Abstract
The metacercariae of
Acanthotrema felis Sohn et al., 2003 (Digenea: Heterophyidae) were discovered in a species of the brackish water fish,
Acanthogobius flavimanus, in the Republic of Korea. They were experimentally fed to kittens, and adult flukes were harvested 7 days later. The adults were morphologically characterized by the presence of a bipartite seminal vesicle, the ventral sucker associated with a ventrogenital sac enclosing 3 sclerites (2 long and pointed, and 1 short and thumb-like), and an unarmed gonotyl. The adult flukes were identified as
A. felis Sohn et al., 2003, and the brackish water fish
A. flavimanus has been verified as one of its second intermediate hosts.
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Key words: Acanthotrema felis, heterophyid, metacercaria, cat, intermediate host, brackish water fish
The genus
Acanthotrema (Digenea: Heterophyidae) is a group of minute intestinal trematodes parasitizing the small intestine of fish-eating birds and mammals. This genus was erected by Travassos (
1928) with the type species,
Acanthotrema acanthotrema. Due to morphological similarities, it was synonymized with
Stictodora Looss, 1899 (
Martin, 1950; Witenberg, 1953;
Cable et al., 1960;
Yamaguti, 1971). However, it was distinguished from
Stictodora, based on the number and morphology of the sclerotized armatures in the ventrogenital sac (
Sogandares-Bernal and Walton, 1965;
Pearson, 1973). Including the new species,
A. felis Sohn et al., 2003, reported recently in the Republic of Korea, there are now a total of eight species in
Acanthotrema (
Sohn et al., 2003). The new species is known to occur in the small intestine of stray cats in the southwestern parts of the Republic of Korea.
Several species of the brackish water fish are known to carry the metacercariae of
Acanthotrema species (
Martin, 1950;
Martin and Kuntz, 1954;
Velasquez, 1973;
Kinsella and Heard, 1974). With regard to
A. felis, however, the fish intermediate host is yet unknown. In order to determine its fish intermediate host, the goby
Acanthogobius flavimanus, one of the most popular species of the brackish water fish in the Republic of Korea, was subjected to examination for the metacercariae of
A. felis.
A total of 20 gobies, A. flavimanus, were purchased from a local market in Haenam-gun, Jeonranam-do in March and April, 1999. They were brought to the laboratory under refrigeration, and artificially digested in a pepsin-HCl solution. The digested material was filtered through a sieve and washed several times with 0.85% physiological saline. Trematode metacercariae were collected from the sediment using a stereomicroscope. Twenty metacercariae were observed and measured using a light microscope. In order to obtain adult flukes, two kittens, which appeared to be free from intestinal helminth infections by fecal examination, were each orally fed about 50 metacercariae, and sacrificed on day 7 post-infection (PI). The small intestines were resected, opened along the mesenteric border, and washed several times with 0.85% saline. The worms were collected from the intestinal content using a stereomicroscope. They were washed several times with saline, fixed in 10% neutral formalin, stained with Semichon's acetocarmine, mounted in Canada balsam, and identified using a light microscope. All measurements are given in micrometers, unless otherwise stated.
A total of 116 metacercariae of
Acanthotrema sp. were collected from 7
A. flavimanus, with an average number of 16.6 per fish. The metacercariae were 216 - 254 (233 in average) long and 152-185 (167) wide (n = 10), yellowish brown, and elliptical, with a thin and transparent cyst wall (
Fig. 1). They were equipped with an oral sucker and pharynx, and characterized by the presence of a ventro-genital sac, which enclosed fork-like sclerites (
Fig. 2).
After the experimental infection of the two kittens, 3 adult (
Figs. 3 and
4) and 2 young flukes were recovered from the small intestine of one kitten on day 7 PI, and the worms were identified as
A. felis, based on the following morphological features and measurements (n = 3, adults): body small, claviform, averaging 440.0 (425.0 - 455.0) long, 265.0 (250.0 - 292.5) wide. Oral sucker 40.8 (37.5 - 45.0) long, 51.3 (50.0 - 52.5) wide. Prepharynx short. Pharynx subglobular, 46.7 (45.0 - 47.5) long, 37.5 (35.0 - 42.5) wide. Esophagus 5.0 (2.5 - 7.5) long; intestinal ceca terminate close to posterior extremity. Ventral sucker 82.5 (75.0 - 90.0) long, 65 (62.5 - 70.0) wide, parenchymatous, associated with muscular ventrogenital sac, enclosing 3 sclerotized pieces. Two sclerites long, pointed; one sclerite short, thumb-like with 15 (14 - 16) minute triangular spines on base margin of sclerite complex (
Fig. 5). Gonotyl thin, unspined, included in ventrogenital sac. Two testes slightly oblique; right testis 79.2 (75.0 - 87.5) long, 61.7 (55.0 - 67.5) wide; left testis 95.0 (87.5 - 102.5) long, 72.5 (65.0 - 77.5) wide. Seminal vesicle bipartite, 62.5 (60.0 - 65.0) long, 50.8 (45.0 - 57.5) wide. Ovary submedian, 66.7 (65.0 - 70.0) long, 45.0 (40.0 - 50.0) wide. Seminal receptacle 48.3 (37.5 - 60.0) long, 41.7 (30.0 - 50.0) wide. Vitellaria in post-testicular fields. Eggs small, 26.3 (25.0 - 27.5) long, 14.1 (12.5 - 15.0) wide.
Acanthotrema felis was described based on the specimens recovered from the small intestine of stray cats in the Republic of Korea (
Sohn et al., 2003). Its second intermediate host was unknown. In the present study,
A. flavimanus, a species of the brackish water fish, was found to carry the metacercariae of
A. felis, which were identified by obtaining the adult flukes from an experimental infection.
There was no much difficulty in the taxonomic identification of the adult specimens obtained from the experimental kitten. The trematode genera which have a ventral sucker associated with a ventrogenital sac, as seen in our specimens, include
Stictodora,
NeoStictodora,
Parastictodora,
Sobolephya,
Acanthotrema,
Galactosomum,
Cercarioides, and
Knipowitschiatrema (
Pearson, 1973). However, those having a ventral sucker armed with spines less than 150 in number and each longer than 12 µm, are
Acanthotrema or
Stictodora (
Pearson, 1973). Species of
Acanthotrema have less than 12 spines or sclerotizations on the ventrogenital sac, a bipartite seminal vesicle, and no prostatic bulb, whereas species of
Stictodora have more than 12 spines, a 3-chambered seminal vesicle and a prostatic bulb (
Pearson, 1973). Our specimens were characterized by the presence of a bipartite seminal vesicle, and the ventral sucker associated with a ventrogenital sac, which enclosed 3 large sclerites, i.e., 2 long and pointed and 1 short and thumb-like, which were armed with minute spines at their basal portions. They belonged to
Acanthotrema (
Sohn et al., 2003).
There are currently 8 species of
Acanthotrema (
Lafuente et al., 2000;
Sohn et al., 2003), including
A. acanthotrema Travassos, 1928,
A. hancocki (
Martin, 1950)
Lafuente et al., 2000,
A. martini (
Sogandares-Bernal, 1959)
Lafuente et al., 2000,
A. armata Lafuente et al., 2000,
A. tridactyla (
Martin and Kuntz, 1955)
Sohn et al., 2003,
A. tanayensis (
Velasquez, 1973)
Sohn et al., 2003,
A. cursitans (
Kinsella and Heard, 1974)
Sohn et al., 2003, and
A. felis Sohn et al., 2003. For the diagnosis of
Acanthotrema species, the morphology and number of the sclerotized armatures in the ventrogenital sac is the most important key (
Lafuente et al., 2000;
Sohn et al., 2003). By having 3 sclerites,
A. felis most closely resembles
A. acanthotrema and
A. tridactyla, but differs from them in the shape of the sclerites; 1 of which is thumb-like in
A. felis (
Sohn et al., 2003), whereas all 3 sclerites are long and pointed in the latter 2 species (
Tavassos, 1928;
Martin and Kuntz, 1955). The 3 species also differ in terms of the presence and position of minute spines on the sclerites, which are near the basal portions of the 3 sclerites in
A. felis, but near the tips of only the 2 sclerites in
A. acanthotrema, or the tips of the 3 sclerites in
A. tridactyla (
Martin and Kuntz, 1955).
The second intermediate hosts of the species of
Acanthotrema have been reported to be the brackish water fishes;
Gillichthys mirabilis and
Fundulus parvipinnis for
A. hancocki (
Martin, 1950),
Aphanius fasciatus for
A. tridactyla (
Martin and Kuntz, 1955),
Ophiocara aporos for
A. tanayensis (
Velasquez, 1973) and
Fundulus confluentis,
F. similis and
F. grandis for
A. cursitans (
Kinsella and Heard, 1974). Additionally, in the case of
A. felis, a species of the brackish water fish,
A. flavimanus, has been confirmed to act as a second intermediate host.
A wide range of definitive hosts has been reported for
Acanthotrema species. Kittens have been shown to be the experimental definitive host not only for
A. felis but also for
A. tanayensis (
Velasquez, 1973) and
A. tridactyla (
Abdul-Salam et al., 2000). Other mammals, including laboratory rodents, were reported to be the natural and experimental definitive hosts for
A. cursitans (
Kinsella and Heard, 1974). Avian species, including their chicks, were shown to be the definitive hosts for
A. martini (
Sogandares-Bernal, 1959),
A. acanthotrema (
Travassos, 1928),
A. armata (
Roca et al., 1999;
Lafuente et al., 2000),
A. tridactyla (
Martin and Kuntz, 1955) and
A. hancocki (
Martin, 1950). The possibility of human infection by
A. felis cannot be ruled out.
Among the human-infecting heterophyid flukes,
Heterophyes nocens,
Heterophyopsis continua,
Pygidiopsis summa,
Stellantchasmus falcatus,
Stictodora fuscata and
S. lari are contracted by eating raw flesh of the brackish water fish such as the shad, perch, mullet and goby (
Chai and Lee, 2002). As a result of this study,
A. felis is added to the group of heterophyid flukes that can be contracted by eating the raw flesh of the goby.
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Figs. 1-2
Fig. 1. A metacercaria of Acanthotrema felis isolated from a goby, Acanthogobius flavimanus, showing the sclerotized pieces (slightly left and middle). Bar = 50 µm. Fig. 2. Magnification of the ventrogenital sac area which is enclosing the sclerotized pieces (arrowheads). Bar = 50 µm.
Figs. 3-5
Fig. 3. An adult fluke of Acanthotrema felis recovered from a kitten at day 7 post-infection (PI) with the metacercariae, acetocarmine stained. Bar = 27 µm. Fig. 4. A fresh, unstained, specimen of an adult Acanthotrema felis recovered from a kitten at day 7 PI. Bar = 50 µm. Fig. 5. Magnification of the ventrogenital sac enclosing the 3 sclerotized pieces (arrowheads). Two of the pieces are long and pointed, and the other is short and thumb-like. Bar = 20 µm.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Infections with Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in Yellowfin Goby, Acanthogobius flavimanus, from Coastal Areas of Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Soon-Won Lee, Won-Seok Seok
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(3): 259. CrossRef - Fishborne zoonotic heterophyid infections: An update
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2017; 8-9: 33. CrossRef - Four Human Cases of Acanthotrema felis (Digenea: Heterophyidae) Infection in Korea
Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Lip Kim, Min Seo
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(3): 291. CrossRef - Infection Status of Estuarine Fish and Oysters with Intestinal Fluke Metacercariae in Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea
Shin-Hyeong Cho, In-Sang Kim, Eun-Jung Hwang, Tong-Soo Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(3): 215. CrossRef - Epidemiological Survey on the Infection of Intestinal Flukes in Residents of Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, the Republic of Korea
Shin-Hyeong Cho, Pyo-Yun Cho, Dong-Min Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, In-Sang Kim, Eun-Jung Hwang, Byoung-Kuk Na, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2010; 48(2): 133. CrossRef - Fish-borne Zoonotic Trematode Metacercariae in the Republic of Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(Suppl): S103. CrossRef - Echinostoma hortense and Heterophyid Metacercariae Encysted in Yellowfin Goby, Acanthogobius flavimanus, from Shinan-gun and Muan-gun (Jeollanam-do), Korea
Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Shin-Hyeong Cho
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(3): 307. CrossRef - Heterophyid metacercarial infections in brackish water fishes from Jinju-man (Bay), Kyongsangnam-do, Korea
Do Gyun Kim, Tong-Soo Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Hyeon-Je Song, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2006; 44(1): 7. CrossRef - Two species of goby, Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and Scartelaos sp., as the new second intermediate hosts of heterophyid fluke in Korea
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