Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Original Articles

Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea: Jihye Yu, Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):251-256.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.251

Abstract
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We find out the clusters with high toxoplasmosis risk to discuss the geographical pattern in Gyodong-myeon and Samsan-myeon of Ganghwa-gun, Cheorwon-gun, and Goseong-gun, Korea. Seroepidemiological data of toxoplasmosis surveyed using rapid diagnostic tests for the residents in the areas in 2019 were analyzed to detect clusters of the infection. The cluster was investigated using the SaTScan program which is based on Kulldorff’s scan statistic. The clusters were found with P-values in each region analyzed in the program, and the risk and patient incidence of specific areas can be examined by the values such as relative risk and log likelihood ratio. Jiseok-ri and Insa-ri were found to be a cluster in Gyodong-myeon and Seokmo-ri was the cluster in Samsan-myeon. Yangji-ri and Igil-ri were found to be a cluster in Cheorwon-gun and Madal-ri and Baebong-ri were the cluster in Goseong-gun. This findings can be used to monitor and prevent toxoplasmosis infections occurring in vulnerable areas.

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among patients of a tertiary hospital in Guangzhou, Guangdong province, PR China
Yu-bin Guan, Xiao-xiao Sun, Shao-lian Chen, Xiao-ting Zhu, Zhi-hua Zeng, Han-wei Lu, Hong-mei Feng, Yu Guo, Wen-gong Jiang, Kui Xiong, Xiao-rong Yang, Ho-Woo Nam, Zhao-shou Yang, Pan Li
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(7): e0286430. CrossRef

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Surveillance on the Vivax Malaria in Endemic Areas in the Republic of Korea Based on Molecular and Serological Analyses: Seong-Kyun Lee, Fengyue Hu, Egy Rahman Firdaus, Ji-Hoon Park, Jin-Hee Han, Sang-Eun Lee, Hyun-Il Shin, Shin Hyeong Cho, Won Sun Park, Feng Lu, Eun-Taek Han; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):609-617.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.609

Abstract
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Plasmodium vivax reemerged in 1993. It has been sustained for more than 25 years and become one of the important indigenous parasitic diseases in northern and western parts of the Republic of Korea near the demilitarized zone. In particular, relapse is a significant concern for the control of malaria, as short- and long-term incubation periods vary among those infected in Korea. In this study, the prevalence of asymptomatic carriers was examined among residents of high endemic areas of vivax malaria during nonseasonal transmission of mosquitoes. Blood samples from 3 endemic regions in northwestern Korea were evaluated by microscopic examination, rapid diagnostic testing, and nested PCR to identify asymptomatic patients carrying malaria parasites in the community. However, no positive malaria case among residents of endemic areas was detected. Additionally, serological analysis was carried out to measure antibodies against 3 antigenic recombinant proteins of P. vivax, merozoite surface protein 1-19, circumsporozoite surface protein-VK210, and liver-stage antigen (PvLSA-N), by the protein array method. Interestingly, seropositivity of sera between previous exposure and samples without exposure to malaria was significantly higher using the PvLSA-N antigen than the other antigens, suggesting that PvLSA-N can be used as a serological marker to analyze the degree of exposure for malaria transmission in endemic areas. This indicates a very low asymptomatic carrier prevalence during the nonmalaria season in the endemic areas of Korea.

Citations

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A region-structured model for early warning of Plasmodium vivax malaria transmission risk in the Republic of Korea
Boyeon Kim, Jung Ho Kim, Jeehyun Lee, Joon-Sup Yeom
Journal of Infection and Public Health.2025; 18(3): 102665. CrossRef
Development of a Plasmodium vivax malaria model for evaluating the effects of control strategies on the malaria burden in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Hye Seong, Jiyeon Suh, Jun Yong Choi, Jeehyun Lee, Joon-Sup Yeom
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Using Serological Markers for the Surveillance of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Scoping Review
Lejla Kartal, Ivo Mueller, Rhea J. Longley
Pathogens.2023; 12(6): 791. CrossRef
Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea
Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 585. CrossRef

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Clusters of Toxoplasmosis in Gyodong-Myeon and Samsan-Myeon, Ganghwa-Gun, Korea: Woojin Kim, Yoon Kyung Chang, Tong-Soo Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):493-497.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.493

Abstract
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The purpose of this study is to find out the clusters with high toxoplasmosis risk to discuss the geographical pattern in 2 islands of Gyodong-myeon and Samsan-myeon in Ganghwa-gun, Korea. Seroepidemiological data of toxoplasmosis surveyed using rapid diagnostic tests for the residents in 2 islands from 2010 to 2013 were analyzed to detect clusters of the infection. The cluster was investigated using the SatScan program which is based on Kulldorff’s scan statistic. The clusters were found with P-values in each region analyzed in the program, and the risk and patient incidence of specific areas can be examined by the values such as relative risk and log likelyhood ratio. Jiseok-ri was found to be a cluster in Gyodong-myeon and Ha-ri was the cluster in Samsan-myeon. This findings can be used to monitor and prevent toxoplasmosis infections occurring in vulnerable areas.

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis Infection among Residents along 5 Major Rivers in the Republic of Korea: Young-Il Jeong, Hee-Eun Shin, Sang-Eun Lee, Hyeng-Il Cheun, Jung-Won Ju, Jung-Yeon Kim, Mi Yeoun Park, Shin-Hyeong Cho; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):215-219.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.215

Abstract
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Clonorchis sinensis is currently the most important parasite affecting public health problems in the Republic of Korea. We investigated the prevalence of C. sinensis infection among residents living along 5 major rivers in Korea. A total of 42,562 individual stool samples were collected from 37 localities and examined using the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. Helminth eggs were detected in 4,052 (9.5%) residents and 3,586 (8.4%) were infected with C. sinensis. The egg positive rate of C. sinensis in Nakdong, Seomjin, Geum, Yeongsan, and Han River was 11.7%, 9.9%, 6.5%, 3.1%, and 1.0%, respectively. The overall prevalence of clonorchiasis by sex was 11.2% in males and 6.2% in females. The age-prevalence was the highest in the 50-59 years band. It has been reconfirmed that the endemicity of clonorchiasis is higher in southern areas of Korea, especially along Nakdong and Seomjin Rivers. A combination of continuous control programs with health education initiatives is urgently required in these highly endemic areas of clonorchiasis in Korea.

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Original Article

Serologic Survey of Toxoplasmosis in Seoul and Jeju-do, and a Brief Review of Its Seroprevalence in Korea: Hyemi Lim, Sang-Eun Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Min-Ki Kim, Mi Youn Lee, Ho-Woo Nam, Jong-Gyun Shin, Cheong-Ha Yun, Han-Ik Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):287-293.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.287

Abstract
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Knowledge of the prevalence of human Toxoplasma gondii infection is required in the Republic of Korea. In this study, we surveyed the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection and analyzed the risk factors associated with seropositivity among residents in 2 administrative districts; Seoul and the island of Jeju-do, which have contrasting epidemiologic characteristics. Sera and blood collected from 2,150 residents (1,114 in Seoul and 1,036 in Jeju-do) were checked for IgG antibody titers using ELISA and for the T. gondii B1 gene using PCR. In addition, participants completed a questionnaire that solicited information on gender, age, occupation, eating habits, history of contact with animals, and travel abroad. The T. gondii B1 gene was not detected in all residents examined. However, ELISA showed 8.0% (89 of 1,114 sera) positive for IgG antibodies against T. gondii in Seoul and 11.3% (117 of 1,036 sera) in Jeju-do. In both districts, the positive rates were higher in males than in females, and those 40-79 years of age showed higher rates than other ages. In Seoul, residents older than 70 years of age showed the highest positive rate, 14.9%, whereas in Jeju-do the highest prevalence, 15.6%, was in those in their sixties. The higher seropositive rate in Jeju-do than in Seoul may be related to eating habits and occupations. The present results and a review of related literature are indicative of an increased seroprevalence of T. gondii in Korea in recent years.

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Brief Communication

Maintained Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis among the Residents of Jeju Island, Korea: Sung-Jong Hong, Chom-Kyu Chong, Kyutaeg Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Yeon-Pyo Hong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Hak-Yong Kim, A-Ra Ko, Yong-Joo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):309-311.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.309

Abstract
PDF

Seroepidemiological status of toxoplasmosis among the residents of Jeju island was surveyed and evaluated by ELISA with crude extract of Toxoplasma gondii. The sera of 2,348 residents (male 1,157 and female 1,191) were collected and checked for the IgG antibody titers, which showed 13.2% positive rate (309 sera). The positive rates were increasing gradually according to the age from 4.3% in teenage to 20.6% in seventies. The positive rates were significantly different between the sex by 16.2% for male and 10.2% for female (P<0.05). This positive rate of toxoplasmosis in Jeju island residents is regarded relatively higher than any other regions of Korea. And the high positive rate may be maintained continuously among Jeju island residents without any clear reasons until now but due to some parts peculiar socio-cultural tradition of Jeju island. Therefore, it is necessary to study further the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis of Jeju island.

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Original Article

Epidemiological Survey on the Infection of Intestinal Flukes in Residents of Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, the Republic of Korea: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Pyo-Yun Cho, Dong-Min Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, In-Sang Kim, Eun-Jung Hwang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):133-138.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.133

Abstract
PDF

Infection status of intestinal flukes was investigated in residents of Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, the Republic of Korea. Total 1,257 fecal samples of residents were examined by formalin-ether sedimentation technique and Kato-Katz thick smear method. Helminth eggs were detected from 95 (7.6%) residents, and eggs of heterophyid flukes and Clonorchis sinensis were found from 62 (4.9%) and 40 (3.2%) cases, respectively. The larger heterophyid eggs, somewhat dark-brown in color and 37.7 × 21.5 ?m in average size, and found in 32 (2.6%) out of 62 egg positive cases of heterophyid flukes. To confirm the adult flukes, we performed worm recovery from 12 cases after praziquantel treatment and purgation with MgSO₄. A total of 1,281 adult flukes, assigned to 7 species, were recovered from 9 cooperative cases. Heterophyes nocens (total 981 specimens) was collected from 9 cases, Stictodora fuscata (80) from 7, Gymnophalloides seoi (75) from 5, Pygidiopsis summa (140) from 3, Stellantchasmus falcatus (3) from 2, and Stictodora lari and Acanthotrema felis (each 1 worm) from 1 case each. The intrauterine eggs of S. fuscata collected from the recovered worm were identical with the larger heterophyid eggs detected in the stool examination. By the present study, it was confirmed that A. felis is a new intestinal fluke infecting humans, and residents in Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do are infected with variable species of intestinal trematodes.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(2): 161. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Infection status of intestinal parasites in children living in residential institutions in Metro Manila, the Philippines: Eleonor T Baldo, Vicente Y Belizario, Winifreda U De Leon, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(2):67-70.
Published online June 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.2.67

Abstract
PDF

A small scale survey was performed to know the infection status of intestinal parasite in children of the residential institutions and street communities in Metro Manila, Philippines. A total of 284 stool samples from 11 institutions and 3 street communities was examined by the formalin-ether concentration method. The scotch tape anal swab was adapted to 121 children to investigate the infection status of Enterovius vermicularis. It was found out that 62.0% of the children examined were positive for one or more intestinal parasites. Multiple infections were observed in 34.2% of the children. Among 172 children who gave detail information, the prevalence for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm was 36.0%, 44.8%, and 7.0% respectively. Of the children examined, 47.7% were found to be harboring parasitic protozoans such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis hominis. The most prevalent of these protozoans was B. hominis with an infection rate of 40.7%. The prevalence of these infections among children living in institutions was relatively high. More efforts should be made to implement anthelminthic programs including bi-annual follow-up treatments.

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Infection status of Clonorchis sinensis in residents of Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea: Bong Jin Kim, Mee-Sun Ock, Ik Su Kim, Un Bo Yeo; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(4):191-193.
Published online December 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.4.191

Abstract
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Oriental liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis) infection was surveyed among residents of Hamyang-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea during the period of January 2001 to March 2002. Total 1,041 stool samples were collected from residents who visited Public Health Center and its branches in Hamyang-gun and examined using formalin-ether sedimentation method. The overall egg positive rate was 16%, male showing higher positive rate (21%) than female (10%). The age group of 30 to 50 years had the highest egg positive rate of C. sinensis from 20% to 22%. The positive examinees were treated with praziquantel and educated individually to prevent reinfection. Egg positive rate in this area was decreased when compared with results recorded in the past, however, still remained more than 10%. This study suggests that periodic examination, treatment as well as education of residents should be continued and systematized.

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