Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"spine"

Brief Communication

Development of the head collar and collar spines during the larval stages of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae): Woon-Mok Sohn, Won-Jae Jung, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):145-150.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23122

It is uncertain when the head collar and collar spines of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), a zoonotic echinostome species in Far Eastern Asia, develop during its larval stages. In this study, the appearance of the head collar and collar spines was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy in cercariae and metacercariae experimentally obtained from freshwater snails (Lymnaea pervia) and tadpoles (Rana nigromaculata), respectively. The cercariae were shed from the snail on day 30 after exposure to laboratory-hatched miracidia. Metacercariae were obtained from the experimental tadpoles at 3, 6, 12, 15, 20, 24, 26, and 30 h after exposure to the cercariae. The head collar was already visible in the cercarial stage, although its degree of development was weak. However, collar spines did not appear in the cercarial stage and even in the early metacercarial stage less than 24 h postinfection in tadpoles. Collar spines became visible in the metacercariae when they grew older than 24 h. It was concluded that the head collar of I. hortensis developed early in the cercarial stage, but the development of collar spines did not occur until the worms became 24-h-old metacercariae in our experimental setting. Counting the number of collar spines was concluded as an unfeasible diagnostic method for I. hortensis cercariae when they are shed from the snail host.

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Case Report

A Human Case of Lumbosacral Canal Sparganosis in China: Jian-Feng Fan, Sheng Huang, Jing Li, Ren-Jun Peng, He Huang, Xi-Ping Ding, Li-Ping Jiang, Jian Xi; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):635-638.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.635

Abstract
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In this study, we intended to describe a human case of lumbosacral canal sparganosis in People’s Republic of China (China). A 56-year-old man was admitted to Xiangya Hospital Central South University in Changsha, Hunan province, China after having an experience of perianal pain for a week. An enhancing mass, a tumor clinically suggested, was showed at the S1-S2 level of the lumbosacral spine by the examination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium contrast. The patient was received the laminectomy from S1 to S2, and an ivory-white living worm was detected in inferior margin of L5. In ELISA-test with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples, anti-sparganum antibodies were detected. He had a ingesting history of undercooked frog meat in his youth. By the present study, a human case of spinal sparganosis invaded in lumbosacral canal at the S1-S2 level was diagnosed in China. Although the surgical removal of larvae is known to be the best way of treatment for sparganosis, we administered the high-dosage of praziquantel, albendazole and dexamethasone to prevent the occurrence of another remain worms in this study.

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Infectious Myelopathies
Anita M. Fletcher, Shamik Bhattacharyya
Continuum.2024; 30(1): 133. CrossRef
The serum IgG antibody level as a biomarker for clinical outcome in patients with cerebral sparganosis after treatment
Haijie Xiang, Jie Wang, Dandan Tan, Ying Xiong, Pengcheng Huang, Yu Shen, Yun Xu, Zhihong Gong, Fei Hu, Chunhua Xu, Jie Wu, Wei Liu, Junpu Liu, Hui Wan, Daojun Hong, Huiqun Xie
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Multiple sparganosis spinal infections mainly in the thoracic region: A case report
Gan-Jun Wen, Jian Chen, Shi-Fei Zhang, Zhi-Sen Zhou, Gen-Long Jiao
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2023; 11(36): 8507. CrossRef

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Original Article

Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from Riparian People along the Mekong River in Cambodia: Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Woon-Mok Sohn, Muth Sinuon, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):431-443.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.431

Abstract
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Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) is described based on adult flukes collected from humans residing along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Total 256 flukes were collected from the diarrheic stool of 6 echinostome egg positive villagers in Kratie and Takeo Province after praziquantel treatment and purging. Adults of the new species were 9.0-13.1 (av. 11.3) mm in length and 1.3-2.5 (1.9) mm in maximum width and characterized by having a head collar armed with 37 collar spines (dorsal spines arranged in 2 alternative rows), including 5 end group spines. The eggs in feces and worm uterus were 98-132 (117) μm long and 62-90 (75) μm wide. These morphological features closely resembled those of Echinostoma revolutum, E. miyagawai, and several other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma species. However, sequencing of the nuclear ITS (ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2) and 2 mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad1, revealed unique features distinct from E. revolutum and also from other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma group available in GenBank (E. bolschewense, E. caproni, E. cinetorchis, E. deserticum, E. miyagawai, E. nasincovae, E. novaezealandense, E. paraensei, E. paraulum, E. robustum, E. trivolvis, and Echinostoma sp. IG). Thus, we assigned our flukes as a new species, E. mekongi. The new species revealed marked variation in the morphology of testes (globular or lobulated), and smaller head collar, collar spines, oral and ventral suckers, and cirrus sac compared to E. revolutum and E. miyagawai. Epidemiological studies regarding the geographical distribution and its life history, including the source of human infections, remain to be performed.

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Development and utilization of a visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LAMP-LFD) assay for rapid detection of Echinostomatidae metacercaria in edible snail samples
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Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Taehee Chang, Jaeeun Cho, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Jeonggyu Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Virak Khieu, Rekol Huy, Jong-Yil Chai
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Parasitology.2022; 149(7): 913. CrossRef
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Rafael Toledo, María Álvarez-Izquierdo, J. Guillermo Esteban, Carla Muñoz-Antoli
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Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1262. CrossRef
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Seungwan Ryoo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
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Taxonomy of Echinostoma revolutum and 37-Collar-Spined Echinostoma spp.: A Historical Review
Jong-Yil Chai, Jaeeun Cho, Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 343. CrossRef

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Invited Review

Taxonomy of Echinostoma revolutum and 37-Collar-Spined Echinostoma spp.: A Historical Review: Jong-Yil Chai, Jaeeun Cho, Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):343-371.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.343

Abstract
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Echinostoma flukes armed with 37 collar spines on their head collar are called as 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. (group) or ‘Echinostoma revolutum group’. At least 56 nominal species have been described in this group. However, many of them were morphologically close to and difficult to distinguish from the other, thus synonymized with the others. However, some of the synonymies were disagreed by other researchers, and taxonomic debates have been continued. Fortunately, recent development of molecular techniques, in particular, sequencing of the mitochondrial (nad1 and cox1) and nuclear genes (ITS region; ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), has enabled us to obtain highly useful data on phylogenetic relationships of these 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. Thus, 16 different species are currently acknowledged to be valid worldwide, which include E. revolutum, E. bolschewense, E. caproni, E. cinetorchis, E. deserticum, E. lindoense, E. luisreyi, E. mekongi, E. miyagawai, E. nasincovae, E. novaezealandense, E. paraensei, E. paraulum, E. robustum, E. trivolvis, and Echinostoma sp. IG of Georgieva et al., 2013. The validity of the other 10 species is retained until further evaluation, including molecular analyses; E. acuticauda, E. barbosai, E. chloephagae, E. echinatum, E. jurini, E. nudicaudatum, E. parvocirrus, E. pinnicaudatum, E. ralli, and E. rodriguesi. In this review, the history of discovery and taxonomic debates on these 26 valid or validity-retained species are briefly reviewed.

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Development and utilization of a visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LAMP-LFD) assay for rapid detection of Echinostomatidae metacercaria in edible snail samples
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Egie E. Enabulele, Scott P. Lawton, Anthony J. Walker, Ruth S. Kirk, Hudson Alves Pinto
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Marisa C. Valadão, Philippe V. Alves, Danimar López-Hernández, Jordana C. A. Assis, Paulo R. S. Coelho, Stefan M. Geiger, Hudson A. Pinto
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A new species ofEchinostoma(Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) from the ‘revolutum’ group found in Brazil: refuting the occurrence ofEchinostoma miyagawai(=E. robustum) in the Americas
Marisa C. Valadão, Danimar López-Hernández, Philippe V. Alves, Hudson A. Pinto
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Echinostoma mekongi: Discovery of Its Metacercarial Stage in Snails, Filopaludina martensi cambodjensis, in Pursat Province, Cambodia
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Rolf K. Schuster, Peter Specht, Siegfried Rieger
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Original Articles

Tegumental Ultrastructure of Adult Gynaecotyla squatarolae (Digenea: Microphallidae): Do-Seon Lim, Ki-Ju Choi, Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai, Il-Yong Park, Yun-Kyu Park, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(2):87-90.
Published online June 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.2.87

Abstract
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Gynaecotyla squatarolae (Digenea: Microphallidae) adult flukes were recovered from experimental chicks at day 4-6 post-infection and their tegumental ultrastructure was observed with a scanning electron microscopy. They were pyriform in shape, and their anterior halves were concaved ventrally. The whole body surface was covered with tegumental spines, which were wide and 16-17 digitated between oral and ventral suckers. The density of spines and number of digits decreased posteriorly. The oral sucker was subterminal and the excretory pore was at the posterior end of the worm. Two ventral suckers were similar in appearance and protruded near midline of the worm. The genital atrium was dextral to the small ventral sucker. The dorsal surface was covered with tegumental spines, but the spines were sparser than on the ventral surface. On the middle portion of the dorsal surface, a small opening presumed to be the Laurer's canal was seen. From these findings, it has been confirmed that the adult G. squatarolae has unique characteristics in the surface ultrastructure.

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Two new species of Parspina Pearse, 1920 (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) from freshwater fishes (Gymnotiformes) of the Paraná River basin in Argentina
Margarita C. Ostrowski de Núñez, Nathalia J. Arredondo, Alicia A. Gil de Pertierra
Systematic Parasitology.2011; 80(1): 67. CrossRef
Ultrastructural features of the tegumental surface of a new metacercaria, Nematostrigea sp. (Trematoda: Strigeidae), with a search for potential taxonomically informative characters
Larisa G. Poddubnaya, Elena Mishina, Alexander E. Zhokhov, David I. Gibson
Systematic Parasitology.2010; 75(1): 59. CrossRef

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Developmental surface ultrastructure of Macroorchis spinulosus in albino rats: Sung-Jong Hong, Ho-Chun Woo, Oh Sil Kwon; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):151-157.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.151

Abstract
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Developmental surface ultrastructure of Macroorchis spinulosus was studied by scanning electron microscopy. One-day-old juvenile fluke was leaf-shaped and bent ventrally. Body surface was covered densely with peg-like spines and with cobblestone-like cytoplasmic processes. Ciliated sensory papillae were concentrated around oral sucker. Several unciliated sensory papillae occurred equidistantly on oral sucker and acetabulum. The ciliated papillae appeared in two longitudinal lines symmetric bilaterally on dorsal surface. On adult flukes, tegumantal spines became wider in middle of the body surface. The cytoplasmic processes differentiated into more fine velvety form. It is likely that the differentiated fine cytoplasmic processes are an increased absorptive surface to adult M. spinulosus. It is suggested that single pointed tegumental spines on anterior half of the body may be supportive for this fluke to migration.

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Evaluation of the effect of larval metamorphosis of some digenetic parasites within the digestive gland tissues of the freshwater ampullariid snails, Lanistes carinatus (Olivier, 1804)
Mohammed E. El-Zeiny, Ola A. Abu Samak, Shereen A. Fahmy, Abdel Aziz A. Khidr
Parasitology International.2025; 108: 103078. CrossRef
Lethal effects of praziquantel and albendazole, on the cercariae of Echinochasmus sp. (Dietz, 1909) in-vitro
Mohammed E. El-Zeiny, Ola A. Abu Samak, Shereen A. Fahmy, Abdel Aziz A. Khidr
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2024; 48(2): 320. CrossRef
Molecular Description of Macroorchis spinulosus (Digenea: Nanophyetidae) Based on ITS1 Sequences
Eun Jeong Won, Deok-Gyu Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Min-Jae Kim, Yong Woon Yun, Jong-Yil Chai, Dong Wook Ryang
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Mohammed Hasan Ibraheem
Acta Zoologica.2007; 88(2): 173. CrossRef
MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ECHINOCHASMUS JAPONICUS CERCARIAE AND THE IN VITRO MAINTENANCE OF ITS LIFE CYCLE FROM CERCARIAE TO ADULTS
Min-Ho Choi, Sae Hoon Kim, Jong-Hoon Chung, Hye-Jin Jang, Joon-Ho Eom, Byung-Suk Chung, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Sung-Tae Hong
Journal of Parasitology.2006; 92(2): 236. CrossRef

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Tegumental ultrastructure of the juvenile and adult Himasthla alincia (Digenea: Echinostomatidae): Eun-Taek Han, Kye-Young Han, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(1):17-25.
Published online March 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.17

Abstract
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The tegumental ultrastructure of juvenile and adult Himasthla alincia (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) was observed by scanning electron microscopy. One-, 5- (juveniles) and 20-day-old worms (adults) were harvested from chicks experimentally fed metacercariae from a bivalve, Mactra veneriformis. The juvenile worms were elongated and curved ventrally. The head crown bore 31 collar spines, arranged in a single row. The lip of the oral sucker had 12 paired, and 3 single type I sensory papillae, and the ventral sucker had about 25 type II sensory papillae. The anterolateral surface between the two suckers was densely packed with tegumental spines with 4-7 pointed tips. The adult worms were more elongated and filamentous, and had severe transverse folds over the whole body surface. On the head crown and two suckers, type I and II sensory papillae were more densely distributed than in the juvenile worms. Retractile brush-like spines, with 8-10 digits, were seen on the anterolateral surface, whereas claw-shaped spines, with 2-5 digits, were sparsely distributed posteriorly to the ventral sucker. The cirrus characteristically protruded out, and was armed with small spines distally. The surface ultrastructure of H. alincia was shown to be unique among echinostomes, especially in the digitation of its tegumental spines, the distribution of sensory papillae and by severe folds of the tegument.

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Surface ultrastructure of Metagonimus takahashii metacercariae and adults: Jong-Yil Chai, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Taek Han, Min Seo, Eun-Hee Shin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Yil Choi, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(1):9-15.
Published online March 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.1.9

Abstract
PDF

A scanning electron microscopic study was performed on the surface ultrastructure of metacercariae and adults of Metagonimus takahashii. Metacercariae were collected from the scale of crucian carp (Carassius auratus), and adult flukes were harvested 1-4 weeks after infection to rats. In excysted metacercariae, the oral sucker had type I (numerous) and type II (seven in total) sensory papillae. Tegumental spines were dense and digitated into 5-7 points on the surface anterior to the ventral sucker, but became sparse and less digitated posteriorly toward the end of the body. In adults, seven type II sensory papillae were characteristically arranged around the lip of the oral sucker, and on the inner side of the lip four small and two large type I sensory papillae were symmetrically seen on each side (12 in total). Tegumental spines on anterior two-thirds of the body, were digitated with 9-12 tips ventrally and 8-13 tips dorsally. Sperms entering into the Laurer's canal were observed. The results show that the surface ultrastructure of M. takahashii is generally similar to those of M. yokogawai and M. miyatai except for the digitation of tegumental spines.

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Surface ultrastructure of Metagonimus miyatai metacercariae and adults: Jong-Yil Chai, Young-Je Kang, Sung-Yil Choi, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Ran Yu, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(4):217-225.
Published online December 20, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.4.217

Abstract
PDF

A scanning electron microscopic study was performed to observe surface ultrastructures of excysted metacercariae and adults of Metagonimus miyatai. Metacercariae were collected from the scale of the pale chub (Zacco platypus), and adult flukes were harvested 1-4 weeks after infection to rats. In excysted metacercariae, the oral sucker was devoid of tegumental spines and had type I and type II sensory papillae. Anteriorly to the ventral sucker, spines were dense and digitated into 5-7 points, whereas near the posterior end of the body spines were sparse and digitated into 2-3 points. In one-week adults, 7 type II sensory papillae were arranged around the lip of the oral sucker, and at inner side of the lip one pair of small and two pairs of large type 1 sensory papillae were seen on each side. The distribution of tegumental spines was similar to that of metacercariae, but they were more differentiated with 9-11 pointed tips. In two- to four-week old adults, the surface ultrastructure was nearly the same as in one-week old adults, however, sperms were frequently seen entering into the Laurer's canal. Conclusively, the surface ultrastructure of M. miyatai was generally similar to that of M. yokogawai, however, differentiation of tegumental spines and distribution of sensory papillae around the oral sucker were different between the two species, which may be of taxonomic significance.

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Sequence comparisons of 28S ribosomal DNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I of Metagonimus yokogawai, M. takahashii and M. miyatai
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Surface ultrastructure of the adult stage of Acanthotrema felis (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)
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Surface ultrastructure of Pygidiopsis summa (Digenea: Heterophyidae) adult flukes
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Surface ultrastructure of Metagonimus takahashii metacercariae and adults
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