Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Original Articles

Prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea: Soojin Kim, In Yong Lee, Sezim Monoldorova, Jiro Kim, Jang Hoon Seo, Tai-Soon Yong, Bo Young Jeon; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):263-271.
Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22148

The present study aimed to survey the prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi (O. tsutsugamushi) infection in the northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea. From early February to early June 2015, a total of 17,050 chiggers were collected from striped field mice, Apodemus agrarius, in Cheorwon-gun, Hwacheon-gun, Yanggu-gun, and Goseong-gun, which are well-known endemic areas of scrub typhus in Korea. The chiggers were analyzed using molecular genomic methods, as previously described. Among the 7,964 identified chiggers, the predominant species was Leptotrombidium pallidum (76.9%), followed by L. zetum (16.4%), L. orientale (4.3%), L. palpale (0.3%), L. tectum (0.2%), and Neotrombicula tamiyai (1.8%). The chigger index (CI) was highest in Hwacheon (115.58), followed by Cheorwon (97.02), Yanggu (76.88), and Goseong (54.68). Out of the 79 O. tsutsugamushi-positive chigger pools, 67 (84.8%) were identified as the Boryong strain, 10 (12.7%) as the Youngworl strain, and only 2 were the Jecheon strain. Based on the high infestation of chiggers in striped field rodents and the high rate of O. tsutsugamushi infection in chigger mites, Hwacheon-gun and Cheorwon-gun are presumed to be high-risk areas for scrub typhus. Furthermore, L. pallidum, a major vector of scrub typhus, and the dominant O. tsutsugamushi serotype, the Boryong strain, were found in the northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea.

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Geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains on chigger mites in the Republic of Korea (2021–2023)
Hyeon Seung Lee, Byung-Eon Noh, Hyunwoo Kim, Heeil Lee
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Surveillance of Vector‐Borne Zoonotic Diseases in South Korea: Uncovering Novel Pathogen Carriers Among Rodents and Mites Nationwide
Beoul Kim, You-Jeong Lee, Hee Il Lee, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo, Nan-hua Chen
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
2022년 쯔쯔가무시증 매개 털진드기 감시 현황
세훈 조, 태규 김, 현우 김, 정원 주, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2023; 16(46): 1563. CrossRef

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Development of Toxoplasma gondii Chinese I genotype Wh6 Strain in Cat Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Guihua Zhao, Lixin Zhang, Lisha Dai, Haozhi Xu, Chao Xu, Ting Xiao, Jun Li, Hui Sun, Beibei Zhou, Kun Yin; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(4):241-246.
Published online August 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.241

Felids are the unique definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii. The intestine of felid is the only site for initiating Toxoplasma gondii sexual reproduction. T. gondii excretes millions of infectious oocysts from the intestine, which are the primary source of infection. There are many difficulties in developing vaccines and drugs to control oocyst excretion due to the lack of an appropriate experimental model. Here, we established an in vitro feline intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) infection system and an efficient animal model of T. gondii Chinese 1 genotype, Wh6 strain (TgCtwh6). The Kunming mice brain tissues containing TgCtwh6 cysts were harvested 42-day post-infection. The bradyzoites were co-cultured with cat IECs in vitro at a ratio of 1:10. Five 3-month-old domestic cats were orally inoculated with 600 cysts each. The oocysts were detected by daily observation of cat feces by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. We found that the parasite adhered and invaded cat IECs in vitro, transformed into tachyzoites, and then divided to form rose-like structures. These parasites eventually destroyed host cells, escaped, and finished the asexual reproduction process. Schizonts associated with sexual reproduction have not been observed during development in vitro cultured cells. However, schizonts were detected in all infected cat intestinal epithelial cells, and oocysts were presented in all cat feces. Our study provides a feasible cell model and an efficient infection system for the following studies of T. gondii sexual reproduction, and also lays a foundation to develop drugs and vaccines for blocking excretion and transmission of oocysts.

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Detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples in Gaza, Palestine: A combined parasitological and molecular approach
Zuhair Dardona, Adnan Al Hindi, Mohamed Hafidi, Ali Boumezzough, Fadel Sharif, Samia Boussaa
One Health Bulletin.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The development and excretion of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst manipulate the gut microbiota in its definitive host
Gui-Hua Zhao, Bei-Bei Zhou, Zhi-Heng Cao, Ting Xiao, Ya-Nan Li, Wen-Ju Zhu, Hang Sun, Huan-Huan Xie, Xiao-Man Xie, Jun-Mei Zhang, Qi Wang, Xin Zhang, Jin-Jing Xie, Hong-Jie Dong, Chao Xu, Kun Yin
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii alters gut microbiota and systemic metabolism in cats: A multi-omics approach
Ji-Xin Zhao, Xue-Yao Wang, Xuancheng Zhang, Lu-Yao Tang, Shi-Chen Xie, Yi-Han Lv, Zhi Zheng, Ying-Qian Gao, Jing Jiang, Xiao-Xuan Zhang, He Ma
The Veterinary Journal.2025; 314: 106455. CrossRef
Proteomics analysis of Toxoplasma gondii merozoites reveals regulatory proteins involved in sexual reproduction
Guihua Zhao, Hongjie Dong, Lisha Dai, Huanhuan Xie, Hang Sun, Junmei Zhang, Qi Wang, Chao Xu, Kun Yin
Microbial Pathogenesis.2024; 186: 106484. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Genetic Characteristics of Polymorphic Antigenic Markers among Korean Isolates of Plasmodium vivax: Seung-Young Hwang, So-Hee Kim, Weon-Gyu Kho; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(Suppl):S51.
Published online October 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S51

Abstract
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Plasmodium vivax, a protozoan malaria parasite of humans, represents a major public health concern in the Republic of Korea (= South Korea). However, little is known about the genetic properties and population structures of the P. vivax isolates circulating in South Korea. This article reviews known polymorphic genetic markers in South Korean isolates of P. vivax and briefly summarizes the current issues surrounding the gene and population structures of this parasite. The critical genetic characteristics of major antigens of the parasite, such as circumsporozoite protein (CSP), merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1) and MSP-3, Duffy binding protein (DBP), apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1), and GAM-1, are also discussed.

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Alternative Invasion Mechanisms and Host Immune Response to Plasmodium vivax Malaria: Trends and Future Directions
Daniel Kepple, Kareen Pestana, Junya Tomida, Abnet Abebe, Lemu Golassa, Eugenia Lo
Microorganisms.2020; 9(1): 15. CrossRef
Identification of an Immunogenic Broadly Inhibitory Surface Epitope of the Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein Ligand Domain
Miriam T. George, Jesse L. Schloegel, Francis B. Ntumngia, Samantha J. Barnes, Christopher L. King, Joanne L. Casey, Michael Foley, John H. Adams, Photini Sinnis
mSphere.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Causing Epidemic Malaria in the Republic of Korea
Young Yil Bahk, Jeonga Kim, Seong Kyu Ahn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(6): 545. CrossRef
Genetic diversity and effect of natural selection at apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) among Iranian Plasmodium vivax isolates
Ahmad Reza Esmaeili Rastaghi, Fatemeh Nedaei, Hossein Nahrevanian, Nazanin Hoseinkhan
Folia Parasitologica.2014; 61(5): 385. CrossRef
The association of Duffy binding protein region II polymorphisms and its antigenicity in Plasmodium vivax isolates from Thailand
Patchanee Chootong, Amy M. McHenry, Francis B. Ntumngia, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, John H. Adams
Parasitology International.2014; 63(6): 858. CrossRef
First imported relapse case of Plasmodium vivax malaria and analysis of its origin by CSP sequencing in Henan Province, China
Ying Liu, Hong-wei Zhang, Rui-min Zhou, Cheng-yun Yang, Dan Qian, Yu-ling Zhao, Bian-li Xu
Malaria Journal.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Microsatellite DNA Analysis Revealed a Drastic Genetic Change of Plasmodium vivax Population in the Republic of Korea During 2002 and 2003
Moritoshi Iwagami, Seung-Young Hwang, So-Hee Kim, So-Jung Park, Ga-Young Lee, Emilie Louise Akiko Matsumoto-Takahashi, Weon-Gyu Kho, Shigeyuki Kano, Shan Lv
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2013; 7(10): e2522. CrossRef
Population Structure and Transmission Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea Based on Microsatellite DNA Analysis
Moritoshi Iwagami, Megumi Fukumoto, Seung-Young Hwang, So-Hee Kim, Weon-Gyu Kho, Shigeyuki Kano, Mehmet Ali Ozcel
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2012; 6(4): e1592. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax populations revisited: mitochondrial genomes of temperate strains in Asia suggest ancient population expansion
Miao Miao, Zhaoqing Yang, Harland Patch, Yaming Huang, Ananias A Escalante, Liwang Cui
BMC Evolutionary Biology.2012;[Epub] CrossRef
Geographical origin of Plasmodium vivax in the Republic of Korea: haplotype network analysis based on the parasite's mitochondrial genome
Moritoshi Iwagami, Seung-Young Hwang, Megumi Fukumoto, Toshiyuki Hayakawa, Kazuyuki Tanabe, So-Hee Kim, Weon-Gyu Kho, Shigeyuki Kano
Malaria Journal.2010;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Evaluation of the Korean Isolate-1 Tachyzoite Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis: Eun-Hee Shin, Dong-Hee Kim, Aifen Lin, Jo-Woon-Yi Lee, Hyo-Jin Kim, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):45-48.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.45

Abstract
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To evaluate the usefulness of the Korean Isolate-1 (KI-1) antigen for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis, antigen profiles of KI-1 tachyzoites were analyzed in comparison with RH tachyzoites by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. ELISA was performed on latex agglutination (LA)-positive and negative serum samples using KI-1 and RH antigens. Immunoblotting of the KI-1 antigen showed multiple antigen bands with molecular sizes of 22-105 kDa. Among them, 1 and 6 common bands were noted against a KI-1-infected and a RH-infected human serum, respectively, which represented differences in antigenic profiles between KI-1 and RH tachyzoites. However, all 9 LA-positive human sera were found positive by ELISA, and all 12 LA-negative sera were negative by ELISA; the correlation between the ELISA titers and LA titers was high (r = 0.749). Our results suggest that tachyzoites of KI-1 may be useful for serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis.

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Resistance toToxoplasma gondiiInfection in Mice Treated with Silk Protein by Enhanced Immune Responses
Joung-Ho Moon, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyang Sook Chun, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 303. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Laboratory passage and characterization of an isolate of Toxoplasma gondii from an ocular patient in Korea: Jong-Yil Chai, Aifen Lin, Eun-Hee Shin, Myoung-Don Oh, Eun-Taek Han, Ho-Woo Nam, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(3):147-154.
Published online September 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.3.147

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were isolated from the blood of an ocular patient, and have been successfully passaged in the laboratory, for over a year, by peritoneal inoculation in mice. The isolated parasite was designated the Korean Isolate-1 (KI-1) and its characteristics were compared with those of the RH strain, a well-known virulent strain originating from a child who suffered from encephalitis. The morphology, pathogenicity, infectivity and cell culture characteristics of the KI-1 were similar to those of the RH strain. Both RH and KI-1 antigens were detected by an anti-T. gondii monoclonal antibody (mAb), Tg563, against the major surface protein SAG1 (30 kDa), whereas no reaction was observed against an anti-Neospora caninum mAb, 12B4. The KI-1 was confirmed as an isolate of T. gondii. A long-term laboratory maintenance and characterization of a local T. gondii isolate is reported for the first time in the Republic of Korea.

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Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in wild oysters and seawater on the southeast coast of South Korea
Hyejoo Shin, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Food Microbiology.2026; 134: 104925. CrossRef
Clinical characteristics of toxoplasmosis patients in Korea: A retrospective study using health insurance review and assessment service data and electronic medical records
Do-Won Ham, Bong-Kwang Jung, Ji-Hun Shin, Yong Joon Kim, Kyoung Yul Seo, Seung Mi Lee, Jae Hyoung Im, Jeong-Ran Kwon, Ho-Sung Lee, Kyung-Won Hwang, Eun-Hee Shin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(4): 424. CrossRef
Global Proteome-Wide Analysis of Cysteine S-Nitrosylation in Toxoplasma gondii
Zexiang Wang, Jia Li, Qianqian Yang, Xiaolin Sun
Molecules.2023; 28(21): 7329. CrossRef
Unifying Virulence Evaluation in Toxoplasma gondii: A Timely Task
Rafael Calero-Bernal, Mercedes Fernández-Escobar, Frank Katzer, Chunlei Su, Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Review of Successful Control of Parasitic Infections in Korea
Sung-Tae Hong, Tai-Soon Yong
Infection & Chemotherapy.2020; 52(3): 427. CrossRef
An outbreak of toxoplasmosis in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in South Korea
Hanseul Oh, Kyung‐Yeon Eo, Sanjeev Gumber, Jung Joo Hong, C‐Yoon Kim, Hyun‐Ho Lee, Young‐Mok Jung, Jin Kim, Gyu‐Whan Whang, Ji‐Min Lee, Yong‐Gu Yeo, Bokyeong Ryu, Ji‐Sook Ryu, Seul‐Kee Lee, Ukjin Kim, Sin‐Geun Kang, Jae‐Hak Park
Journal of Medical Primatology.2018; 47(4): 238. CrossRef
Detection of Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in Cattle Raised in Gyeongbuk Province, Korea
Jaejun Oh, Seung-Hun Lee, Seung-Jin Lee, Young-Hoan Kim, Seung-Chun Park, Man-Hee Rhee, Oh-Deog Kwon, Tae-Hwan Kim, Dongmi Kwak
Journal of Food Protection.2016; 79(5): 821. CrossRef
<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> B1 Gene Detection in Feces of Stray Cats around Seoul, Korea and Genotype Analysis of Two Laboratory-Passaged Isolates
Bong-Kwang Jung, Sang-Eun Lee, Hyemi Lim, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hyemi Song, Min-Jae Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(3): 259. CrossRef
Ocular toxoplasmosis past, present and new aspects of an old disease
M. Maenz, D. Schlüter, O. Liesenfeld, G. Schares, U. Gross, U. Pleyer
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research.2014; 39: 77. CrossRef
Detection of Ocular Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Chronic Irregular Recurrent Uveitis by PCR
Sang-Eun Lee, Sung-Hee Hong, Seong-Ho Lee, Young-Il Jeong, Su Jin Lim, Oh Woong Kwon, Sun Hyun Kim, Young Sung You, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Won-Ja Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(3): 229. CrossRef
Immune Responses of Mice Intraduodenally Infected withToxoplasma gondiiKI-1 Tachyzoites
Eun-Hee Shin, Yeoun Sook Chun, Won-Hee Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(2): 115. CrossRef
Resistance toToxoplasma gondiiInfection in Mice Treated with Silk Protein by Enhanced Immune Responses
Joung-Ho Moon, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyang Sook Chun, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 303. CrossRef
Proteomic Analysis ofToxoplasma gondiiKI-1 Tachyzoites
Si-Hwan Choi, Tae Yun Kim, Sung Goo Park, Guang-Ho Cha, Dae-Whan Shin, Jong-Yil Chai, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(3): 195. CrossRef
Prevalence ofToxoplasma gondiiInfection in Stray and Household Cats in Regions of Seoul, Korea
Sang-Eun Lee, Jae-Yeong Kim, Yun-Ah Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hye-Jin Ahn, Heung-Myong Woo, Won-Ja Lee, Ho-Woo Nam
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Comparison of the pathogensis of two isolates of Besnoitia caprae in inbred BALB/c mice
Ahmad Oryan, Fatemeh Namazi, Mohammad-Mehdi Namavari, Hassan Sharifiyazdi, Marjan Moraveji
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Suppression of CD4+T-Cells in the Spleen of Mice Infected withToxoplasma gondiiKI-1 Tachyzoites
Won-Hee Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Seung-Young Yu, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(4): 325. CrossRef
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Hanyang Medical Reviews.2010; 30(3): 149. CrossRef
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Hye-Youn Kim, Yun-Ah Kim, Ho Sa Lee, Ho Gun Rhie, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jae-Ran Yu, Sang-Eun Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(4): 413. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection and Characteristics of Seropositive Patients in General Hospitals in Daejeon, Korea
Dae-Whan Shin, Dong-Yeub Cha, Quan Juan Hua, Guang-Ho Cha, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(2): 125. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Korean Isolate-1 Tachyzoite Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis
Eun-Hee Shin, Dong-Hee Kim, Aifen Lin, Jo-Woon-Yi Lee, Hyo-Jin Kim, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(1): 45. CrossRef
Genotyping of a Korean isolate of Toxoplasma gondii by multilocus PCR-RFLP and microsatellite analysis
Juan-Hua Quan, Tae Yun Kim, In-Uk Choi, Young-Ha Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2008; 46(2): 105. CrossRef
MIGRATION OF NEODIPLOSTOMUM LEEI (DIGENEA: NEODIPLOSTOMIDAE) NEODIPLOSTOMULA TO THE LIVERS OF VARIOUS MAMMALS
Eun-Hee Shin, Il-Myung Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Eun-Taek Han, Yun-Kyu Park, Yukifumi Nawa, Jina Kook, Soon-Hyung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai
Journal of Parasitology.2006; 92(2): 223. CrossRef
Genetic characteristics of the Korean isolate KI-1 of Toxoplasma gondii
Aifen Lin, Eun-Hee Shin, Tae-Yun Kim, Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2005; 43(1): 27. CrossRef
Food-borne Parasitic Diseases
Jong-Yil Chai
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2004; 47(6): 496. CrossRef

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Early recognized antigen (p34) of Toxoplasma gondii after peroral ingestion of tissue cyst forming strain (Me49 strain) in mice: Yun-Kyu Park, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(3):157-162.
Published online September 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.3.157

Abstract
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Serum from mouse orally ingested with tissue cyst forming strain (Me49) of Toxoplasma gondii was assayed by Western blot and immunofluorescene assay (IFA) to establish early responses in antigenicity of the parasite in mouse model of foodborne toxoplasmosis. Sera were collected weekly to blot the RH antigen transferred onto nitrocellulose paper after being separated by 12% SDS-PAGE. With the second week serum, 34 kDa protein (p34) was detected uniquely, and all antigens of T. gondii were detected with the sera from 3 or 4 weeks. p34 was not a member of the major surface membrane proteins and confirmed to be localized in the rhoptry by IFA. It was secreted into parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) during the entry into host cells. When applied to the human sera of which the ELISA absorbance was in negative range, 10.3% of sera detected p34, while all the ELISA positive sera detected the band. It has diagnostic usefulness of presumed T. gondii infection. We suggest the name of the p34 protein as ROP9.

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A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii antigens to find the best vaccine candidates for immunization
Fatemeh Rezaei, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Mahdi Sharif, Seyed Hossein Hejazi, Abdol sattar Pagheh, Sargis A. Aghayan, Ahmad Daryani
Microbial Pathogenesis.2019; 126: 172. CrossRef
Electrophoretic Patterns of Toxoplasma gondii Excreted/Secreted Antigens and Their Role in Induction of the Humoral Immune Response
Ahmad Daryani, Mehdi Sharif, Hamed Kalani, Alireza Rafiei, Farzad Kalani, Ehsan Ahmadpour
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Kiss and spit: the dual roles of Toxoplasma rhoptries
John C. Boothroyd, Jean-Francois Dubremetz
Nature Reviews Microbiology.2008; 6(1): 79. CrossRef
A role of carboxy-terminal region of Toxoplasma gondii-heat shock protein 70 in enhancement of T. gondii infection in mice
Hye-Seong Mun, Kazumi Norose, Fumie Aosai, Mei Chen, Akihiko Yano
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2000; 38(2): 107. CrossRef

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Age-dependent resistance to Cryptosporidium muris (strain MCR) infection in golden hamsters and mice: Jae Ku Rhee, Wang Su So, Hyeon Cheol Kim; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(1):33-37.
Published online March 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.1.33

Abstract
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An age-dependent aspect of resistance to Cryptosporidium muris (strain MCR) infection was monitored in Syrian golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, at 1-, 5- and 10-week of age and in ICR mice, Mus musculus, at 3-, 12-, and 15-week of age orally inoculated with a single dose of 2×10⁶ oocysts, respectively. The prepatent periods for both animals were similar, independent of age, but the patency was significantly longer in younger hamsters (P<0.001) and a long tendency in younger mice. Hamsters infected at 1-week of age excreted about 10 times higher oocysts than those at 5- and 10-week of age. However, the total oocyst output was similar among mice of different ages. There was a good correlation between the length of the patency and the total oocyst output in hamsters (R=0.9646), but not in mice (R=0.4561). The immunogenicity of the parasite to homologous challenge infections was very strong in hamsters and relatively strong in mice. These results indicate that acquired resistance to C. muris infection is age-related and the innate resistance is independent of age of hamsters, and that both innate and acquired resistance, on the contrary, are irrespective of age of mice.

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Cryptosporidium sciurinum n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in Eurasian Red Squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris)
Jitka Prediger, Jana Ježková, Nikola Holubová, Bohumil Sak, Roman Konečný, Michael Rost, John McEvoy, Dušan Rajský, Martin Kváč
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Age-related immune response to experimental infection with Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae in goat kids
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Cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae): Molecular and Biological Evidence of Cryptic Species within Gastric Cryptosporidium of Mammals
Martin Kváč, Nikola Havrdová, Lenka Hlásková, Tereza Daňková, Jiří Kanděra, Jana Ježková, Jiří Vítovec, Bohumil Sak, Ynes Ortega, Lihua Xiao, David Modrý, Jeba Rose Jennifer Jesudoss Chelladurai, Veronika Prantlová, John McEvoy, Herbert B. Tanowitz
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Xunde Li, Maria das Graças Cabral Pereira, Royce Larsen, Chengling Xiao, Ralph Phillips, Karl Striby, Brenda McCowan, Edward R. Atwill
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The Lesser Egyptian Gerbil (Gerbillus gerbillus) is a suitable host for the long-term propagation of Cryptosporidium andersoni
Martin Kváč, Zuzana Ondráčková, Dana Květoňová, John McEvoy, Jiří Vítovec, Michael Rost, Bohumil Sak
Experimental Parasitology.2013; 134(4): 438. CrossRef
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Nasib Singh, Mukesh Samant, Shraddha K. Gupta, Awanish Kumar, Anuradha Dube
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Luisa Rambozzi, Arianna Menzano, Alessandro Mannelli, Simona Romano, Maria Cristina Isaia
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery.2007; 9(5): 392. CrossRef

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Infection kinetics and developmental biology of Cryptosporidium muris (strain MCR) in Korean native kids and Corriedale lambs: Jae Ku Rhee, Hyeon Cheol Kim, Gil Soo Eun; Korean J Parasitol 1998;36(3):171-181.
Published online September 30, 1998; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1998.36.3.171

Abstract
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A total of nine Korean native kids and two Corriedale lambs, 1-20 days old, were each inoculated per os with a single dose of 2 × 10⁷ oocysts of Cryptosporidium muris (strain MCR) originated from mice to elucidate the kinetics and developmental stages of the coccidium in small ruminants. Irrespective of host's age, the prepatent period for both animals ranged from 19 to 35 days (28.1 days, on the average) and the patent period 16-85 days (47.8 days), and the total oocyst outputs showed enormous differences. Infection with greater numbers of oocyst outputs was not ordinarily established by transmission experiments. Oocysts discharged from the kids retained their infectivity by the mouse titration method. The immunogenicity of the coccidium and oocyst reproduction were proven by challenge infection and administration of prednisolone acetate, respectively. All the developmental stages of the coccidium in parasitophorous vacuoles were found by transmission electron microscopy in the pits of the gastric glands of a kid inoculated with oocysts and then necropsied on day 44 postinoculation. It indicated the full course of the host-parasite relationship in kids and lambs as well as mice.

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Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, C. muris and Cryptosporidium deer genotype in wild cervids and caprines in the Czech Republic
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