 30, and 10 tachyzoites infected mice died by days 12, 15, and 17, each respectively. Interestingly, T. gondii infiltration in 10 tachyzoites infected mice were limited to capsule area of the spleen on day 9 post-infection. Several areas of parasite infiltrations were found in the 30 tachyzoites infected mice, where noticeable levels of splenic capsule de-adhesion occurred. These results indicated that parasite infiltration and apoptosis in the spleen, as well as body weight loss (survival) are closely correlated with infection dosage. The level of T. gondii infiltration and apoptosis in the spleen and splenic de-adhesion were dependent on the parasite dose.

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Journal of Parasitology Research.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef

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Case Report

The First Acanthamoeba keratitis Case of Non-Contact Lens Wearer with HIV Infection in Thailand: Napaporn Tananuvat, Natnaree Techajongjintana, Pradya Somboon, Anchalee Wannasan; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(5):505-511.
Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.505

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare sight-threatening corneal infection, often reporting from contact lens wearers. An asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected Thai male without history of contact lens use complained foreign body sensation at his left eye during motorbike riding. He had neither specific keratitis symptoms nor common drugs responding, which contributed to delayed diagnosis. By corneal re-scraping, Acanthamoeba-like cysts were detected by calcofluor white staining and agar culture. The etiological agent obtained from the culture was molecularly confirmed by Acanthamoeba spp.-specific PCR, followed by DNA sequencing. The results from BLAST and phylogenetic analysis based on the DNA sequences, revealed that the pathogen was Acanthamoeba T4, the major genotype most frequently reported from clinical isolates. The infection was successfully treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide resulting in corneal scar. This appears the first reported AK case from a non-contact lens wearer with HIV infection in Thailand. Although AK is sporadic in developing countries, a role of free-living Acanthamoeba as an opportunistic pathogen should not be neglected. The report would increase awareness of AK, especially in the case presenting unspecific keratitis symptoms without clinical response to empirical antimicrobial therapy.

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Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(11): 3775. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Infections with Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fishes from Two Visiting Sites of Migratory Birds in Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea: Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):273-281.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.273

Abstract
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The infection status of digenetic trematode metacercariae (DTM) was investigated in fishes from 2 representative visiting sites of migratory birds in Gyeongsangnam-do, the Republic of Korea (Korea). A totaly 220 freshwater fishes (7 species) were collected from Junam-jeosuji (reservoir), and 127 fishes (7 species) were also collected from Woopo-neup (swamp) in June and October 2017. As the control group, total 312 fish (22 spp.) from Yangcheon in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do were also collected in June and October 2017. All fishes collected in 3 sites were examined with the artificial digestion method. In the fishes from Junam-jeosuji, more than 4 species, i.e., Clonorchis sinensis, Echinostoma spp., Diplostomum spp. and Cyathocotyle orientalis, of DTM were detected and their endemicy was very low, 0.70. More than 6 species, i.e., C. sinensis, Echinostoma spp., Metorchis orientalis, Clinostomum complanatum, Diplostomum spp. and C. orientalis, of DTM were found in the fishes from Woopo-neup, and their endemicy was low, 5.16. In the fishes from Yangcheon, more than 8 species, i.e., C. sinensis, Metagonimus spp., Centrocestus armatus, C. complanatum, C. orientalis, M. orientalis, Echinostoma spp., and Diplostomum spp., of DTM were detected, and their endemicity was relatively high, 95.48. The percentages of avian trematode metacercariae (ATM) were 99.6% and 94.7% in fishes from Junam-jeosuji and Woopo-neup whereas it was 74.1% in the control site, Yangcheon. The above findings suggested that migratory birds partly affect in endemicity of DTM in the fish in the 2 visiting sites in Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea.

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Infection characteristics of Metagonimus species (Digenea: Heterophyidae) metacercariae in fish from major rivers of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(1): 1. CrossRef
Development of the head collar and collar spines during the larval stages of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae)
Woon-Mok Sohn, Won-Jae Jung, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(1): 145. CrossRef
Re‐evaluation of certain aspects of the EFSA Scientific Opinion of April 2010 on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products, based on new scientific data. Part 2
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Hai-Yan Xiao, Jong-Yil Chai, Yue-Yi Fang, Ying-Si Lai
The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific.2023; 33: 100697. CrossRef
Metacercariae in Coprolites of Seals of the Genus Pachyphoca (Cystophorinae, Phocidae) from the Late Miocene of the North Caucasus
K. K. Tarasenko, T. N. Sivkova
Doklady Biological Sciences.2023; 511(1): 277. CrossRef
METACERCARIAE IN COPROLITES OF SEALS OF THE GENUS PACHYPHOCA (CYSTOPHORINAE, PHOCIDAE) FROM THE LATE MIOCENE OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS
K. K. Tarasenko, T. N. Sivkova
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Yang-Yuan Qiu, Qiao-Cheng Chang, Jun-Feng Gao, Ming-Jia Bao, Hai-Tao Luo, Jin-Ho Song, Sung-Jong Hong, Rui-Feng Mao, Yun-Yi Sun, Ying-Yu Chen, Ming-Yuan Liu, Chun-Ren Wang, Xiao-Lei Liu
Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Survey of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Water Systems of Geum-gang (River) in Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Cheon-Hyeon Kim, Min-Ah Hwang, Kyeong-Woo No, Jai-Dong Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 23. CrossRef
Prevalence and Infection Intensity of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Soyang-cheon (Stream), in Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Cheon-Hyeon Kim, Min-Ah Hwang, Kyeong-Woo No, Jong-Ho Park
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 265. CrossRef
Survey of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Irrigation Canal of Togyo-jeosuji (Reservoir) in Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee Il Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Myoung-Ro Lee, Eun-Joo Lim, Sung Yong Son, Eunmi Ko, Jaeseok Choi
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 427. CrossRef
Endemicity of Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Fish from Deokcheon-gang (River) in Sancheong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hee Il Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Myoung-Ro Lee, Jeong-Gil Park, Jihee Ahn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 523. CrossRef
Infection Status with Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Fishes from Coastal Lakes in Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Soon-Won Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 681. CrossRef
Infections of Two Isthmiophora Species (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in Wild Mammals from Republic of Korea with Their Morphological Descriptions
Seongjun Choe, Ki-Jeong Na, Youngjun Kim, Dong-Hyuk Jeong, Jeong-Jin Yang, Keeseon S. Eom
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 647. CrossRef

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Cytopathic Change and Inflammatory Response of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells Induced by Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites and Cysts: Hae-Jin Sohn, Ga-Eun Seo, Jae-Ho Lee, A-Jeong Ham, Young-Hwan Oh, Heekyoung Kang, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):217-223.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.217

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba castellanii has ubiquitous distribution and causes primary acanthamoebic keratitis (AK). AK is a common disease in contact lens wearers and results in permanent visual impairment or blindness. In this study, we observed the cytopathic effect, in vitro cytotoxicity, and secretion pattern of cytokines in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) induced by A. castellanii trophozoites and/or cysts. Morphological observation revealed that panked dendritic HCECs co-cultured with amoeba cysts had changed into round shape and gradually died. Such changes were more severe in co-culture with cyst than those of co-cultivation with trophozoites. In vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed the highest cytotoxicity to HCECs in the co-culture system with amoeba cysts. A. castellanii induced the expression of IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL1 in HCECs. Secreted levels of IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-8 in HCECs co-cultured with both trophozoites and cysts were increased at an early incubation time (3 and 6 hr). These results suggested that cytopathic changes and pro-inflammatory cytokines release of HCECs in response to A. castellanii, especially amoebic cysts, are an important mechanism for AK development.

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Cornea.2025; 44(1): 118. CrossRef
In Vitro Efficacy of Miltefosine Against Clinical Isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. from Patients with Keratitis
Lakshminarayanan Gowtham, Savitri Sharma, Bhupesh Bagga
Seminars in Ophthalmology.2025; 40(8): 767. CrossRef
Diagnostic features of Acanthamoeba keratitis via in vivo confocal microscopy
Joanna Przybek-Skrzypecka, Malcolm Armstrong, Jennifer Kim, Andrew Walkden, Leon Au, Arun Brahma, Fiona Carley, Jaya Devi Chidambaram
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Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Host cell-type and pathogen-specific immunomodulatory functions of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in infectious keratitis
Swagata Ghosh, AH Humera Khathun, G.S. Athulya, P. Vignesh, L Mathan, Ninad Mudaraddi, Siddharth Narendran, Prajna Lalitha, N. Venkatesh Prajna
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Brief Communication

Effect of Temperature on the Killing of Opisthorchis viverrini Eggs In Vitro: Parichart Boueroy, Kunyarat Duenngai, Chatanun Eamudomkarn, Panupan Sripan, Thidarut Boonmars, Benjamabhorn Pumhirunroj, Atchara Artchayasawat, Jiraporn Songsri, Kanpicha Chomphumee, Panaratana Rattanasuwan, Porntip Laummaunwai, Sukhonthip Khueangchiangkhwang, Sirintip Boonjaraspinyo; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):49-53.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.49

Abstract
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Contaminated liver fluke egg in the environment has led to the high prevalence of human opisthorchiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma in Southeast Asia. To find the effective lessening methods of Opisthorchis viverrini eggs in the contaminated environment, we investigated the temperature conditions for killing of these trematode eggs in vitro. Numerous O. viverrini eggs were obtained in the proximal part of uteri of adult worms from experimental hamsters. Mature eggs with miracidium were allocated by experimental groups (2 control: positive and negative and 4 treatment: 50, 60, 70, and 80°C) with 0.85% saline, and treated by the experimental plan. Eggs in each experimental groups were observed under the confocal microscope after stain with Propidium Iodide (PI) to evaluate the effect of temperatures. Eggs in 70 and 80°C groups were all killed after over 10 min heated. Majority of eggs in 60°C (10, 15, and 30 min heated), 70 and 80°C (5 min heated) groups were inactivated. However in 50°C group, below half of eggs were to be killed in all time lapse (10, 15 and 30 min). In order to prevent O. viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma, direct treatment of sewage by heating at 70 or 80°C at least 10 min is essential. Therefore, treatment of O. viverrini eggs at a high temperature is a potential method for controlling egg contamination in sewage.

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Development of a Dielectric Heating System for Selective Thermal Targeting of Liver Fluke Regions in Cirrhinus microlepis
Supatinee Kornsing, Sirigiet Phunklang, Chanchai Thongsopa, Piyaporn Krachodnok, Nuchanart Santalunai, Samran Santalunai
Applied Sciences.2025; 15(10): 5466. CrossRef
Viability of Trichinella spiralis in traditional sour pork fermentation and its inactivation by microwave heating: Implications for zoonotic risk and food safety
Atchara Artchayasawat, Benjamabhorn Pumhirunroj, Sukhonthip Khueangchiangkhwang, Thidarut Boonmars, Parichart Boueroy, Porntip Laummaunwai, Panaratana Rattanasuwan
Veterinary World.2025; : 1660. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Therapeutic Effects of Resiniferatoxin Related with Immunological Responses for Intestinal Inflammation in Trichinellosis: Jos? Luis Mu?oz-Carrillo, Jos? Luis Mu?oz-L?pez, Jos? Jes?s Mu?oz-Escobedo, Claudia Maldonado-Tapia, Oscar Guti?rrez-Coronado, Juan Francisco Contreras-Cordero, Mar?a Alejandra Moreno-Garc?a; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(6):587-599.
Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.587

Abstract
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The immune response against Trichinella spiralis at the intestinal level depends on the CD4⁺ T cells, which can both suppress or promote the inflammatory response through the synthesis of diverse cytokines. During the intestinal phase, the immune response is mixed (Th1/Th2) with the initial predominance of the Th1 response and the subsequent domination of Th2 response, which favor the development of intestinal pathology. In this context, the glucocorticoids (GC) are the pharmacotherapy for the intestinal inflammatory response in trichinellosis. However, its therapeutic use is limited, since studies have shown that treatment with GC suppresses the host immune system, favoring T. spiralis infection. In the search for novel pharmacological strategies that inhibit the Th1 immune response (proinflammatory) and assist the host against T. spiralis infection, recent studies showed that resiniferatoxin (RTX) had anti-inflammatory activity, which decreased the serum levels of IL-12, INF-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, NO, and PGE₂, as well the number of eosinophils in the blood, associated with decreased intestinal pathology and muscle parasite burden. These researches demonstrate that RTX is capable to inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines, contributing to the defense against T. spiralis infection, which places it as a new potential drug modulator of the immune response.

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A.M. Matar, M.A. Kora, S.S. Shendi
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Resiniferatoxin promotes adult worm expulsion in Trichinella spiralis‐infected rats by Th2 immune response modulation
José Luis Muñoz‐Carrillo, Oscar Gutiérrez‐Coronado, José Jesús Muñoz‐Escobedo, Juan Francisco Contreras‐Cordero, Claudia Maldonado‐Tapia, María Alejandra Moreno‐García
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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Hymenolepis nana and H. diminuta from Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Heilongjiang Province, China: Di Yang, Wei Zhao, Yichi Zhang, Aiqin Liu; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):351-355.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.351

Abstract
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Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta are globally widespread zoonotic cestodes. Rodents are the main reservoir host of these cestodes. Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are the best known and most common rats, and usually live wherever humans live, especially in less than desirable hygiene conditions. Due to the little information of the 2 hymenolepidid species in brown rats in China, the aim of this study was to understand the prevalence and genetic characterization of H. nana and H. diminuta in brown rats in Heilongjiang Province, China. Total 114 fecal samples were collected from brown rats in Heilongjiang Province. All the samples were subjected to morphological examinations by microscopy and genetic analysis by PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene. In total, 6.1% (7/114) and 14.9% (17/114) of samples were positive for H. nana and H. diminuta, respectively. Among them, 7 and 3 H. nana isolates were successfully amplified and sequenced at the COX1 and ITS2 loci, respectively. No nucleotide variations were found among H. nana isolates at either of the 2 loci. Seventeen H. diminuta isolates produced 2 different COX1 sequences while 7 ITS2 sequences obtained were identical to each other. The present results of H. nana and H. diminuta infections in brown rats implied the risk of zoonotic transmission of hymenolepiasis in China. These molecular data will be helpful to deeply study intra-specific variations within Hymenolepis cestodes in the future.

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Original Articles

Life Cycle of Dermacentor everestianus Hirst, 1926 (Acari: Ixodidae) under Laboratory Conditions: Shang Jin, Tianhong Wang, Tuo Li, Ming Liu, Qingying Jia, Xiaolong Yang, Hui Wang, Zhijun Yu, Jingze Liu; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):193-196.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.193

Abstract
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This study investigated the development characteristics of Dermacentor everestianus under laboratory conditions. The time taken for D. everestianus to complete the whole life cycle was 110.2 days on average, and the average developmental durations of larvae and nymphs were 17.1 days and 29.5 days, respectively. The summation of the prefeeding, feeding, and preoviposition periods of females was 17.8 days, and the oviposition and egg incubation lasted for 18.1 days and 27.7 days, respectively. A highly positive correlation was observed between the weight of engorged female and the number of egg mass laid (r=0.947). The reproductive efficiency index and the reproductive fitness index were 7.1 and 6.1, respectively.

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Experimental and Applied Acarology.2018; 76(4): 513. CrossRef

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Draft Genome of Toxocara canis, a Pathogen Responsible for Visceral Larva Migrans: Jinhwa Kong, Jungim Won, Jeehee Yoon, UnJoo Lee, Jong-Il Kim, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):751-758.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.751

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This study aimed at constructing a draft genome of the adult female worm Toxocara canis using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and de novo assembly, as well as to find new genes after annotation using functional genomics tools. Using an NGS machine, we produced DNA read data of T. canis. The de novo assembly of the read data was performed using SOAPdenovo. RNA read data were assembled using Trinity. Structural annotation, homology search, functional annotation, classification of protein domains, and KEGG pathway analysis were carried out. Besides them, recently developed tools such as MAKER, PASA, Evidence Modeler, and Blast2GO were used. The scaffold DNA was obtained, the N50 was 108,950 bp, and the overall length was 341,776,187 bp. The N50 of the transcriptome was 940 bp, and its length was 53,046,952 bp. The GC content of the entire genome was 39.3%. The total number of genes was 20,178, and the total number of protein sequences was 22,358. Of the 22,358 protein sequences, 4,992 were newly observed in T. canis. Following proteins previously unknown were found: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase cbl-b and antigen T-cell receptor, zeta chain for T-cell and B-cell regulation; endoprotease bli-4 for cuticle metabolism; mucin 12Ea and polymorphic mucin variant C6/1/40r2.1 for mucin production; tropomodulin-family protein and ryanodine receptor calcium release channels for muscle movement. We were able to find new hypothetical polypeptides sequences unique to T. canis, and the findings of this study are capable of serving as a basis for extending our biological understanding of T. canis.

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Mini Review

Detection Trend of Helminth Eggs in the Strata Soil Samples from Ancient Historic Places of Korea: Min Seo, Jong-Yil Chai, Myeung Ju Kim, Sang Yuk Shim, Ho Chul Ki, Dong Hoon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):555-563.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.555

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For several years, we have conducted a series of studies on the patterns of ancient parasitism prevailing in the soil of rural and urban areas of past Kingdom of Korea. Actually, during our survey of paleoparasitology in archaeological sites of Korean peninsula, numerous ancient parasite eggs were discovered in the samples from the city districts of Hansung (Joseon) and Buyeo (Baikje), the palace moat at Gyeongju (Silla), shell-midden site at Bonghwang-dong (Silla to Joseon), and the reservoir found in Hwawangsansung fortress (Silla). By the paleoparasitological studies, with respect to parasitism in the high-density populations of ancient towns and cities, we have managed to catch glimpses of the patterns prevalent therein: a serious parasitic contamination of the soil in ancient urban areas, but not in rural areas of the past. Our historical research also proposed the plausible mechanism of parasite infection very serious indeed among urban populations in Korean history. Although city dwelling doubtless has accrued significant benefits for people and populations with agriculture, it can be equally supposed that living in such highly populated areas might have facilitated the spread of parasite infection.

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Original Articles

Effective High-Throughput Blood Pooling Strategy before DNA Extraction for Detection of Malaria in Low-Transmission Settings: Myat Htut Nyunt, Myat Phone Kyaw, Kyaw Zin Thant, Thinzer Shein, Soe Soe Han, Ni Ni Zaw, Jin-Hee Han, Seong-Kyun Lee, Fauzi Muh, Jung-Yeon Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee, Eun-Jeong Yang, Chulhun L. Chang, Eun-Taek Han; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):253-259.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.253

Abstract
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In the era of (pre) elimination setting, the prevalence of malaria has been decreasing in most of the previously endemic areas. Therefore, effective cost- and time-saving validated pooling strategy is needed for detection of malaria in low transmission settings. In this study, optimal pooling numbers and lowest detection limit were assessed using known density samples prepared systematically, followed by genomic DNA extraction and nested PCR. Pooling strategy that composed of 10 samples in 1 pool, 20 ?l in 1 sample, was optimal, and the parasite density as low as 2 p/?l for both falciparum and vivax infection was enough for detection of malaria. This pooling method showed effectiveness for handling of a huge number of samples in low transmission settings (<9% positive rate). The results indicated that pooling of the blood samples before DNA extraction followed by usual nested PCR is useful and effective for detection of malaria in screening of hidden cases in low-transmission settings.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(6): 609. CrossRef
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Exosomes Secreted by Toxoplasma gondii-Infected L6 Cells: Their Effects on Host Cell Proliferation and Cell Cycle Changes: Min Jae Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jaeeun Cho, Hyemi Song, Kyung-Ho Pyo, Ji Min Lee, Min-Kyung Kim, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):147-154.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.147

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii infection induces alteration of the host cell cycle and cell proliferation. These changes are not only seen in directly invaded host cells but also in neighboring cells. We tried to identify whether this alteration can be mediated by exosomes secreted by T. gondii-infected host cells. L6 cells, a rat myoblast cell line, and RH strain of T. gondii were selected for this study. L6 cells were infected with or without T. gondii to isolate exosomes. The cellular growth patterns were identified by cell counting with trypan blue under confocal microscopy, and cell cycle changes were investigated by flow cytometry. L6 cells infected with T. gondii showed decreased proliferation compared to uninfected L6 cells and revealed a tendency to stay at S or G2/M cell phase. The treatment of exosomes isolated from T. gondii-infected cells showed attenuation of cell proliferation and slight enhancement of S phase in L6 cells. The cell cycle alteration was not as obvious as reduction of the cell proliferation by the exosome treatment. These changes were transient and disappeared at 48 hr after the exosome treatment. Microarray analysis and web-based tools indicated that various exosomal miRNAs were crucial for the regulation of target genes related to cell proliferation. Collectively, our study demonstrated that the exosomes originating from T. gondii could change the host cell proliferation and alter the host cell cycle.

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Eimeria bovis infections induce G1 cell cycle arrest and a senescence-like phenotype in endothelial host cells
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Immunization with extracellular vesicles excreted by Toxoplasma gondii confers protection in murine infection, activating cellular and humoral responses
Marta Marques Maia, Allecineia Bispo da Cruz, Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki, Gislene Mitsue Namiyama, Ricardo Gava, Aparecida Helena Souza Gomes, Cristina Takami Kanamura, Maria Lourdes Peris Barbo, Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
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Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii Ribosomal Protein P2 Modulates the Functions of Murine Macrophages In Vitro and Provides Immunity against Acute Toxoplasmosis In Vivo
Zhengqing Yu, Yujia Lu, Zhaoyi Liu, Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Junlong Liu, Jianxun Luo, Ruofeng Yan, Lixin Xu, Xiaokai Song, Xiangrui Li
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Characterization of extracellular vesicles isolated from types I, II and III strains of Toxoplasma gondii
Talita Motta Quiarim, Marta Marques Maia, Allecineia Bispo da Cruz, Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki, Gislene Mitsue Namiyama, Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola
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Mechanical overload‐induced muscle‐derived extracellular vesicles promote adipose tissue lipolysis
Ivan J. Vechetti, Bailey D. Peck, Yuan Wen, R. Grace Walton, Taylor R. Valentino, Alexander P. Alimov, Cory M. Dungan, Douglas W. Van Pelt, Ferdinand von Walden, Björn Alkner, Charlotte A. Peterson, John J. McCarthy
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Characterization of murine extracellular vesicles and Toxoplasma gondii infection
Marta Marques Maia, Allecineia Bispo da Cruz, Ingrid de Siqueira Pereira, Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki, Gislene Mitsue Namiyama, Vera Lucia Pereira‐Chioccola
Parasite Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Human extracellular vesicles and correlation with two clinical forms of toxoplasmosis
Allecineia Bispo da Cruz, Marta Marques Maia, Ingrid de Siqueira Pereira, Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki, Gislene Mitsue Namiyama, João Paulo Marochi Telles, Jose Ernesto Vidal, Lígia Cosentino Junqueira Franco Spegiorin, Cinara Cássia Brandão de Mattos, Luiz Carl
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Besnoitia besnoiti–driven endothelial host cell cycle alteration
Zahady D. Velásquez, Sara Lopez-Osorio, Learta Pervizaj-Oruqaj, Susanne Herold, Carlos Hermosilla, Anja Taubert
Parasitology Research.2020; 119(8): 2563. CrossRef
Induction of protection in mice against a respiratory challenge by a vaccine formulated with exosomes isolated from Chlamydia muridarum infected cells
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Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Communication Within Host-Parasite Interactions
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Frontiers in Immunology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Impact of Toxoplasma gondii Infection on Host Non-coding RNA Responses
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Colon cancer cells secrete exosomes to promote self-proliferation by shortening mitosis duration and activation of STAT3 in a hypoxic environment
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Toxoplasma gondii-induced host cellular cell cycle dysregulation is linked to chromosome missegregation and cytokinesis failure in primary endothelial host cells
Zahady D. Velásquez, Iván Conejeros, Camilo Larrazabal, Katharina Kerner, Carlos Hermosilla, Anja Taubert
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Extracellular vesicles from the aqueous humor of patients with uveitis
CarmenLuz Pessuti, DeiseFialho Costa, KleberS Ribeiro, Heloisa Nascimento, Rubens Belfort, AlessandraG Commodaro, AnaClaudia Torrecilhas
The Pan-American Journal of Ophthalmology.2019; 1(1): 1. CrossRef
Quantitative proteomic analysis and functional characterization of Acanthamoeba castellanii exosome-like vesicles
Wei-Chen Lin, Chia-Yun Tsai, Jian-Ming Huang, Shang-Rung Wu, Lichieh Julie Chu, Kuo-Yang Huang
Parasites & Vectors.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii Impairs Myogenesis in vitro, With Changes in Myogenic Regulatory Factors, Altered Host Cell Proliferation and Secretory Profile
Paloma de Carvalho Vieira, Mariana Caldas Waghabi, Daniela Gois Beghini, Danilo Predes, Jose Garcia Abreu, Vincent Mouly, Gillian Butler-Browne, Helene Santos Barbosa, Daniel Adesse
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Exosomes in Pathogen Infections: A Bridge to Deliver Molecules and Link Functions
Wenchao Zhang, Xiaofeng Jiang, Jinghui Bao, Yi Wang, Huixing Liu, Lijun Tang
Frontiers in Immunology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Extracellular vesicles as mediators of immunopathology in infectious diseases
Elham Hosseini‐Beheshti, Georges Emile Raymond Grau
Immunology & Cell Biology.2018; 96(7): 694. CrossRef
A new landscape of host–protozoa interactions involving the extracellular vesicles world
Bruno Gavinho, Izadora Volpato Rossi, Ingrid Evans-Osses, Jameel Inal, Marcel I. Ramirez
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Extracellular vesicles isolated from Toxoplasma gondii induce host immune response
Valeria Oliveira Silva, Marta Marques Maia, Ana Claudia Torrecilhas, Noemi Nosomi Taniwaki, Gislene Mitsue Namiyama, Katia Cristina Oliveira, Kleber Silva Ribeiro, Maytê dos Santos Toledo, Patricia Xander, Vera Lucia Pereira‐Chioccola
Parasite Immunology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Prevalence of Serum IgG Antibodies to Cystic Echinococcus Antigen among Patients in an Uzbekistan Emergency Hospital: Se Jin Park, Sung Sik Han, Khikmat Anvarov, Abdukhakim Khajibaev, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):699-703.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.699

Abstract
PDF

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most widespread zoonotic helminthiases, which can last an asymptomatic infection for several years. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate serum antibody prevalence of CE among asymptomatic people in Uzbekistan using ELISA. A total of 2,547 serum samples were collected, 66 from confirmed CE patients and 2,481 of patients with other diseases than CE at a hospital in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. The serum samples were screened for CE specific IgG antibodies by ELISA using cystic fluid antigen obtained from sheep. The serum antibody positive rate was 89.4% (59/66) in CE and 3.6% (89/2,481) in other disease patients. The present ELISA recognized 89.4% sensitivity and 96.4% specificity. The ELISA absorbance of positive samples was distributed 0.271-0.971 for CE and 0.273-0.887 for other disease patients. The other disease patients with high absorbance over 0.3 were 50 (2.0%) who were presumed to be active CE patients. The patients in their 40s showed the highest positive rate of 5.2% (P=0.181), and women were 4.4% while men were 3.1% positive (P=0.136). The data confirmed that there are many asymptomatic patients of CE in Tashkent. It is indicated that CE is an endemic disease of public health importance in Uzbekistan.

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Comparison of Methods in the Serologic Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis
Sidre Erganis, Fakhriddin Sarzhanov, Funda Doğruman Al, Kayhan Cağlar
Acta Parasitologica.2024; 69(2): 1122. CrossRef
The echinococcoses in Asia: The present situation
Akira Ito, Christine M. Budke
Acta Tropica.2017; 176: 11. CrossRef
Kistik Ekinokokoz’un serolojik tanısında Indirekt Hemaglütinasyon, İndirekt Floresan Antikor ve Enzim İmmuno Assay testlerinin etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi
Sadık AKGÜN, Hakan Sezgin SAYİNER, Tekin KARSLIGİL
Journal of Contemporary Medicine.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Activation of MAPK Is Required for ROS Generation and Exocytosis in HMC-1 Cells Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-Derived Secretory Products: Giimaa Narantsogt, Arim Min, Young Hee Nam, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Gurbadam Agvaandaram, Temuulen Dorjsuren, Jamel El-Benna, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):597-603.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.597

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes vaginitis and cervicitis in women and asymptomatic urethritis and prostatitis in men. Mast cells have been reported to be predominant in vaginal smears and vaginal walls of patients infected with T. vaginalis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), activated by various stimuli, have been shown to regulate the transcriptional activity of various cytokine genes in mast cells. In this study, we investigated whether MAPK is involved in ROS generation and exocytotic degranulation in HMC-1 cells induced by T. vaginalis-derived secretory products (TvSP). We found that TvSP induces the activation of MAPK and NADPH oxidase in HMC-1 cells. Stimulation with TvSP induced phosphorylation of MAPK and p47^phox in HMC-1 cells. Stimulation with TvSP also induced up-regulation of CD63, a marker for exocytosis, along the surfaces of human mast cells. Pretreatment with MAPK inhibitors strongly inhibited TvSP-induced ROS generation and exocytotic degranulation. Finally, our results suggest that TvSP induces intracellular ROS generation and exocytotic degranulation in HMC-1 via MAPK signaling.

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Dynamin 2-mediated endocytosis of BLT1 is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin
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Trichomonas vaginalis excretory secretory proteins reduce semen quality and male fertility
Zhenchao Zhang, Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Yuhua Li, Wanxin Sheng, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lihua Guo, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei
Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106794. CrossRef
Latent Upregulation of Nlrp3, Nlrc4 and Aim2 Differentiates between Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis Infection
Sonal Yadav, Vivek Verma, Rakesh Singh Dhanda, Sumeeta Khurana, Manisha Yadav
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Trichomonas vaginalis Induces SiHa Cell Apoptosis by NF-κB Inactivation via Reactive Oxygen Species
Juan-Hua Quan, Byung-Hun Kang, Jung-Bo Yang, Yun-Ee Rhee, Heung-Tae Noh, In-Wook Choi, Guang-Ho Cha, Jae-Min Yuk, Young-Ha Lee
BioMed Research International.2017; 2017: 1. CrossRef
SNAP23-Dependent Surface Translocation of Leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) Receptor 1 Is Essential for NOX2-Mediated Exocytotic Degranulation in Human Mast Cells Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-Secrete
Arim Min, Young Ah Lee, Kyeong Ah Kim, Jamel El-Benna, Myeong Heon Shin, Judith A. Appleton
Infection and Immunity.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jie Shi, Changjie Zhang, Zhongjie Yi, Chunna Lan
IUBMB Life.2016; 68(4): 293. CrossRef

10,412 View
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Articles from Symposium on Control of NTDs around Lake Victoria, Tanzania

Integrated Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Control over Five Years on Kome Island, Tanzania: Godfrey M. Kaatano, Julius E. Siza, Joseph R. Mwanga, Duk-Yong Min, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Yunsuk Ko, Su Young Chang, Cyril M. Kullaya, Han-Jong Rim, John M. Changalucha, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):535-543.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.535

Abstract
PDF

Integrated control strategies are important for sustainable control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis, despite their challenges for their effective implementation. With the support of Good Neighbors International in collaboration with National Institute of Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania, integrated control applying mass drug administration (MDA), health education using PHAST, and improved safe water supply has been implemented on Kome Island over 5 years for controlling schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths (STHs). Baseline surveys for schistosomiasis and STHs was conducted before implementation of any integrated control strategies, followed by 4 cross-sectional follow-up surveys on randomly selected samples of schoolchildren and adults in 10 primary schools and 8 villages, respectively, on Kome islands. Those follow-up surveys were conducted for impact evaluation after introduction of control strategies interventions in the study area. Five rounds of MDA have been implemented from 2009 along with PHAST and improved water supply with pumped wells as other control strategies for complementing MDA. A remarkable steady decline of schistosomiasis and STHs was observed from 2009 to 2012 with significant trends in their prevalence decline, and thereafter infection rate has remained at a low sustainable control. By the third follow-up survey in 2012, Schistosoma mansoni infection prevalence was reduced by 90.5% and hookworm by 93.3% among schoolchildren while in adults the corresponding reduction was 83.2% and 56.9%, respectively. Integrated control strategies have successfully reduced S. mansoni and STH infection status to a lower level. This study further suggests that monitoring and evaluation is a crucial component of any large-scale STH and schistosomiasis intervention.

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Effects of an integrated intervention on schistosomiasis prevalence in a rural area of Tanzania
Yoonho Cho, Jungim Lee, Humphrey Deogratias Mazigo, Leah Elisha Salamba, Seungman Cha, Sutas Suttiprapa
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Investigating the effect of a school-based WASH intervention on soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections and nutritional status of school children in Ethiopia: a quasi-experimental study
Gemechu Tadesse, Yonas Wuletaw, Kalkidan Mekete, Heven Sime, Elodie Yard, Laura Appleby, Jack Grimes, Nigussie Dejene, Iain Gardiner, Adama Kazienga, Souheila Abbeddou, Michael French, Bruno Levecke, Lesley Drake
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Validating a questionnaire to identify women in the first trimester of pregnancy during preventive chemotherapy interventions against soil-transmitted helminths in northwestern Tanzania
Humphrey D. Mazigo, Antonio Montresor
IJID Regions.2024; 10: 214. CrossRef
Burden and factors associated with ongoing transmission of soil-transmitted helminths infections among the adult population: A community-based cross-sectional survey in Muleba district, Tanzania
Franco Zacharia, Valeria Silvestri, Vivian Mushi, George Ogweno, Twilumba Makene, Lwidiko E. Mhamilawa, David Zadock Munisi
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(7): e0288936. CrossRef
Esquistossomose, geo-helmintíases e condições sanitárias na América Latina e Caribe: uma revisão sistemática
Mariana Cristina Silva Santos, Léo Heller
Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública.2023; 47: 1. CrossRef
Adherence to diagnosis followed by selective treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni and related knowledge among schoolchildren in an endemic area of Minas Gerais, Brazil, prior to and after the implementation of educational actions
Tereza Cristina Favre, Cristiano Lara Massara, Lilian Christina N?brega Holsbach Beck, Roc?o Karina Saavedra Acero Cabello, Otavio Sarmento Pieri
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2021; 13: e00208. CrossRef
How can we better integrate the prevention, treatment, control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases with other health interventions? A systematic review
Gift Treighcy Banda, Kebede Deribe, Gail Davey
BMJ Global Health.2021; 6(10): e006968. CrossRef
National mapping of soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infections in Ethiopia
Gemechu Tadesse Leta, Kalkidan Mekete, Yonas Wuletaw, Abeba Gebretsadik, Heven Sime, Sindew Mekasha, Adugna Woyessa, Oumer Shafi, Jozef Vercruysse, Jack E. T. Grimes, Iain Gardiner, Michael French, Bruno Levecke, Lesley Drake, Wendy Harrison, Alan Fenwick
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Interventions to improve disposal of child faeces for preventing diarrhoea and soil-transmitted helminth infection
Fiona Majorin, Belen Torondel, Gabrielle Ka Seen Chan, Thomas Clasen
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Differential impact of mass and targeted praziquantel delivery on schistosomiasis control in school-aged children: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Danielle M. Cribb, Naomi E. Clarke, Suhail A. R. Doi, Susana Vaz Nery, Amadou Garba
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2019; 13(10): e0007808. CrossRef
Factors associated with relevant knowledge of intestinal schistosomiasis and intention to participate in treatment campaigns: a cross sectional survey among school children at Ijinga Island on Lake Victoria, North-Western Tanzania
Sandra Parisi, Humphrey D. Mazigo, Saskia Kreibich, Karl Puchner, Christa Kasang, Andreas Mueller
BMC Public Health.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Integrating use of point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen rapid diagnostic tests by community health workers during mass drug administration campaigns to improve uptake of praziquantel treatment among the adult population at Kome Island, North-Western
Humphrey D. Mazigo, John H. Amuasi, Isaac Osei, Safari M. Kinung’hi
BMC Public Health.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Intersectoral collaboration for the prevention and control of vector borne diseases to support the implementation of a global strategy: A systematic review
Herdiana Herdiana, Jana Fitria Kartika Sari, Maxine Whittaker, Basil Brooke
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(10): e0204659. CrossRef
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Matthew C. Freeman, Joshua V. Garn, Gloria D. Sclar, Sophie Boisson, Kate Medlicott, Kelly T. Alexander, Gauthami Penakalapati, Darcy Anderson, Amrita G. Mahtani, Jack E.T. Grimes, Eva A. Rehfuess, Thomas F. Clasen
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health.2017; 220(6): 928. CrossRef
Baseline prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis at sentinel sites in Madagascar: Informing a national control strategy
Clara Fabienne Rasoamanamihaja, Alain Marcel Rahetilahy, Bruno Ranjatoarivony, Neerav Dhanani, Luciano Andriamaro, Samuel Hermas Andrianarisoa, Peter Mark Jourdan
Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Schistosoma mansoni infection and related knowledge among schoolchildren in an endemic area of Minas Gerais, Brazil, prior to educational actions
Rocio Karina S.A.A. Cabello, Lilian C.N.H. Beck, Cristiano L. Massara, Felipe L.G. Murta, Ricardo J.P.S. Guimarães, Otávio S. Pieri, Virginia T. Schall, Tereza C. Favre
Acta Tropica.2016; 164: 208. CrossRef

11,859 View
148 Download
20 Web of Science
Crossref

Case Report

Bronchopulmonary Infection of Lophomonas blattarum: A Case and Literature Review: Jian Xue, Ying-Li Li, Xue-Mei Yu, Dai-Kun Li, Ming-Fang Liu, Jing-Fu Qiu, Jian-Jiang Xue; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):521-525.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.521

Abstract
PDF

Human infections with Lophomonas blattarum are rare. However, the majority of the infections occurred in China, 94.4% (136 cases) of all cases in the world. This infection is difficult to differentiate from other pulmonary infections with similar symptoms. Here we reported a case of L. blattarum infection confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid smear on the microscopic observations. The patient was a 21-year-old female college student. The previous case which occurred in Chongqing was 20 years ago. We briefly reviewed on this infection reported in the world during the recent 20 years. The epidemiological characteristics, possible diagnostic basis, and treatment of this disease is discussed in order to provide a better understanding of recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of L. blattarum infection.

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Maryam Nakhaei, Mahdi Fakhar, Abouzar Bagheri, Hajar Ziaei Hezarjaribi, Saied Abediankenari, Ali Sharifpour, Maryam Ghasemi
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Masoud Maboudi, Eissa Soleymani, Elham Sadat Banimostafavi, Shirafkan Kordi, Majidreza Adelani, Zakaria Zakariaei, Mahdi Fakhar
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Maryam Nakhaei, Mahdi Fakhar, Ali Sharifpour, Elham Sadat Banimostafavi, Zakaria Zakariaei, Hossein Mehravaran, Reza Saberi, Sepideh Safanavaei, Siavash Abedi, Masoud Aliyali, Mostafa Soleimani
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Molecular evidence of upper and lower respiratory infection due to Lophomonas in a post‐kidney transplantation patient
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Molecular Evidence of Emerged Pulmonary Lophomoniasis due to Lophomonas blattarum among Hospitalized Patients in Southwestern Iran: A National Registry-Based Study
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Lophomonas and Mycobacterium co-infection: the first molecular evidence to overcome potential diagnostic pitfalls
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A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research on Lophomonas Spp. in Scopus (1933-2019)
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Original Article

Three Echinostome Species from Wild Birds in the Republic of Korea: Seongjun Choe, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Mihyeon Oh, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Youngsun Lee, Ki-Jeong Na, Youngjun Kim, Hang Lee, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):513-520.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.513

Abstract
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Three echinostome species, i.e., Patagifer bilobus, Petasiger neocomense, and Saakotrema metatestis, are newly recorded in the trematode fauna of the Republic of Korea. They were recovered from 3 species of migratory birds (Platalea minor, Podiceps cristatus, and Egretta garzetta), which were donated by the Wildlife Center of Chungbuk (WCC) and the Conservation Genome Resource Bank for Korean Wildlife (CGRB). Only 1 P. bilobus specimen was recovered from the intestine of a black-faced spoonbill (P. minor), and characterized by the bilobed head crown with a deep dorsal incision and 54 collar spines. Twenty P. neocomense were recovered from the intestine of a great crested grebe (P. cristatus), and they had a well-developed head crown with 19 spines and 2 testes obliquely located at the posterior middle of the body. Total 70 S. metatestis were collected from the bursa of Fabricius of 1 little egret (E. garzetta). It is characterized by stout tegumental spines covered in the entire leaf-shaped body, posterior extension of the uterus, presence of the uroproct and a well-developed head crown with 12 pairs of collar spines on each side. By the present study, these 3 echinostome species are newly added to the trematode fauna in Korea.

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Nada A. Ibrahim, Ismail M. Shalaby, Mahi A. Ghobashy, Azza A. Taeleb, Elham A. Elkhawass
Parasitology International.2025; 104: 102972. CrossRef
The Nuclear Ribosomal Transcription Units of Two Echinostomes and Their Taxonomic Implications for the Family Echinostomatidae
Yu Cao, Ye Li, Zhong-Yan Gao, Bo-Tao Jiang
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First record of Patagifer bilobus (Rudolphi, 1819) Dietz, 1909 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), with a morphological and molecular characterization from two threskiornithid species in Mexico
Ana Lucia Sereno-Uribe, Marcelo Tonatiuh González-García, Mirza Patricia Ortega-Olivares, Alejandra López-Jiménez, Martín García-Varela, Leopoldo Andrade-Gómez
Parasitology Research.2022; 121(7): 1921. CrossRef
EXAMINATION OF HELMINTH PARASITES IN THE FECAL SAMPLES OF MAGPIES (Pica pica), JACKDAWS (Corvus monedula), AND ROOKS (Corvus frugilegus) IN THE VICINITIES OF VAN PROVINCE/TURKEY
Ali Bilgin YILMAZ, Erkan AZİZOĞLU, Özdemir ADIZEL
Commagene Journal of Biology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Infections with Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Freshwater Fishes from Two Visiting Sites of Migratory Birds in Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(3): 273. CrossRef
Infections of Two Isthmiophora Species (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) in Wild Mammals from Republic of Korea with Their Morphological Descriptions
Seongjun Choe, Ki-Jeong Na, Youngjun Kim, Dong-Hyuk Jeong, Jeong-Jin Yang, Keeseon S. Eom
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 647. CrossRef
Echinochasmus swabiensis n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from Black Kite (Milvus Migrans Migrans) in Swabi District, Pakistan
S. Suleman, M. S. Khan, X. Q. Zhu, A. M. Dharejo, E. C. Uwalaka, M. Shah, O. A. Adediran
Folia Veterinaria.2018; 62(2): 5. CrossRef
New Definitive Hosts and Differential Body Indices of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae)
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung-Shik Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(3): 287. CrossRef
Echinostoma macrorchis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae): Metacercariae in Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Snails and Adults from Experimental Rats in Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 541. CrossRef
Two Echinostome Species, Pegosomum bubulcum and Nephrostomum ramosum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), from an Eastern Cattle Egret, Bubulcus ibis coromandus, in Republic of Korea
Seongjun Choe, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Youngsun Lee, Eunju Kim, Ki-Jeong Na, Keeseon S. Eom
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2016; 54(4): 485. CrossRef

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Case Report

Pulmonary Toxocariasis Mimicking Invasive Aspergillosis in a Patient with Ulcerative Colitis: Eun Jin Park, Joon Young Song, Min Ju Choi, Ji Ho Jeon, Jah-yeon Choi, Tae Un Yang, Kyung Wook Hong, Ji Yun Noh, Hee Jin Cheong, Woo Joo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):425-428.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.425

Abstract
PDF

A 45-year-old-male who had underlying ulcerative colitis and presented with fever and dry cough. Initially, the patient was considered to have invasive aspergillosis due to a positive galactomannan assay. He was treated with amphotericin B followed by voriconazole. Nevertheless, the patient deteriorated clinically and radiographically. The lung biopsy revealed eosinophilic pneumonia, and ELISA for Toxocara antigen was positive, leading to a diagnosis of pulmonary toxocariasis. After a 10-day treatment course with albendazole and adjunctive steroids, the patient recovered completely without any sequelae. Pulmonary toxocariasis may be considered in patients with subacute or chronic pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotic agents, particularly in cases with eosinophilia.

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Original Articles

Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from Rats (Rattus rattus) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Maha H. Elamin; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):257-261.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.257

Abstract
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Toxoplasma 3 main clonal lineages are designated as type I, II, and III; however, atypical and mixed genotypes were also reported. This study was conducted for detection of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in rats (Rattus rattus) in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. PCR test on T. gondii B1 gene was conducted on ELISA IgM positive samples for confirmation of the infection. However, genetic analysis of the SAG2 locus was performed to determine T. gondii genotypes using PCR-RFLP technique. PCR test on T. gondii B1gene showed that 22 (81.5%) out of the 27 ELISA IgM positive samples have T. gondii DNA. Genotypic analysis shows that, of the total 22 PCR positive samples, only 13 (59.1%) were of type II, 7 (31.8%) were of type III, and 2 (9.1%) were of an unknown genotype. It is obvious that the prevalence of both type II and III is high in rats. No reports have been available on T. gondii genotypes among rats in Riyadh region, and only little is known about its seroprevalence in rats. Future studies on T. gondii genotypes in rats using multi-locus markers is needed in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia for better understanding of T. gondii pathogenesis and treatment in humans and animals.

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Toxoplasma gondii infection affects the complete blood count and disturbs the markers of oxidative stress from the vital organs of wild rodents
Maryam Ijaz, Asmat Ullah Khan, Shakir Ullah, Afshan Khan, Samir Ibenmoussa, Baye Sitotaw, Turki M. Dawoud, Adil Khan, Furhan Iqbal
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Yang Zou, Hong-Li Geng, Hong-Lin Jia, Quan Zhao, Si-Yuan Qin, Xing-Quan Zhu, Xiao-Xuan Zhang
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2022; 22(3): 199. CrossRef
Epidemiological Significance of Toxoplasma gondii Infections in Wild Rodents: 2009–2020
J. P. Dubey, F. H. A. Murata, C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar, O. C. H. Kwok, C. Su
Journal of Parasitology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Wen-Bin Zheng, Bin-Ze Gui, Hai-Bin Long, Yi-Wei Chen, Xing-Quan Zhu, Shui-Lian Wang, Guo-Hua Liu
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2019; 16(8): 539. CrossRef

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9 Web of Science
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Lethal Effects of Helianthemum lippii (L.) on Acanthamoeba castellanii Cysts in Vitro: F.A. Badria, M.H. Hetta, Rania M. Sarhan, M.H. Ezz El-Din; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):243-249.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.243

Abstract
PDF

Acanthamoeba spp. commonly cause Acanthamoeba keratitis which is typically associated with the wear of contact lenses. Therefore, finding an economic, efficient, and safe therapy of natural origin is of outmost importance. This study examined the in vitro lethal potential of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Helianthemum lippii (L.) (sun roses) against Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts isolated from patients with amoebic keratitis. Both extracts proved to be potent as regard to their lethal effects on A. castellanii cysts with comparable results to chlorhexidine. The ethyl acetate was more promising with cumulative lethality. It showed a highly significant lethal percentage along the duration of treatment. The analysis of the more potent ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 2.96 mg/100 g of total phenolics, 0.289 mg/100 ml of total flavonoids and 37 mg/100 mg of total tannins which highlighted their phytomedicinal role.

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Medicinal, Pharmacological and Biochemical Progress on the Study of Genus Helianthemum: A Review
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Current Chemical Biology.2023; 17(3): 147. CrossRef
Phytochemical-rich extracts of Helianthemum lippii possess antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-biofilm activities
Fabiana Plescia, Fabio Venturella, Antonella D’Anneo, Valentina Catania, Maria Letizia Gargano, Giulia Polito, Domenico Schillaci, Antonio Palumbo Piccionello, Marianna Lauricella, Giuseppe Venturella, Demetrio Raffa
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Ghada Mohamed Kadry, Mousa A. M. Ismail, Nagwa Mostafa El-Sayed, Hanan S. El-Kholy, Dina M. Hamdy El-Akkad
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In vitro Propagation to Conserve the Local Endemic and Endangered Medicinal Plant Helianthemum germanicopolitanum Bornm.
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Nihed Djemam, Somia Lassed, Fatih Gül, Muhammed Altun, Marisa Monteiro, Daniela Menezes-Pinto, Samir Benayache, Fadila Benayache, Djamila Zama, Ibrahim Demirtas, Manuela Morato
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Onur Kolören, Zeynep Kolören, Zülal Atli Şekeroğlu, Melek Çolayvaz, Panagiotis Karanis
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Brief Communication

Modified Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique for Diagnosis of Human Strongyloidiasis: Witthaya Anamnart, Pewpan M. Intapan, Wanchai Maleewong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):743-745.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.743

Abstract
PDF

We compared the efficacy and applicability of a modified formalin-ether concentration technique (M-FECT) to the conventional FECT (C-FECT) and the agar plate culture (APC) method for the detection of Strongyloides stercoralis larvae. For this purpose, we used 600 human fecal specimens collected in an endemic area of southern Thailand. In the M-FECT, we used 2 layers of wire meshes, instead of gauze, to avoid the loss by absorption/adhesion of larvae to the gauze during filtration, and we reduced the exposure time of S. stercoralis larvae in stool samples to formalin. By such simple modifications, the efficacy of M-FECT has become comparable to APC and was much better than that of C-FECT for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis.

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Ivana Camacho-Alvarez, Elia M. Chavez-Mamani, Goyens Philippe, Jenny M. Luizaga-López, Mary Cruz Torrico, Laurent Gétaz, Frédérique Jacobs
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Wannee Kaewrat, Chatchawan Sengthong, Manachai Yingklang, Kitti Intuyod, Ornuma Haonon, Sudarat Onsurathum, Rungtiwa Dangtakot, Phitsamai Saisud, Arunnee Sangka, Sirirat Anutrakulchai, Somchai Pinlaor, Ubon Cha'on, Porntip Pinlaor
Acta Tropica.2020; 203: 105291. CrossRef
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Case Report

A Case of Vivax Malaria Complicated by Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Successful Management with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Hyun-Jung Lee, Ji-Hyeon Baek, Myoung-Hun Chae, Hoyeon Joo, Jin-Soo Lee, Moon-Hyun Chung, Yun-Kyu Park, Joung-Teak Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):551-555.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.551

Abstract
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Complicated malaria is mainly caused by Plasmodium falciparum, but, increasingly, Plasmodium vivax is also being reported as a cause. Since the reemergence of indigenous vivax malaria in 1993, cases of severe malaria have been steadily reported in Korea. Herein, we report a case of vivax malaria complicated by adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) that was successfully managed with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A 59-year-old man presented at our hospital with fever and abdominal pain, which had persisted for 10 days. On admission, the patient had impaired consciousness, shock, hypoxia and haziness in both lungs, jaundice, thrombocytopenia and disseminated intravascular coagulation, metabolic acidosis, and acute kidney injury. A peripheral blood smear and a rapid diagnostic test verified P. vivax mono-infection. Ten hours after admission, hypoxia became more severe, despite providing maximal ventilatory support. The administration of antimalarial agents, ECMO, and continuous venovenous hemofiltration resulted in an improvement of his vital signs and laboratory findings. He was discharged from the hospital 7 weeks later, without any sequelae.

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María Teresa Gómez-Hernández, Ernest J. Martínez, Marta G. Fuentes, Marta Paz, Israel Rodríguez, Nuria M. Novoa, Marcelo F. Jiménez
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María Teresa Gómez-Hernández, Ernest J. Martínez, Marta G. Fuentes, Marta Paz, Israel Rodríguez, Nuria M. Novoa, Marcelo F. Jiménez
Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition).2021; 57(7): 503. CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors related to poor outcome of patients with severe Plasmodium vivax infection: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and analysis of case reports
Manas Kotepui, Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui, Giovanni De Jesus Milanez, Frederick Ramirez Masangkay
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
The emergence of pathogenic TNF/iNOS producing dendritic cells (Tip-DCs) in a malaria model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is dependent on CCR4
Bruno Galvão-Filho, Júlia Teixeira de Castro, Maria Marta Figueiredo, Claudio Gonçalves Rosmaninho, Lis Ribeiro do Valle Antonelli, Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
Mucosal Immunology.2019; 12(2): 312. CrossRef
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Isabella C Hirako, Patrícia A Assis, Bruno Galvão-Filho, Andrew D Luster, Lis RV Antonelli, Ricardo T Gazzinelli
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Marcelo L. M. Pereira, Claudio R. F. Marinho, Sabrina Epiphanio
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Development of Visually Improved Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Diagnosis of Plasmodium vivax Malaria in a Tertiary Hospital in Chandigarh, North India
Hargobinder Kaur, Rakesh Sehgal, Devendra Bansal, Ali A. Sultan, Ashish Bhalla, Sunit C. Singhi
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2018; 98(5): 1374. CrossRef
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The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2017; 97(3): 733. CrossRef
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Malaria Journal.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides lineatus in Chinese Snakes and Their Adults Recovered from Experimental Animals: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Yoon Kong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):531-536.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.531

Abstract
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Morphological characteristics of Mesocestoides lineatus tetrathyridia collected from Chinese snakes and their adults recovered from experimental animals were studied. The tetrathyridia were detected mainly in the mesentery of 2 snake species, Agkistrodon saxatilis (25%) and Elaphe schrenckii (20%). They were 1.73 by 1.02 mm in average size and had an invaginated scolex with 4 suckers. Adult tapeworms were recovered from 2 hamsters and 1 dog, which were orally infected with 5-10 larvae each. Adults from hamsters were about 32 cm long and those from a dog were about 58 cm long. The scolex was 0.56 mm in average width with 4 suckers of 0.17 by 0.15 mm in average size. Mature proglottids measured 0.29 by 0.91 mm (av.). Ovaries and vitellaria bilobed and located in the posterior portion of proglottids. The cirrus sac was oval-shaped and located median. Testes were follicular, distributed in both lateral fields of proglottids, and 41-52 in number per proglottid. Gravid proglottids were 1.84 by 1.39 mm (av.) with a characteristic paruterine organ. Eggs were 35 by 27 ?m in average size with a hexacanth embryo. These morphological characteristics of adult worms were identical with those of M. lineatus reported previously. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the tetrathyridia detected in 2 species of Chinese snakes are the metacestodes of M. lineatus, and 2 snake species, A. saxatilis and E. schrenckii, play the role of intermediate hosts.

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Mahdi Soroushianfar, Soheil Sadr, Alireza Sazmand, Shiva Dianaty, Javad Khedri, Rolf Karl Schuster, Hassan Borji
Parasitology International.2024; 102: 102919. CrossRef
Wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus L.) as intermediate host for Mesocestoides canislagopodis (Rudolphi, 1810) (Krabbe 1865) in Iceland
Damien Jouet, Aðalsteinn Örn Snæþórsson, Karl Skírnisson
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Gelegbalsan Ulziijargal, Chultemsuren Yeruult, Janchiv Khulan, Choijilsuren Gantsetseg, Toni Wandra, Hiroshi Yamasaki, Myadagsuren Narankhajid
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2020; 11: 72. CrossRef
Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Post-Larval Pre-Tetrathyridia ofMesocestoidessp. (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from Ground Skink,Scincella lateralis(SAURIA: SCINCIDAE), FROM SOUTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA
Chris T. McAllister, Vasyl V. Tkach, David Bruce Conn
Journal of Parasitology.2018; 104(3): 246. CrossRef
ПЕРВЫЕ МОЛЕКУЛЯРНО-ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ДАННЫЕ ПО ТЕТРАТИРИДИЯМ РОДА MESOCESTOIDES ОТ КРАСНОЙ ПОЛЕВКИ ИЗ МАГАДАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, "Паразитология"
Н. А. Поспехова, В.В. Переверзева, Н.Е. Докучаев
Паразитология.2018; (5): 382. CrossRef
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Karl Skirnisson, Damien Jouet, Hubert Ferté, Ólafur K. Nielsen
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(7): 2597. CrossRef

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Case Report

Cutaneous Gnathostomiasis with Recurrent Migratory Nodule and Persistent Eosinophilia: a Case Report from China: Jing Cui, Ye Wang, Zhong Quan Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):467-470.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.467

Abstract
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The present study reports a human case of cutaneous gnathostomiasis with recurrent migratory nodule and persistent eosinophilia in China. A 52-year-old woman from Henan Province, central China, presented with recurrent migratory reddish swelling and subcutaneous nodule in the left upper arm and on the back for 3 months. Blood examination showed eosinophila (21.2%), and anti-sparganum antibodies were positive. Skin biopsy of the lesion and histopathological examinations revealed dermal infiltrates of eosinophils but did not show any parasites. Thus, the patient was first diagnosed as sparganosis; however, new migratory swellings occurred after treatment with praziquantel for 3 days. On further inquiring, she recalled having eaten undercooked eels and specific antibodies to the larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum were detected. The patient was definitely diagnosed as cutaneous gnathostomiasis caused by Gnathostoma sp. and treated with albendazole (1,000 mg/day) for 15 days, and the subsequent papule and blister developed after the treatment. After 1 month, laboratory findings indicated a reduced eosinophil count (3.3%). At her final follow-up 18 months later, the patient had no further symptoms and anti-Gnathostoma antibodies became negative. Conclusively, the present study is the first report on a human case of cutaneous gnathostomiasis in Henan Province, China, based on the past history (eating undercooked eels), clinical manifestations (migratory subcutaneous nodule and persistent eosinophilia), and a serological finding (positive for specific anti-Gnathostoma antibodies).

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Shuang Wang, Ling Zhang, Feng Miao, Jun Huang, Juan Guo
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Ernest Man, Helen P. Price, Clare Hoskins
Pharmaceutical Research.2022; 39(4): 631. CrossRef
Eosinophilic Meningitis (Angiostrongylus spp. and Gnathostoma spp.)
Nelson Iván Agudelo Higuita, Jackrapong Bruminhent
Current Tropical Medicine Reports.2022; 9(1): 40. CrossRef
Morphological and Phylogenetic Analysis of Eustrongylides sp. and Gnathostoma spinigerum Parasitizing the Asian Swamp Eel Monopterusalbus in China
Sixin Zhang, Guangping Huang, Liang Li, Xianyong Liu, Xiaoli Tang, Xun Suo
Pathogens.2021; 10(6): 711. CrossRef
Human gnathostomiasis: a neglected food-borne zoonosis
Guo-Hua Liu, Miao-Miao Sun, Hany M. Elsheikha, Yi-Tian Fu, Hiromu Sugiyama, Katsuhiko Ando, Woon-Mok Sohn, Xing-Quan Zhu, Chaoqun Yao
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Imported gnathostomiasis manifesting as cutaneous larva migrans and Löffler’s syndrome
William L. Hamilton, Daniel Agranoff
BMJ Case Reports.2018; 2018: bcr-2017-223132. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Genetic Characterization of Clinical Acanthamoeba Isolates from Japan using Nuclear and Mitochondrial Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA: Md Moshiur Rahman, Kenji Yagita, Akira Kobayashi, Yosaburo Oikawa, Amjad I.A. Hussein, Takahiro Matsumura, Masaharu Tokoro; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):401-411.
Published online August 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.4.401

Abstract
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Because of an increased number of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) along with associated disease burdens, medical professionals have become more aware of this pathogen in recent years. In this study, by analyzing both the nuclear 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene loci, 27 clinical Acanthamoeba strains that caused AK in Japan were classified into 3 genotypes, T3 (3 strains), T4 (23 strains), and T5 (one strain). Most haplotypes were identical to the reference haplotypes reported from all over the world, and thus no specificity of the haplotype distribution in Japan was found. The T4 sub-genotype analysis using the 16S rRNA gene locus also revealed a clear sub-conformation within the T4 cluster, and lead to the recognition of a new sub-genotype T4i, in addition to the previously reported sub-genotypes T4a-T4h. Furthermore, 9 out of 23 strains in the T4 genotype were identified to a specific haplotype (AF479533), which seems to be a causal haplotype of AK. While heterozygous nuclear haplotypes were observed from 2 strains, the mitochondrial haplotypes were homozygous as T4 genotype in the both strains, and suggested a possibility of nuclear hybridization (mating reproduction) between different strains in Acanthamoeba. The nuclear 18S rRNA gene and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene loci of Acanthamoeba spp. possess different unique characteristics usable for the genotyping analyses, and those specific features could contribute to the establishment of molecular taxonomy for the species complex of Acanthamoeba.

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Kirti Megha, Megha Sharma, Amit Gupta, Rakesh Sehgal, Sumeeta Khurana
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Azar Shokri, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Ahmad Daryani, Mehdi Sharif
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Journal of Parasitology Research.2014; 2014: 1. CrossRef

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Echinostoma macrorchis in Lao PDR: Metacercariae in Cipangopaludina Snails and Adults from Experimentally Infected Animals: Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Hansol Park, Duk-Young Min, Han-Jong Rim; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):191-196.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.191

Abstract
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The echinostome metacercariae encysted in Cipangopaludina sp. snails that were purchased from a market in Vientiane Municipality, Lao PDR, were identified as Echinostoma macrorchis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) through recovery of adult flukes after experimental infection to rats and a cat. The metacercariae were round, 113-128 (121)×113-125 (120) ?m, having a thick cyst wall, a head collar armed with collar spines, and excretory granules. The adult flukes recovered from the rats and cat at day 14 and 30 post-infection, respectively, were elongated, ventrally curved, and 3.9-6.3×0.7-1.1 mm in size. The head collar was distinct, bearing 43-45 collar spines with 5 angle spines on each side. Two testes were large (as the name implies), tandem, and slightly constricted at the middle, with irregular margins. Eggs were operculated, ovoid to elliptical, and 88-95×56-60 ?m. In scanning electron microscopy, the head collar was prominent, with 43-45 collar spines. Scale-like tegumental spines were densely distributed on the ventral surface between the oral and ventral suckers. Sensory papillae were distributed mainly on the tegument around the 2 suckers. It is confirmed that E. macrorchis is distributed in Lao PDR using Cipangopaludina sp. snails as the second intermediate host.

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Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Dongmin Lee, Keeseon S. Eom, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 657. CrossRef
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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis among Preschool Children in Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea: Sung-Hee Hong, Young-Il Jeong, Jin-Hee Lee, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee, Sang-Eun Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):259-262.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.259

Abstract
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We assessed the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection and changes in the egg positive rate (EPR) over 1-year time, using the adhesive cellophane-tape perianal swab method in 2,347 preschool children in Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea in 2008 and 2009. The overall EPR for E. vermicularis was 4.1% in 2008 and 4.5% in 2009. A study population of 389 children was repeatedly examined for 2 years. Within this group, the EPR in 2009 was twice higher than in 2008, and the EPR of the group of 5-7-year-old children was significantly higher than that of other age groups. Moreover, in the group of 5-7-year-old children in 2009, the rates of positive and negative conversion were significantly higher and lower, respectively, than in other age groups. Conclusively, enterobiasis was prevalent during 2008-2009 among preschool children in Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, and the increased EPR in 2009 was due to an increase in newly acquired infections among 5-7-year-old children.

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Usama M. Alkholy, Sherief M. El Gebaly, Walaa E. M. A. Morsi, Waleed E. Elawamy, Samia E. Etewa, Asmaa M. Yousef, Eric Agola Lelo
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Myoung-Ro Lee, Hee-Eun Shin, Seon-Ok Back, Young-Ju Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Chun Soon Park, Hee-Il Lee
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Hyejoo Shin, Bong-Kwang Jung, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Taehee Chang, Jiyeon Park, Keon Hoon Lee, Jeonggyu Lee, Jae Young Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Jae Hyun Cho, Jong-Yil Chai
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Kuang-Yao Chen, Chuan-Min Yen, Kao-Pin Hwang, Lian-Chen Wang
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Quantitative Evaluation of Viability- and Apoptosis-Related Genes in Ascaris suum Eggs under Different Culture-Temperature Conditions: Yong-Man Yu, You-Hang Cho, Young-Nam Youn, Juan Hua Quan, In-Wook Choi, Young-Ha Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):243-247.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.243

Abstract
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Ascaris suum eggs are inactivated by composting conditions; however, it is difficult to find functional changes in heat-treated A. suum eggs. Here, unembryonated A. suum eggs were incubated at 20℃, 50℃, and 70℃ in vitro, and the gene expression levels related to viability, such as eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (IF4E), phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1), and thioredoxin 1 (TRX1), and to apoptosis, such as apoptosis-inducing factor 1 (AIF1) and cell death protein 6 (CDP6), were evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. No prominent morphological alterations were noted in the eggs at 20℃ until day 10. In contrast, the eggs developed rapidly, and embryonated eggs and hatched larvae began to die, starting on day 2 at 50℃ and day 1 at 70℃. At 20℃, IF4E, PFK1, and TRX1 mRNA expression was significantly increased from days 2-4; however, AIF1 and CDP6 mRNA expression was not changed significantly. IF4E, PFK1, and TRX1 mRNA expression was markedly decreased from day 2 at 50℃ and 70℃, whereas AIF1 and CDP6 mRNA expression was significantly increased. The expressions of HSP70 and HSP90 were detected for 9-10 days at 20℃, for 3-5 days at 50℃, and for 2 days at 70℃. Taken together, incremental heat increases were associated with the rapid development of A. suum eggs, decreased expression of genes related to viability, and earlier expression of apoptosis-related genes, and finally these changes of viability- and apoptosis-related genes of A. suum eggs were associated with survival of the eggs under temperature stress.

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Effect of Temperature on Embryonation of Ascaris suum Eggs in an Environmental Chamber: Min-Ki Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Young-Sang Hwang, Ki Hwan Park, In Gyun Hwang, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):239-242.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.239

Abstract
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The influence of temperature on the development and embryonation of Ascaris suum eggs was studied using coarse sand medium in an environmental chamber with 50% humidity. The time required for development and embryonation of eggs was examined under 3 different temperature conditions, 5℃, 25℃, and 35℃. A. suum eggs did not develop over 1 month at the temperature of 5℃. However, other temperature conditions, 25℃ and 35℃, induced egg development to the 8-cell-stage at days 5-6 after incubation. All eggs examined developed to the 8-cell stage at day 6 after incubation in the sand medium at 25℃. The higher temperature, 35℃, slightly accelerated the A. suum egg development compared to 25℃, and the development to the 8-cell stage occurred within day 5 after incubation. The formation of larvae in A. suum eggs at temperatures of 35℃ and 25℃ appeared at days 17 and 19 after incubation, respectively. These findings show that 35℃ condition shortens the time for the development of A. suum eggs to the 8-cell-stage in comparison to 25℃, and suggest the possibility of accelerated transmission of this parasite, resulting from global warming and ecosystem changes.

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Effects of Kimchi Extract and Temperature on Embryostasis of Ascaris suum Eggs: Jin-Sung Kim, Dae-Sung Oh, Kyu-Sung Ahn, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):83-87.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.83

Abstract
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To determine the effects of kimchi extracts at different temperatures on larval development, Ascaris suum eggs were mixed with soluble part of 7 different brands of commercially available kimchi and preserved at either 5℃ or 25℃ for up to 60 days. A. suum eggs incubated at 25℃ showed marked differences in larval development between kimchi extract and control group. While all eggs in the control group completed embryonation by day 21, only 30% of the eggs in the kimchi extract group became embryonated by day 36 and about 25% never became larvated even at day 60. At 5℃, however, none of the eggs showed larval development regardless of the incubation period or type of mixture group. To determine the survival rate of A. suum eggs that showed no embryonation after being preserved at 5℃, eggs preserved in kimchi extracts for 14, 28, and 60 at 5℃ were re-incubated at 25℃ for 3 weeks in distilled water. While all eggs in the control group became larvated, eggs in the kimchi extract group showed differences in their embryonation rates by the incubation period; 87.4 % and 41.7% of the eggs became embryonated after being refrigerated for 14 days and 28 days, respectively. When refrigerated for 60 days, however, no eggs mixed in kimchi extract showed larval development. Our results indicate that embryogenesis of A. suum eggs in kimchi extract was affected by duration of refrigeration, and that all eggs stopped larval development completely in kimchi kept at 5℃ for up to 60 days.

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Inactivation of Ascaris suum eggs
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Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells: Woojin Pi, Jae-Sook Ryu, Jaesook Roh; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):295-298.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.295

Abstract
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Lactobacillus species in the female genital tract are thought to act as a barrier to infection. Several studies have demonstrated that lactobacilli can adhere to vaginal epithelial cells. However, little is known about how the adherence of lactobacilli to vaginal epithelial cells affects the acidity, cell viability, or proliferation of the lactobacilli themselves or those of vaginal epithelial cells. Lactobacillus acidophilus was co-cultured with immortalized human vaginal epithelial cells (MS74 cell line), and the growth of L. acidophilus and the acidity of the culture medium were measured. MS74 cell density and viability were also assessed by counting cell numbers and observing the cell attachment state. L. acidophilus showed exponential growth for the first 6 hr until 9 hr, and the pH was maintained close to 4.0-5.0 at 24 hr after culture, consistent with previous studies. The growth curve of L. acidophilus or the pH values were relatively unaffected by co-culture with MS74 cells, confirming that L. acidophilus maintains a low pH in the presence of MS74 cells. This co-culture model could therefore potentially be used to mimic vaginal conditions for future in vitro studies. On the other hand, MS74 cells co-cultured with L. acidophilus more firmly attached to the culture plate, and a higher number of cells were present compared to cells cultured in the absence of L. acidophilus. These results indicate that L. acidophilus increases MS74 cell proliferation and viability, suggesting that lactobacilli may contribute to the healthy environment for vaginal epithelial cells.

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Original Articles

Comparative Efficacy of Ivermectin and Levamisole for Reduction of Migrating and Encapsulated Larvae of Baylisascaris transfuga in Mice: Yan Fu, Hua-Ming Nie, Li-Li Niu, Yue Xie, Jia-Bo Deng, Qiang Wang, Guang-You Yang, Xiao-Bin Gu, Shu-Xian Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):145-151.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.145

Abstract
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The comparative efficacy of 2 anthelmintics (ivermectin and levamisole) against Baylisascaris transfuga migrating and encapsulated larvae was studied in mice. A total of 60 BALB/c mice inoculated each with about 1,000 embryonated B. transfuga eggs were equally divided into 6 groups (A-F) randomly. Mice of groups A and B were treated with ivermectin and levamisole, respectively, on day 3 post-infection (PI). Mice of groups A-C were killed on day 13 PI. Similarly, groups D and E were treated with ivermectin and levamisole, respectively, on day 14 PI, and all mice of groups D-F were treated on day 24 PI. The groups C and F were controls. Microexamination was conducted to count the larvae recovering from each mouse. The percentages of reduction in the number of migrating larvae recovered from group A (ivermectin) and B (levamisole) were 88.3% and 81.1%, respectively. In addition, the reduction in encapsulated larvae counts achieved by ivermectin (group D) and levamisole (group E) was 75.0% and 49.2%, respectively. The results suggested that, to a certain extent, both anthelmintics appeared to be more effective against migrating larvae than encapsulated larvae. However, in the incipient stage of infection, ivermectin may be more competent than levamisole as a larvicidal drug for B. transfuga.

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Anisakis simplex Larvae: Infection Status in Marine Fish and Cephalopods Purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea: Seon Hee Choi, Jung Kim, Jin Ok Jo, Min Kyung Cho, Hak Sun Yu, Hee Jae Cha, Mee Sun Ock; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):39-44.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.39

Abstract
PDF

The infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with Anisakis simplex third stage larva (L3) was studied over a period of 1 year. A total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea, from August 2006 to July 2007. They were examined for A. simplex L3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. A. simplex L3 were confirmed by light microscopy. The overall infection rate reached 34.3%, and average 17.1 larvae were parasitized per infected fish. Fish that recorded the highest infection rate was Lophiomus setigerus (100%), followed by Liparis tessellates (90%), Pleurogrammus azonus (90%), and Scomber japonicus (88.7%). The intensity of infection was the highest in Gadus macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S. japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). Although abundance of A. simplex L3 was not seasonal in most of the fish species, 10 of the 16 selected species showed the highest abundance in February and April. A positive correlation between the intensity of L3 infection and the fish length was obvious in S. japonicus and G. macrocephalus. It was likely that A. simplex L3 are more frequently infected during the spring season in some species of fish. Our study revealed that eating raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods could still be a source of human infection with A. simplex L3 in Korea.

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Brief Communication

Experimental Toxocara cati Infection in Gerbils and Rats: Mohammad Zibaei, Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi, Shoji Uga; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):331-333.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.331

Abstract
PDF

Mongolian gerbils and Wistar rats were inoculated orally with 240 and 2,500 Toxocara cati embryonated eggs, respectively, to evaluate the larval recovery in different tissues and organs, such as the liver, lungs, heart, kidney, and skeletal muscles after 5, 30, 49, 70, and 92 days post-infection (PI). Larval recovery rates were 1.7-30.0% in Mongolian gerbils on days 5-92 PI and 0.2-3.8% in rats on the same days. These results indicate that Mongolian gerbils and Wistar rats are suitable experimental paratenic hosts for the study of neurological toxocariasis as well as visceral toxocariasis.

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