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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Stray and Household Cats in Regions of Seoul, Korea

Sang-Eun Lee1,†, Jae-Yeong Kim2,†, Yun-Ah Kim1, Shin-Hyeong Cho1, Hye-Jin Ahn3, Heung-Myong Woo2, Won-Ja Lee1, Ho-Woo Nam3
The Korean Journal of Parasitology 2010;48(3):267-270.
Published online: September 16, 2010

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Corresponding author (howoo@catholic.ac.kr)

†Both authors equally contributed to this work.

• Received: April 14, 2010   • Revised: June 28, 2010   • Accepted: June 30, 2010

Copyright © 2010 by The Korean Society for Parasitology

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  • The principal objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in household and stray cats in Seoul, Republic of Korea. We collected blood samples from 72 stray and 80 household cats, and all samples were examined by ELISA and nested PCR. The overall positive rates of Toxoplasma gondii in stray cats were 38.9% (28/72), with 15.3% (11/72) in ELISA and 30.6% (22/72) in PCR. The positive rate in male stray cats was slightly higher than that of female stray cats. The highest positive rate of T. gondii infection was noted in Gangnam and Songpa populations in ELISA and in Gwangjin population in PCR. In household cats, however, we could not detect any specific antibodies or DNA for T. gondii. In conclusion, we recognized that the infection rate of toxoplasmosis in stray cats in Seoul was considerably high but household cats were free from infection.
  • Key words: Toxoplasma gondii, cat, ELISA, PCR
Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide endemic parasite, and a member of the phylum Apicomplexa, subclass coccidian. It can infect most warm-blooded animals and humans, and can occasionally cause permanent neurological damage, with or without hydrocephalus, or chorioretinitis. Infections with this zoonotic agent are acquired principally by eating food or water contaminated with oocysts or tissue cysts of T. gondii. Cats have an important role in the spread of toxoplasmosis, because they are the only animal that excretes resistant oocysts into the environment. A single cat may shed more than 100 million oocysts into the environment [1,2]. Internationally, the presence of large populations of feral cats have become a controversial issue, due to their impact on cat overpopulation, animal welfare, public health, and the environment, and also due to disagreements about the best methods for their control [3]. Also in Korea, large numbers of stray cats are found roaming residential streets and have become a target of public grievances. They disrupt people's sleep, make noise, and cause traffic accidents, and this has been a fairly serious issue since 2000. In addition, they threaten the population as a source of zoonotic diseases, including toxoplasmosis. Chai et al. [4] successfully isolated and maintained the T. gondii parasite from a Korean ocular patient, which was designated the Korean Isolate-1 (KI-1).
Seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in stray and household cats were reported in Spain [5], Tehran [6], China [7], and Japan [8]. Whereas in Korea, several epidemiological surveys of T. gondii in just stray cats have been conducted in recent years [9-11], and no researchers have, until now, conducted a comparison of prevalence of T. gondii infections in household and stray cats in the same area. It should be noted that the precise disposition of the household cat population remains obscure. Therefore, the present study was first conducted to investigate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in stray and household cats in Seoul, Korea, via ELISA and nested PCR analyses.
A total of 80 household cats and 72 stray cats were subjected in this study. Blood samples of household cats were collected whenever they were admitted to a veterinary clinic by their owners for regular health check-ups. On the other hand, blood samples of stray cats were received from other veterinary clinics, located in the same areas where the household cats' samples were obtained, through the local government's TNR (Trap, Neuter, Return) program, the purpose of which was to reduce the numbers and control the natural reproduction rates of urban stray cats. A total 9 areas, Jungrang, Nowon, Dongdaemun, Gangnam, Gwangjin, Seongbuk, Dobong, Songpa, and Gangbuk, in Seoul were surveyed (Fig. 1). All samples were collected from April to September 2008. Blood samples were collected from cephalic or jugular punctures of each cat, permitted to clot at room temperature and centrifuged for 5 min at 1,800 g. Serum and whole blood were collected after centrifuging and transferred to the Division of Malaria and Parasitic Diseases at the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
General methods of DNA extraction were carried out by the manufacturer's instructions using the DNeasy Mini column kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The DNA concentration of each blood sample was measured with a Quant-iT™, dsDNA HS Assay Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California, USA) and read by Qubit™, Fluorometer (Invitrogen), and the average DNA concentration was 15 ng and the range was a minimum 7 ng to a maximum 46 ng. All samples were stored at -20℃ until used. ELISA for toxoplasmosis was performed essentially in accordance with the procedure of Choi et al. [12] and a nested PCR targeting the specific B1 gene for T. gondii was followed according to the condition with Kim et al. [9]. The PCR products were purified using the QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California, USA) and sequenced by a commercial laboratory (Macrogen, Seoul, Korea).
Our study involved 72 stray cats (32 males and 40 females) and 80 household cats (40 males and 40 females, spay 4, and aged 4 months to 7 years) and they had no specific symptoms in external appearance. As the seroprevalence of T. gondii in cats varied depending on their living type (stray or domestic), age, the diagnostic method used, and geographic area [13], the prevalence of T. gondii in stray cats has been reported to be variable from 5% to 45% in recent years in Korea [9-11].
The results of this study were similar to the previous reports. The overall positive population of T. gondii in stray cats was 38.9% (28/72); the rate was 15.3% (11/72) by ELISA and 30.6% (22/72) by nested PCR (Table 1). The positive rate of T. gondii in nested PCR analysis was 2 times higher than that of ELISA and the positive samples only in ELISA showed absorbance of 0.4-0.9 (over the 0.25 cut-off value), while the range of positives in both ELISA and nested PCR was wider, from 0.1-0.9 (Fig. 2). This was similar to the reports by Kim et al. [9] and the development of a highly sensitive and specific PCR will help in the early diagnosis of toxoplamsosis in blood [14,15]. In terms of sex, the male positive rate was 18.8% (6/32) and the female rate was 12.5% (5/40) in stray cats by ELISA, and 28.1% (9/32) in males and 32.5% (13/40) in females by nested PCR (Table 2). The positive rate of T. gondii in male cats was slightly higher than that in females. Similar [5] or opposing [6,7,9] results have been reported. Regionally, the prevalence of T. gondii varied and the highest positive rates of T. gondii infection were noted in Gangnam and Songpa for ELISA, and Gwangjin for nested PCR (Table 2). However, it was not possible to directly compare the prevalences of T. gondii infection in different areas because of a difference in the sample numbers and environmental characteristics of each region.
Our study of household cats was relatively important, because the prevalence of T. gondii in household cats in Korea has never been assessed until now. According to reports in other nations, the prevalence of T. gondii in household cats was 25.5% in Spain [5], 36% in Tehran [6], 17.9% in China [7], and 5.4% in Japan [8]. In most reports, the prevalence of stray cats was higher than that of household cats in the same area. However, interestingly, we could not detect any specific antibodies and DNA of T. gondii in household cats. By this interesting result, the authors could assume that most household cats are managed quite well by their owner's. Stray cats in Seoul are important wild animals because they occupy the highest position in the urban food-chain and their numbers gradually increased [10]. These cats establish territory in the same fashion as wild animals and generally kept out of other cats' way in each area. Therefore, it is assumed that the life cycle of T. gondii is maintained in the territory of each cat and in each area. Concurrently, a potential zoonotic threat to humans and animals remains a concern in all of them [9].
In conclusion, toxoplasmosis is widespread among stray cats of Seoul, whereas household cats are not infected. Further epidemiologic surveys of toxoplasmosis in stray cats from various areas in Seoul and studies of the life styles of household cats will be need in order to gain a more complete understanding of T. gondii infection.
This work was supported by a grant (NIH-4847-302-210-13, 2009) from the National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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  • 2. Omata Y, Oikawa H, Kanda M, Mikazuki K, Nakabayashi T, Suzuki N. Experimental feline toxoplasmosis: humoral immune responses of cats inoculated orally with Toxoplasma gondii cysts and oocysts. J Vet Med Sci 1990;52:865-867.
  • 3. Wallace JL, Levy JK. Population characteristics of feral cats admitted to seven trap-neuter-return programs in the United States. J Feline Med Surg 2006;8:279-284.
  • 4. Chai JY, Lin A, Shin EH, Oh MD, Han ET, Nam HW, Lee SH. Laboratory passage and characterization of an isolate of Toxoplasma gondii from an ocular patient in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2003;41:147-154.
  • 5. Miro G, Montoya A, Jimenez S, Frisuelos C, Mateo M, Fuentes I. Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and intestinal parasites in stray, farm and household cats in Spain. Vet Parasitol 2004;126:249-255.
  • 6. Haddadzadeh HR, Khazraiinia P, Aslani M, Rezaeian M, Jamshidi S, Taheri M, Bahonar A. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray and household cats in Tehran. Vet Parasitol 2006;138:211-216.
  • 7. Zhang H, Zhou DH, Zhou P, Lun ZR, Chen XG, Lin RQ, Yuan ZG, Zhu XQ. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray and household cats in Guangzhou, China. Zoonoses Public Health 2009;56:502-505.
  • 8. Maruyama S, Kabeya H, Nakao R, Tanaka S, Sakai T, Xuan X, Katsube Y, Mikami T. Seroprevalence of Bartonella henselae, Toxoplasma gondii, FIV and FeLV infections in domestic cats in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2003;47:147-153.
  • 9. Kim HY, Kim YA, Kang SW, Lee HS, Rhie HG, Ahn HJ, Nam HW, Lee SE. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in stray cats of Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2008;46:199-201.
  • 10. Lee JY, Lee SE, Lee EG, Song KH. Nested PCR-based detection of Toxoplasma gondii in German shepherd dogs and stray cats in South Korea. Res Vet Sci 2008;85:125-127.
  • 11. Sohn WM, Nam HW. Western blot analysis of stray cat sera against Toxoplasma gondii and the diagnostic availability of monoclonal antibodies in sandwich-ELISA. Korean J Parasitol 1999;37:249-256.
  • 12. Choi WY, Nam HW, Youn JH, Kim DJ, Kong Y, Kang SY, Cho SY. Detection of antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid to Toxoplasma gondii by indirect latex agglutination test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Korean J Parasitol 1992;30:83-90.
  • 13. Dubey JP, Saville WJ, Stanek JF, Reed SM. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic cats from rural Ohio. J Parasitol 2002;88:802-803.
  • 14. Jones CD, Okhravi N, Adamson P, Tasker S, Lightman S. Comparison of PCR detection methods for B1, P30, and 18S rDNA genes of T. gondii in aqueous humor. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:634-644.
  • 15. Paugam A, Dupouy-Camet J, Sumuyen MH, Romand S, Lamoril J, Derouin F. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii parasitemia by polymerase chain reaction in perorally infected mice. Parasite 1995;2:181-184.
Fig. 1
Areas surveyed (rectangles) for Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray and household cats in Seoul, Korea.
kjp-48-267-g001.jpg
Fig. 2
ELISA evaluation for nested PCR positive and negative samples.
kjp-48-267-g002.jpg
Table 1.
Comparison of ELISA and PCR analysis for detecting Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray cats
Table 1.
ELISA
 Total
Positive Negative
PCR Positive 5 17 22
Negative 6 44 50
Total 11 61 72
Table 2.
Result of Toxoplasma gondii infection with ELISA and PCR analysis in stray and household cats in each area of Seoul
Table 2.
Jungrang
 Nowon
 Dongdaemun
 Gangnam
 Gwangjin
 Sungbuk
 Dobong
 Songpa
 Gangbuk
 Total
M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F
Stray cats Number 1 3 3 2 10 7 3 3 11 21 - - - - 3 3 1 1 32 40
ELISA - 1 - 1 2 2 2 - 1 - - - - - 1 1 - - 6 5
PCR - - - 1 2 1 1 1 5 10 - - - - 1 - - - 9 13
Household cats Number 9 11 8 4 5 2 8 7 1 4 2 4 2 2 2 1 3 1 40 40

M, male; F, female.

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Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Stray and Household Cats in Regions of Seoul, Korea
Korean J Parasitol. 2010;48(3):267-270.   Published online September 16, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.267
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Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Stray and Household Cats in Regions of Seoul, Korea
Korean J Parasitol. 2010;48(3):267-270.   Published online September 16, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.267
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Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Stray and Household Cats in Regions of Seoul, Korea
Image Image
Fig. 1 Areas surveyed (rectangles) for Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray and household cats in Seoul, Korea.
Fig. 2 ELISA evaluation for nested PCR positive and negative samples.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Stray and Household Cats in Regions of Seoul, Korea
ELISA
Total Positive Negative PCR Positive 5 17 22 Negative 6 44 50 Total 11 61 72 Jungrang
Nowon
Dongdaemun
Gangnam
Gwangjin
Sungbuk
Dobong
Songpa
Gangbuk
Total
M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F M F Stray cats Number 1 3 3 2 10 7 3 3 11 21 - - - - 3 3 1 1 32 40 ELISA - 1 - 1 2 2 2 - 1 - - - - - 1 1 - - 6 5 PCR - - - 1 2 1 1 1 5 10 - - - - 1 - - - 9 13 Household cats Number 9 11 8 4 5 2 8 7 1 4 2 4 2 2 2 1 3 1 40 40
Table 1. Comparison of ELISA and PCR analysis for detecting Toxoplasma gondii infection in stray cats
Table 2. Result of Toxoplasma gondii infection with ELISA and PCR analysis in stray and household cats in each area of Seoul

M, male; F, female.

Table 1.

Table 2.

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