Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"IgG"

Original Articles

The detection of Toxoplasma gondii ME49 infections in BALB/c mice using various techniques: Hae-Ji Kang, Jie Mao, Min-Ju Kim, Keon-Woong Yoon, Gi-Deok Eom, Ki-Back Chu, Eun-Kyung Moon, Fu-Shi Quan; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):418-427.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23048

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii infections are primarily diagnosed by serological assays, whereas molecular and fluorescence-based techniques are garnering attention for their high sensitivity in detecting these infections. Nevertheless, each detection method has its limitations. The toxoplasmosis detection capabilities of most of the currently available methods have not been evaluated under identical experimental conditions. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic potential of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunofluorescence (IF) in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with various doses of T. gondii ME49. The detection of toxoplasmosis from sera and brain tissues was markedly enhanced in mice subjected to high infection doses (200 and 300 cysts) compared to those subjected to lower doses (10 and 50 cysts) for all the detection methods. Additionally, increased B1 gene expression levels and cyst sizes were observed in the brain tissues of the mice. Importantly, IHC, IF, and ELISA, but not RT-PCR, successfully detected T. gondii infections at the lowest infection dose (10 cysts) in the brain. These findings may prove beneficial while designing experimental methodologies for detecting T. gondii infections in mice.

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Spatiotemporal Diffusion, Colonization, and Antibody Responses in Susceptible C57BL/6J Mice Orally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii Cysts
Zhao Li, Qi-Shuai Liu, Jun-Jie Hu, Cai-Qin Deng, Tao Li, Wen-Bin Zheng, Xing-Quan Zhu, Feng-Cai Zou
Veterinary Sciences.2025; 12(3): 212. CrossRef
Ivermectin Identified Using a High-Throughput Screening System Exhibits Anti-Clonorchis sinensis Activity in Rats
Soon-Ok Lee, Hyeryon Lee, Ki Back Chu, Jianhua Li, Sung-Jong Hong, Sung Soo Kim, Joo Hwan No, Fu-Shi Quan
Antibiotics.2025; 14(8): 837. CrossRef
Recombinant vaccinia virus expressing MIC8, AMA1, or RON4 induce protection against Toxoplasma gondii ME49 strain infection
Hae-Ji Kang, Fu-Shi Quan
Acta Tropica.2025; 270: 107812. CrossRef
Protective Efficacy Induced by Virus-like Particles Expressing Dense Granule Protein 5 of Toxoplasma gondii
Su In Heo, Hae-Ji Kang, Jie Mao, Zhao-Shou Yang, Md Atique Ahmed, Fu-Shi Quan
Vaccines.2025; 13(8): 787. CrossRef
Vaccinia virus expressing MIC8 and AMA1 provides protection against Toxoplasma gondii ME49 infection
Hae-Ji Kang, Yan Jin, Zhao-Shou Yang, Md Atique Ahmed, Fu-Shi Quan
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 340. CrossRef

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Prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea: Soojin Kim, In Yong Lee, Sezim Monoldorova, Jiro Kim, Jang Hoon Seo, Tai-Soon Yong, Bo Young Jeon; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):263-271.
Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22148

The present study aimed to survey the prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi (O. tsutsugamushi) infection in the northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea. From early February to early June 2015, a total of 17,050 chiggers were collected from striped field mice, Apodemus agrarius, in Cheorwon-gun, Hwacheon-gun, Yanggu-gun, and Goseong-gun, which are well-known endemic areas of scrub typhus in Korea. The chiggers were analyzed using molecular genomic methods, as previously described. Among the 7,964 identified chiggers, the predominant species was Leptotrombidium pallidum (76.9%), followed by L. zetum (16.4%), L. orientale (4.3%), L. palpale (0.3%), L. tectum (0.2%), and Neotrombicula tamiyai (1.8%). The chigger index (CI) was highest in Hwacheon (115.58), followed by Cheorwon (97.02), Yanggu (76.88), and Goseong (54.68). Out of the 79 O. tsutsugamushi-positive chigger pools, 67 (84.8%) were identified as the Boryong strain, 10 (12.7%) as the Youngworl strain, and only 2 were the Jecheon strain. Based on the high infestation of chiggers in striped field rodents and the high rate of O. tsutsugamushi infection in chigger mites, Hwacheon-gun and Cheorwon-gun are presumed to be high-risk areas for scrub typhus. Furthermore, L. pallidum, a major vector of scrub typhus, and the dominant O. tsutsugamushi serotype, the Boryong strain, were found in the northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea.

Citations

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Geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains on chigger mites in the Republic of Korea (2021–2023)
Hyeon Seung Lee, Byung-Eon Noh, Hyunwoo Kim, Heeil Lee
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Surveillance of Vector‐Borne Zoonotic Diseases in South Korea: Uncovering Novel Pathogen Carriers Among Rodents and Mites Nationwide
Beoul Kim, You-Jeong Lee, Hee Il Lee, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo, Nan-hua Chen
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
2022년 쯔쯔가무시증 매개 털진드기 감시 현황
세훈 조, 태규 김, 현우 김, 정원 주, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2023; 16(46): 1563. CrossRef

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Disease vector occurrence and ecological characteristics of chiggers on the chestnut white-bellied rat Niviventer fulvescens in Southwest China between 2001 and 2019: Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Wen-Ge Dong, Xiao-Bin Huang, Dao-Chao Jin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):272-281.
Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22044

Chigger mites are the vector of scrub typhus. This study estimates the infestation status and ecological characteristics of chiggers on the chestnut white-bellied rat Niviventer fulvescens in Southwest China between 2001 and 2019. Chiggers were identified under the microscope, and infestation indices were calculated. The Preston’s log-normal model was used to fit the curve of species abundance distribution. A total of 6,557 chiggers were collected in 136 of 342 N. fulvescens rats, showing high overall infestation indices (prevalence=39.8%, mean abundance=19.2, mean intensity=48.2) and high species diversity (S=100, H’=3.0). Leptotrombidium cangjiangense, Neotrombicula japonica, and Ascoschoengastia sifanga were the three dominant chigger species (constituent ratio=42.9%; 2,736/6,384) and exhibited an aggregated distribution among different rat individuals. We identified 100 chigger species, with 3 of them (Leptotrombidium scutellare, Leptotrombidium wenense, and Leptotrombidium deliense) as the main vectors of scrub typhus in China and nine species as potential vectors of this disease. Disease vector occurrence on N. fulvescens may increase the risk of spreading scrub typhus from rats to humans. Chigger infestation on N. fulvescens varied significantly in different environments. The species abundance distribution showed a log-normal distribution pattern. The estimated number of chigger species on N. fulvescens was 126 species.

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Seropositivity Rates of Strongyloides stercoralis Antibody in the Southeastern Region of Republic of Korea: A Single-Center Retrospective Study: Taehwa Kim, Seungjin Lim; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(3):181-185.
Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.3.181

Strongyloides stercoralis infection is not endemic in the Republic of Korea (Korea) with a positivity rate of <1% in stool examination. However, there is a risk of hyperinfection in immunosuppressed individuals. It is necessary to determine the seropositivity of S. stercoralis antibodies in Korea. This study investigated the seropositivity of S. stercoralis antibodies in the southeastern area of Korea. From January 2019 to June 2021, serum samples were collected from participants who visited the study center in the southeastern region of Korea for routine health check-ups. We determined serum levels of specific anti-Strongyloides IgG antibodies in 834 samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We observed that 92 samples (11.0%) tested showed a positive response. The age of the participants was 51±10.7 years, and 43.4% of them were men. The antibody positivity rate based on the location of the participants’ residence were 12.3% (Gyoungsangnam-do), 10.2% (Busan), and 10.1% (Ulsan), respectively. Total eosinophil count was associated with positive test results (154.8±152.0 per mm³ versus 202.1±178.9 per mm³, P=0.006). Logistic regression analysis revealed that blood eosinophil count, age above 50 years, and residence in Sacheon were factors associated with the positive status of S. stercoralis antibody. Our finding suggests that it is necessary to test for S. stercoralis in actual clinical settings in Korea.

Citations

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Screening for strongyloidiasis among selected populations in Taiwan: Prevalence, associated factors, and outcomes
Sung-Hsi Huang, Yen-Lin Chen, Hao-Yu Lin, Aristine Cheng, Lih-Yu Chang, Yi-Chia Huang, Po-Hsien Kuo, Yueh-Feng Wen, Chia-Jung Liu, Chia-Hao Chang, Wei-Shun Yang, Kai-Hsiang Chen, Pin-Ru Chu, Chi-Wei Tseng, Yi-Ching Su, Li-Hsin Su, Li-Ta Keng, Chi-Ying Lin
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease.2025; 66: 102866. CrossRef
A silent threat behind bars: Serosurvey and associated risk factors for strongyloidiasis in female inmates and correctional officers
Vamilton Alvares Santarém, Gabriel Luís Brucinski Pinto, Isabella Braghin Ferreira, Juliano Ribeiro, Roberto Teixeira de Souza Filho, Dirce Mary Correa Meisel, Ronaldo Cesar Borges Gryschek, Susana Angélica Zevallos Lescano, Rogério Giuffrida, Louise Bach
Acta Tropica.2024; 257: 107301. CrossRef

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A Report of Chigger Mites on the Striped Field Mouse, Apodemus agrarius, in Southwest China: Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Xiao-Bin Huang, Ti-Jun Qian; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):625-634.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.625

Abstract
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Based on the field investigations in 91 investigation sites (counties) in southwest China between 2001 and 2019, the present paper reported the chigger mites on A. agrarius mice in southwest China for the first time by using a series of statistical methods. From 715 striped field mice captured in 28 of 91 investigated sites, only 255 chiggers were collected, and they were identified as 14 species, 6 genera in 3 subfamilies under 2 families. Of 715 A. agrarius mice, only 24 of them were infested with chigger mites with low overall prevalence (P_M=3.4%), overall mean abundance (M_A=0.36 mites/host) and overall mean intensity (M_I=10.63 mites/host). The species diversity and infestation of chiggers on A. agrarius were much lower than those previously reported on some other rodents in southwest China. On a certain species of rodent, A. agrarius mouse in southwest China seems to have a very low susceptibility to chigger infestations than in other geographical regions. Of 14 chigger species, there were 3 dominant species, Leptotrombidium sialkotense, L. rupestre and Schoengastiella novoconfuciana, which were of aggregated distribution among different individuals of A. agrarius hosts. L. sialkotense, one of 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China, was the first dominant on A. agrarius. The species similarity of chigger mites on male and female hosts was low with C_SS=0.25, and this reflects the sex-bias of different genders of A. agrarius mice in harboring different chigger species.

Citations

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Infestation, community structure, seasonal fluctuation and climate-driven dynamics of mites on small mammals at a focus of scrub typhus in southwest China
Peng-Wu Yin, Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ya-Fei Zhao, Wen-Ge Dong, Dao-Chao Jin
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Distribution and Host-Association of the Vector Chigger Species Leptotrombidium imphalum in Southwest China
Qiao-Yi Liu, Rong Fan, Wen-Yu Song, Pei-Ying Peng, Ya-Fei Zhao, Dao-Chao Jin, Xian-Guo Guo
Insects.2024; 15(7): 504. CrossRef
Clinical and epidemiological investigation of human infection with zoonotic parasite Trypanosoma dionisii in China
Nannan Xu, Xiaoai Zhang, Hui Liu, Yintao Xu, Huixia Lu, Lianhui Zhao, Yishan He, Meiqi Zhang, Jingtao Zhang, Guangqian Si, Ziyi Wang, Muxin Chen, Yuchun Cai, Yi Zhang, Qiang Wang, Yuwan Hao, Yuanyuan Li, Zhengbin Zhou, Yunhai Guo, Caiyun Chang, Ming Liu,
Journal of Infection.2024; 89(5): 106290. CrossRef
A Retrospective Report on the Infestation and Distribution of Chiggers on an Endemic Rodent Species (Apodemus latronum) in Southwest China
Qiao-Yi Liu, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Wen-Yu Song, Pei-Ying Peng, Ya-Fei Zhao, Dao-Chao Jin
Veterinary Sciences.2024; 11(11): 547. CrossRef
Disease vector occurrence and ecological characteristics of chiggers on the chestnut white-bellied rat Niviventer fulvescens in Southwest China between 2001 and 2019
Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Wen-Ge Dong, Xiao-Bin Huang, Dao-Chao Jin
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 272. CrossRef
Infestation of Oriental House Rat (Rattus tanezumi) with Chigger Mites Varies along Environmental Gradients across Five Provincial Regions of Southwest China
Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Fan Ding, Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Wen-Yu Song, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Rong Fan, Pei-Ying Peng, Bei Li, Ting Chen, Dao-Chao Jin
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(3): 2203. CrossRef
Analysis on infestation and related ecology of chigger mites on large Chinese voles (Eothenomys miletus) in five provincial regions of Southwest China
Bei Li, Xian-Guo Guo, Tian-Guang Ren, Pei-Ying Peng, Wen-Yu Song, Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Zhe Liu, Xin-Hang Liu, Ti-Jun Qian
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2022; 19: 169. CrossRef
Infestation and distribution of chigger mites on Confucian white-bellied rat (Niviventer confucianus) in Southwest China
Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Wen-Ge Dong, Xiao-Bin Huang
Biologia.2022; 78(3): 727. CrossRef

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Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Infections using Virus-Like Particles Displaying T. gondii ROP4 Antigen: Min-Ju Kim, Jie Mao, Hae-Ji Kang, Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):565-572.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.565

Toxoplasma gondii ME49 infections are typically diagnosed by serological tests. However, serological diagnosis of RH strain-induced toxoplasmosis remains unknown. In order to develop seradiagnosis of above 2 kinds of infections, we generated recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying the T. gondii rhoptry protein 4 (ROP4) and evaluated their potential in T. gondii ME49 or RH strain infection diagnostics. Mice were orally infected with either the tachyzoites of T. gondii (RH) or cysts of T. gondii (ME49) at various dosages, and sera were collected at regular intervals. ELISA-based serological tests were performed to assess IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody responses against ROP4 VLP antigen and tissue lysate antigen (TLA). Compared to TLA, IgG, IgM, and IgA levels to ROP4 VLP antigen were significantly higher in the sera of T. gondii RH-infected mice 1 and 2 week post-infection (PI). T. gondii-specific IgG antibody was detected at 1, 2, 4, and 8 week PI in the T. gondii ME49-infected mice with infection dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that the ROP4 VLP antigen was highly sensitive antigens detecting T. gondii RH and ME49 antibodies at an early stage.

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IgM Antibody Detection as a Diagnostic Marker for Acute Toxoplasmosis: Current Status of Studies and Main Limitations
Karolina Sołowińska, Lucyna Holec-Gąsior
Antibodies.2025; 14(2): 44. CrossRef
Could metformin modulate the outcome of chronic murine toxoplasmosis?
Maha Mohamed Gomaa, Samar Nabil El Achy, Nehal Nassef Hezema
Acta Tropica.2024; 258: 107339. CrossRef
Trend in serological and molecular diagnostic methods for Toxoplasma gondii infection
Min-ju Kim, Soeun J. Park, Hyunwoo Park
European Journal of Medical Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Recombinant AMA1 Virus-like Particle Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Min-Ju Kim, Ki-Back Chu, Jie Mao, Hae-Ji Kang, Gi-Deok Eom, Keon-Woong Yoon, Su-Hwa Lee, Eun-Kyung Moon, Young-Ha Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
Biomedicines.2022; 10(11): 2812. CrossRef

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Infestation and Related Ecology of Chigger Mites on the Asian House Rat (Rattus tanezumi) in Yunnan Province, Southwest China: Fan Ding, Wen-Li Jiang, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Rong Xiang; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(4):377-392.
Published online August 18, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.4.377

Abstract
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This paper is to illustrate the infestation and related ecological characteristics of chigger mites on the Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi). A total of 17,221 chigger mites were collected from 2,761 R. tanezumi rats, and then identified as 131 species and 19 genera in 2 families. Leptotrombidium deliense, the most powerful vector of scrub typhus in China, was the first major dominant species on R. tanezumi. All the dominant mite species were of an aggregated distribution among different individuals of R. tanezumi. The species composition and infestations of chiggers on R. tanezumi varied along different geographical regions, habitats and altitudes. The species-abundance distribution of the chigger mite community was successfully fitted and the theoretical curve equation was Ŝ (R)=37e^–(0.28R)². The total chigger species on R. tanezumi were estimated to be 199 species or 234 species, and this further suggested that R. tanezumi has a great potential to harbor abundant species of chigger mites. The results of the species-plot relationship indicated that the chigger mite community on R. tanezumi in Yunnan was an uneven community with very high heterogeneity. Wide geographical regions with large host samples are recommended in the investigations of chigger mites.

Citations

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Meteorological factors and normalized difference vegetation index drivers of scrub typhus incidence in Shandong Province based on a 16-year time-frequency analysis
Zhisong Ni, Shufen Li, Rui Xi, Kemeng Liang, Sihao Song, Chuanlong Cheng, Hui Zuo, Liang Lu, Xiujun Li
BMC Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Mite Infestation on Rattus tanezum rats in southwest China concerning risk models
Ru-Jin Liu, Xian-Guo Guo, Pei-Ying Peng, Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Wen-Yu Song, Rong Xiang, Yan-Ling Chen, Bei Li, Dao-Chao Jin
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Abundance and Infestation of Mites on Bower’s White-Toothed Rat (Berylmys bowersi) in Southwest China
Chenxi Liu, Xianguo Guo, Yan Lv, Pengwu Yin, Wenyu Song, Peiying Peng, Rong Xiang, Yanling Chen, Bei Li
Veterinary Sciences.2025; 12(5): 426. CrossRef
The Association Between Environmental Factors and Scrub Typhus: A Review
Shu Yang, Shu Yang, Yuxiang Xie, Wenjing Duan, Yiting Cui, Ai Peng, Yisheng Zhou, Yibing Fan, Hui Li, Peng Huang
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2025; 10(6): 151. CrossRef
Variation in Small Mammal Species Composition and the Occurrence of Parasitic Mites in Two Landscapes in a Scrub Typhus Endemic Region of Western Yunnan Province, China
Yun‐Yan Luo, Jia‐Xiang Yin, Zong‐Ti Shao, Zeng‐Kan Liu, Shou‐Qin Yin, Jiang‐Li Lu, Jin‐Chun Li, Rong Wei, Alan Frederick Geater
Ecology and Evolution.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Distribution and Host-Association of the Vector Chigger Species Leptotrombidium imphalum in Southwest China
Qiao-Yi Liu, Rong Fan, Wen-Yu Song, Pei-Ying Peng, Ya-Fei Zhao, Dao-Chao Jin, Xian-Guo Guo
Insects.2024; 15(7): 504. CrossRef
Estimation of scrub typhus incidence and spatiotemporal multicomponent characteristics from 2016 to 2023 in Zhejiang Province, China
Haocheng Wu, Ming Xue, Chen Wu, Qinbao Lu, Zheyuan Ding, Xinyi Wang, Tianyin Fu, Ke Yang, Junfen Lin
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A Retrospective Report on the Infestation and Distribution of Chiggers on an Endemic Rodent Species (Apodemus latronum) in Southwest China
Qiao-Yi Liu, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Wen-Yu Song, Pei-Ying Peng, Ya-Fei Zhao, Dao-Chao Jin
Veterinary Sciences.2024; 11(11): 547. CrossRef
An Ecological Survey of Chiggers (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) Associated with Small Mammals in an Epidemic Focus of Scrub Typhus on the China–Myanmar Border in Southwest China
Ru-Jin Liu, Xian-Guo Guo, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Ya-Fei Zhao, Pei-Ying Peng, Dao-Chao Jin
Insects.2024; 15(10): 812. CrossRef
Infestation of Oriental House Rat (Rattus tanezumi) with Chigger Mites Varies along Environmental Gradients across Five Provincial Regions of Southwest China
Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Fan Ding, Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Wen-Yu Song, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Rong Fan, Pei-Ying Peng, Bei Li, Ting Chen, Dao-Chao Jin
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(3): 2203. CrossRef
Infestation and distribution of chigger mites on Chevrieri's field mouse (Apodemus chevrieri) in Southwest China
Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Xiao-Bin Huang, Ti-Jun Qian
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2022; 17: 74. CrossRef
Infestation of chigger mites on Chinese mole shrew,Anourosorex squamipes, in Southwest China and ecological analysis
Bei Li, Xian-Guo Guo, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Rong Fan, Pei-Ying Peng, Wen-Yu Song, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Ti-Jun Qian
Parasite.2022; 29: 39. CrossRef
Analysis on infestation and related ecology of chigger mites on large Chinese voles (Eothenomys miletus) in five provincial regions of Southwest China
Bei Li, Xian-Guo Guo, Tian-Guang Ren, Pei-Ying Peng, Wen-Yu Song, Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Zhe Liu, Xin-Hang Liu, Ti-Jun Qian
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2022; 19: 169. CrossRef
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Juan-Xiu Zhou, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Rong Fan, Ting Chen, Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Dao-Chao Jin
Animals.2022; 12(22): 3217. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Monitoring Chigger Mites for Orientia tsutsugamushi in Field Small Mammals in Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 2019-2020: Young Yil Bahk, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Hyung Wook Kwon, Sung Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):319-324.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.319

Incidence of tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, is steadily increasing. It is a mite-borne disease transmitted by chigger mites. In this study, the chigger mites were collected from field small mammals in Hwaseong-si (city), Gyeonggi-do (province), Korea, 2019 and 2020. The field small mammals captured were 56 Apodemus agrarius (94.9%) and 3 Crocidura lasiura (5.1%). A total of 7,531 chigger mites were collected from the captured small mammals. Using PCR test, 153 chigger mite pools were examined and 17 pools were reported positive for O. tsutsugamushi. The O. tsutsugamushi were identified to 5 strains; Jecheon strain was most prevalent, followed by Boryong strain. The other strains were OI011, Taguchi, and Shimokoshi. Collectively, these results provide essential regional information on mite-borne tsutsugamushi disease in the Hwaseong-si, and further contribute to bring awareness and rapid diagnosis for the tsutsugamushi disease.

Citations

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Geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains on chigger mites in the Republic of Korea (2021–2023)
Hyeon Seung Lee, Byung-Eon Noh, Hyunwoo Kim, Heeil Lee
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Variation in Small Mammal Species Composition and the Occurrence of Parasitic Mites in Two Landscapes in a Scrub Typhus Endemic Region of Western Yunnan Province, China
Yun‐Yan Luo, Jia‐Xiang Yin, Zong‐Ti Shao, Zeng‐Kan Liu, Shou‐Qin Yin, Jiang‐Li Lu, Jin‐Chun Li, Rong Wei, Alan Frederick Geater
Ecology and Evolution.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A review on trombiculiasis: An underreported parasitosis that affects humans and animals, including world distribution, clinical findings, associated pathogens, prophylaxis and identification methods
Isabella Pereira Pesenato, Ricardo Bassini-Silva, Fernando de Castro Jacinavicius
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107420. CrossRef
Habitat Type-Based Assemblage and Distribution Prediction of Small Mammals and Chigger Mites (Acari: Trombiculidae) in Chuncheon City, Republic of Korea
Kiyoon Kim, Jusun Hwang, Kyungmin Kim, Kwangbae Yoon, Daehyun Oh, Yungchul Park
Animals.2024; 14(23): 3433. CrossRef
Prevalence of chigger mites and Orientia tsutsugamushi strains in northern regions of Gangwon-do, Korea
Soojin Kim, In Yong Lee, Sezim Monoldorova, Jiro Kim, Jang Hoon Seo, Tai-Soon Yong, Bo Young Jeon
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 263. CrossRef
2022년 쯔쯔가무시증 매개 털진드기 감시 현황
세훈 조, 태규 김, 현우 김, 정원 주, 희일 이
Public Health Weekly Report.2023; 16(46): 1563. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Evaluation of Rapid IgG4 Test for Diagnosis of Gnathostomiasis: Yue Wang, An Ma, Xiao-Long Liu, Praphathip Eamsobhana, Xiao-Xian Gan; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):257-263.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.257

Human gnathostomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Gnathostoma nematode infection. A rapid, reliable, and practical immunoassay, named dot immuno-gold filtration assay (DIGFA), was developed to supporting clinical diagnosis of gnathostomiasis. The practical tool detected anti-Gnathostoma-specific IgG4 in human serum using crude extract of third-stage larvae as antigen. The result of the test was shown by anti-human IgG4 monoclonal antibody conjugated colloidal gold. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were both 100% for detection in human sera from patients with gnathostomiasis (13/13) and from healthy negative controls (50/50), respectively. Cross-reactivity with heterogonous serum samples from patients with other helminthiases ranged from 0 (trichinosis, paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, schistosomiasis, and cysticercosis) to 25.0% (sparganosis), with an average of 6.3% (7/112). Moreover, specific IgG4 antibodies diminished at 6 months after treatment. This study showed that DIGFA for the detection of specific IgG4 in human sera could be a promising tool for the diagnosis of gnathostomiasis and useful for evaluating therapeutic effects.

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Health Impact of Gnathostomiasis and its Integral Approach to Parasitic Infection: A Systematic Review
Gisnella María Cedeño Cajas, José Andrés Zaporta Ramos, Andrea Stefannia Flores Villacrés, Cesar Guevara
Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología.2024; 4: 1096. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii assayed using Rapid Diagnostic Tests among Residents in Three Counties Adjacent to The Demilitarized Zone, Korea: Jeehi Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Yoon Kyung Chang, Seong Kyu Ahn, Seo Hye Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Jihoo Lee, Chom-Kyu Chong, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam, Tong-Soo Kim, Dongjae Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):9-14.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.9

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence have been rapidly increasing in some parts of Korea. We analyzed prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT), in the sera of 552 residents in Ganghwa-gun, 661 ones in Cheorwon-gun, and 305 ones in Goseong-gun, Korea in 2019. IgG/IgM RDT mounted with recombinant fragment of major surface antigen (SAG1), glutathione-S-transferase-linker-SAG1A, were applied to the sera. IgG seroprevalence was 28.1% in Ganghwa-gun, 19.5% in Cheorwon-gun and 35.7% in Goseong-gun. Odds ratios comparing Cheorwon vs Ganghwa was 0.63 (P=0.001) and Goesong versus Ganghwa was 1.47 (P=0.01) adjusting age and sex. Goseong had highest seroprevalence among the 3 counties both in crude rates and logistic regression. Although Cheorwon and Goseong are adjacent to the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Korea, seroprevalence rate was much higher in Goseong. Further investigation on other DMZ-closed areas is necessary whether they have high prevalence rates compared to the other areas. T. gondii prevalence in Korea is still persists; proper health policy should be established.

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Molecular survey of Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene in pigs from various localities in Korea
Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 294. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Research Advances of Leptotrombidium scutellare in China: Rong Xiang, Xian-Guo Guo; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):1-8.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.1

Leptotrombidium scutellare is one of the 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China. It has been found in more than 15 provinces of China. Especially in Yunnan, it was found to be mainly distributed in some mountainous areas with high altitude, low temperature and low precipitation. Rodents and some other small mammals were the most common hosts of L. scutellare. To date, more than 40 host species of L. scutellare have been recorded with very low host specificity, and the main hosts varied in different geographical regions. L. scutellare had a strong resistance against the cold environment, and the temperature and humidity were 2 important factors affecting its growth and development. Among different individuals of their rodent hosts, L. scutellare mites often showed an aggregated distribution pattern, which reflected the interspecific cooperation of the mites. The chromosome karyotype of L. scutellare was 2n=16 and all the 8 pairs of chromosomes were short rod-shaped with metacentric or sub-metacentric types. The isozyme spectrum supported that L. scutellare, L. deliense and L. rubellum were in the same species group. Based on the natural infection, experimental transmission and epidemiological evidence, L. scutellare has been eventually confirmed as the second major vector of scrub typhus in China, which is second only to L. deliense.

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Original Articles

Epidemiological Characteristics of Rodents and Chiggers with Orientia Tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea: Jung Wook Park, Dae Sung Yu, Gi Seong Lee, Jin Jong Seo, Jae Keun Chung, Jae Il Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):559-564.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.559

Abstract
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A survey of rodents and chiggers associated with Orientia tsutsugamushi was conducted in a rural region of the Republic of Korea (Korea) between 2014 and 2018. Overall Apodemus agrarius 15.2% had the highest seropisitive for O. tsutsugamushi, followed by Myodes regulus 11.4%. Monthly risk factors using logistic regression analysis were not associated with O. tsutsugamushi infections in rodents. The overall prevalence rate of O. tsutsugamushi among chiggers was 0.3%. The chigger (Leptotrombidium scutellare) and monthly (October) risk factors were associated with O. tsutsugamushi human infections (P<0.05). Orientia tsutsugamushi infections are endemic in rodents in Korea and people, for example, soldiers who are active outdoors, must employ preventive measures, especially during October (P<0.05). When there are many reports of O. tsutsugamushi infections in Korea. The Boryong strain 85.7% (2/14) was the most common strain detected in chiggers, followed by the Shimokoshi 7.1% (1/14) and Karp 7.1% strains.

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Mite Infestation on Rattus tanezum rats in southwest China concerning risk models
Ru-Jin Liu, Xian-Guo Guo, Pei-Ying Peng, Yan Lv, Peng-Wu Yin, Wen-Yu Song, Rong Xiang, Yan-Ling Chen, Bei Li, Dao-Chao Jin
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains on chigger mites in the Republic of Korea (2021–2023)
Hyeon Seung Lee, Byung-Eon Noh, Hyunwoo Kim, Heeil Lee
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A cross sectional study on molecular prevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi in household rat population of South India
S. Purushothaman, P. Azhahianambi, M. Dharman, R. Gokula Kannan, K.G. Tirumurugaan, C. Soundararajan, R.P. Aravindh Babu, Panneer Devaraju, John A.J. Prakash
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2024; 111: 102212. CrossRef
Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection in Wild Small Mammals in Western Yunnan Province, China
Yun-Yan Luo, Si-Tong Liu, Qi-Nan He, Ru-Dan Hong, Jun-Jie Zhu, Zhi-Qiong Ai, Jia-Xiang Yin
Pathogens.2023; 12(1): 128. CrossRef
Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Novel Trombiculid Mite Species in Northern Tamil Nadu, India: Use of Targeting the Multicopy traD Gene
John Antony Jude Prakash, Kannan Kamarasu, P Philip Samuel, Renu Govindarajan, Punitha Govindasamy, Liji Anna Johnson, P Ramalingam, J Nirmalson, K C Seran, Kevin Macaluso
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Moon-Hyun Chung, Jin-Soo Lee, Jae-Seung Kang
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Nationwide Incidence of Chigger Mite Populations and Molecular Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea, 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Bong-Goo Song, Tae-Kyu Kim, Byung-Eon Noh, Hak Seon Lee, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
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Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologic Factors of Chigger Mites on Apodemus agrarius during Autumn in Korea
In Yong Lee, Jae-Won Lim, Jang Hoon Seo, Heung Chul Kim, Ku Jae Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 473. CrossRef

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Identification of Trombiculid Chigger Mites Collected on Rodents from Southern Vietnam and Molecular Detection of Rickettsiaceae Pathogen: Minh Doan Binh, Sinh Cao Truong, Dong Le Thanh, Loi Cao Ba, Nam Le Van, Binh Do Nhu; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):445-450.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.445

Abstract
PDF

Trombiculid “chigger” mites (Acari) are ectoparasites that feed blood on rodents and another animals. A crosssectional survey was conducted in 7 ecosystems of southern Vietnam from 2015 to 2016. Chigger mites were identified with morphological characteristics and assayed by polymerase chain reaction for detection of rickettsiaceae. Overall chigger infestation among rodents was 23.38%. The chigger index among infested rodents was 19.37 and a mean abundance of 4.61. A total of 2,770 chigger mites were identified belonging to 6 species, 3 genera, and 1 family, and pooled into 141 pools (10-20 chiggers per pool). Two pools (1.4%) of the chiggers were positive for Orientia tsutsugamushi. Ricketsia spp. was not detected in any pools of chiggers. Further studies are needed including a larger number and diverse hosts, and environmental factors to assess scrub typhus.

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Isabella Pereira Pesenato, Ricardo Bassini-Silva, Fernando de Castro Jacinavicius
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107420. CrossRef
Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Novel Trombiculid Mite Species in Northern Tamil Nadu, India: Use of Targeting the Multicopy traD Gene
John Antony Jude Prakash, Kannan Kamarasu, P Philip Samuel, Renu Govindarajan, Punitha Govindasamy, Liji Anna Johnson, P Ramalingam, J Nirmalson, K C Seran, Kevin Macaluso
Journal of Medical Entomology.2022; 59(2): 693. CrossRef
Mapping the distributions of blood-sucking mites and mite-borne agents in China: a modeling study
Tao Wang, Fanfei Meng, Tianle Che, Jinjin Chen, Haiyang Zhang, Yang Ji, Zhengwei Fan, Guoping Zhao, Wenhui Zhang, Baogui Jiang, Qiang Xu, Chenlong Lv, Taoxing Shi, Shiman Ruan, Lanzheng Liu, Wei Liu, Yang Yang, Liqun Fang
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Hanna Moniuszko, Konrad Wojnarowski, Paulina Cholewińska
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Ju Jiang, Christina M. Farris, Kenneth B. Yeh, Allen L. Richards
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Fan-Fei Meng, Qiang Xu, Jin-Jin Chen, Yang Ji, Wen-Hui Zhang, Zheng-Wei Fan, Guo-Ping Zhao, Bao-Gui Jiang, Tao-Xing Shi, Li-Qun Fang, Wei Liu
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Surveillance of Chigger Mite Vectors for Tsutsugamushi Disease in the Hwaseong Area, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, 2015: Young Yil Bahk, Hojong Jun, Seo Hye Park, Haneul Jung, Seung Jegal, Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon, Jong Yul Roh, Wook-Gyo Lee, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Kwangsig Joo, Young Woo Gong, Mun Ju Kwon, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):301-308.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.301

Owing to global climate change, the global resurgence of vector-borne infectious diseases and their potential to inflict widespread casualties among human populations has emerged as a pivotal burden on public health systems. Tsutsugamushi disease (scrub typhus) in the Republic of Korea is steadily increasing and was designated as a legal communicable disease in 1994. The disease is a mite-borne acute febrile disease most commonly contracted from October to December. In this study, we tried to determine the prevalence of tsutsugamushi disease transmitted by chigger mites living on rodents and investigated their target vector diversity, abundance, and distribution to enable the mapping of hotspots for this disease in 2015. A total of 5 species belonging to 4 genera (109 mites): Leptotrombidium scutellare 60.6%, L. pallidum 28.4% Neotrombicula tamiyai 9.2%, Euschoengastia koreaensis/0.9%), and Neoschoengastia asakawa 0.9% were collected using chigger mite collecting traps mimicking human skin odor and sticky chigger traps from April to November 2015. Chigger mites causing tsutsugamushi disease in wild rodents were also collected in Hwaseong for the zoonotic surveillance of the vector. A total of 77 rodents belonging to 3 genera: Apodemus agrarius (93.5%), Crocidura lasiura (5.2%), and Micromys minutus (1.3%) were collected in April, October, and November 2015. The most common mite was L. pallidum (46.9%), followed by L. scutellare (18.6%), and L. orientale (18.0%). However, any of the chigger mite pools collected from rodent hosts was tested positive for Orientia tsutsugamushi, the pathogen of tsutsugamushi disease, in this survey.

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Taehee Chang, Kyung-Duk Min, Sung-il Cho, Yoonhee Kim
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The Prevalence of Rodents Orientia tsutsugamushi in China During Two Decades: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yan-Chun Wang, Jing-Hao Li, Ya Qin, Si-Yuan Qin, Chao Chen, Xin-Bo Yang, Ning Ma, Ming-Xin Dong, Cong-Cong Lei, Xing Yang, He-Ting Sun, Zhi-Yong Sun, Jing Jiang
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2023; 23(12): 619. CrossRef
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Jin Huang, Kaixiang Deng, Jiawei Chen, Meiquan Zhang
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Clinical treatment of patients with scrub typhus-induced liver injury and intracranial infection
HongKui Sun, Li Lei, JianWei Li, Haiming Niu, Jiezhang Yang, MiaoLian Chen
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Monitoring Chigger Mites for Orientia tsutsugamushi in Field Small Mammals in Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 2019-2020
Young Yil Bahk, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Hyung Wook Kwon, Sung Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 319. CrossRef
Nationwide Incidence of Chigger Mite Populations and Molecular Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea, 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Bong-Goo Song, Tae-Kyu Kim, Byung-Eon Noh, Hak Seon Lee, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2021; 9(8): 1563. CrossRef
Infestation and Related Ecology of Chigger Mites on the Asian House Rat (Rattus tanezumi) in Yunnan Province, Southwest China
Fan Ding, Wen-Li Jiang, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Rong Xiang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 377. CrossRef
Geographical Distribution and Epidemiologic Factors of Chigger Mites on Apodemus agrarius during Autumn in Korea
In Yong Lee, Jae-Won Lim, Jang Hoon Seo, Heung Chul Kim, Ku Jae Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Seobo Sim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 473. CrossRef
Density of Chigger Mites as Tsutsugamushi Vectors Collected from Jinan, Jeollabuk-do
Hyeok Jae Lee, Chul Park
The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2020; 52(4): 364. CrossRef

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Relative Abundance of a Vector of Scrub Typhus, Leptotrombidium sialkotense, in Southern Yunnan Province, China: Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Dao-Chao Jin, Wen-Yu Song, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Yun-Ji Zou, Zhi-Hua Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(2):153-159.
Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.153

The chigger mite Leptotrombidium sialkotense is one of the 6 main vectors of scrub typhus in China. Before present study, L. sialkotense was found in some parts of Hunan province, China with a narrow geographical distribution. During field investigation 2016-2017, we found L. sialkotense in Jingha, southern Yunnan, China. Of 15 small mammal host species, L. sialkotense were collected from 6 species of the hosts. Rattus brunneusculus was a dominant host of L. sialkotense, from which 98.3% of the mites were collected. The chigger mite showed a relatively high infestation prevalence (P_M=11.7%) and mean abundance (MA=0.5) in comparison with the rest 5 host species. These results reveal a certain host specificity of L. sialkotense to a rat R. brunneusculus. The mite L. sialkotense showed an aggregated distribution on the host (P<0.05). A positive correlation observed between L. sialkotense and the body length of hosts. There was a positive interspecific association between L. sialkotense and 2 other dominant vectors, L. deliense and L. scutellare.

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Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Wen-Ge Dong, Xiao-Bin Huang
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A dataset of distribution and diversity of blood-sucking mites in China
Fan-Fei Meng, Qiang Xu, Jin-Jin Chen, Yang Ji, Wen-Hui Zhang, Zheng-Wei Fan, Guo-Ping Zhao, Bao-Gui Jiang, Tao-Xing Shi, Li-Qun Fang, Wei Liu
Scientific Data.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Infestation and Related Ecology of Chigger Mites on the Asian House Rat (Rattus tanezumi) in Yunnan Province, Southwest China
Fan Ding, Wen-Li Jiang, Xian-Guo Guo, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Rong Xiang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 377. CrossRef
A Report of Chigger Mites on the Striped Field Mouse, Apodemus agrarius, in Southwest China
Yan-Ling Chen, Xian-Guo Guo, Tian-Guang Ren, Lei Zhang, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ke-Yu Mao, Xiao-Bin Huang, Ti-Jun Qian
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 625. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among School Children in Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Upper Myanmar: Th? Lam Th?i, Hojong Jun, Seo-Hye Park, H??ng Giang L?, Jinyoung Lee, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jung-Mi Kang, Moe Kyaw Myint, Khin Lin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Ho-Woo Nam, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):303-308.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.303

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that can cause toxoplasmosis in a wide range of warm-blooded animals including humans. In this study, we analyzed seroprevalence of T. gondii among 467 school children living in the rural areas of Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Myanmar. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii among school children was 23.5%; 22.5% of children were positive for T. gondii IgG, 0.4% of children were positive for T. gondii IgM, and 0.6% of children were positive for both T. gondii IgG and IgM. Geographical factors did not significantly affect the seroprevalence frequency between Pyin Oo Lwin and Naung Cho, Myanmar. No significant difference was found between males (22.2%) and females (25.0%). The overall seroprevalence among school children differed by ages (10 years old [13.6%], 11-12 years old [19.8%], 13-14 years old [24.6%], and 15-16 years old [28.0%]), however, the result was not significant. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for T. gondii B1 gene for IgG-positive and IgM-positive blood samples were negative, indicating no direct evidence of active infection. These results collectively suggest that T. gondii infection among school children in Myanmar was relatively high. Integrated and improved strategies including reinforced education on toxoplasmosis should be implemented to prevent and control T. gondii infection among school children in Myanmar.

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A pre-existing Toxoplasma gondii infection exacerbates the pathophysiological response and extent of brain damage after traumatic brain injury in mice
Tamara L. Baker, David K. Wright, Alessandro D. Uboldi, Christopher J. Tonkin, Anh Vo, Trevor Wilson, Stuart J. McDonald, Richelle Mychasiuk, Bridgette D. Semple, Mujun Sun, Sandy R. Shultz
Journal of Neuroinflammation.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among slaughterhouse workers in Yangon Region, Myanmar: A cross-sectional study
Nay Hein Sint, Ye Minn Htun, Tun Tun Win, Aye Sandar Mon, Thant Zaw Lwin, Lwin Oo Maung, Pyae Sone Win, Kaung Myat Naing, Thet Paing Zaw, Pyae Hpone Naing, Sai Nyan Lin Tun, Aung Aye Kyaw, Kyaw Wunna, Khine Khine Su, Kyaw Myo Tun, Atef Oreiby
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(4): e0284352. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii in lactating animals: potential risk to milk consuming population in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
S. Khan, K. Rafiq, M. N. Khabir, M. B. Khan, S. N. Khan, A. Khattak, S. Attaullah
Brazilian Journal of Biology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in Cats and Its Zoonotic Potential for Public Health Significance
Mian Abdul Hafeez, Muntazir Mehdi, Faiza Aslam, Kamran Ashraf, Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Abdur Rauf Khalid, Adeel Sattar, Syeda Fakhra Waheed, Abdulaziz Alouffi, Omar Obaid Alharbi, Muhammad Abu Bakr Shabbir, Umer Chaudhry, Mashal M. Almutairi
Pathogens.2022; 11(4): 437. CrossRef
Toxoplasma oocysts in the soil of public places worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bahman Maleki, Nayebali Ahmadi, Meysam Olfatifar, Mohammad Gorgipour, Ali Taghipour, Amir Abdoli, Ali Khorshidi, Masoud Foroutan, Aliyar Mirzapour
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2021; 115(5): 471. CrossRef
Potential linkage between Toxoplasma gondii infection and physical education scores of college students
Jun Cai, Zhijin Sheng, Yu Jin, Yinan Du, Xinlei Yan, Yong Yao, Musa Hassan
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(3): e0241653. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in household cats in Myanmar and molecular identification of parasites using feline faecal oocysts
Saw Bawm, Aye Zar Phyu, Hla Myet Chel, Lat Lat Htun, Ryo Nakao, Ken Katakura
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2020; 20: e00094. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among reproductive-aged women in Myanmar and evaluation of luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay
Khin Myo Aye, Eiji Nagayasu, Myat Htut Nyunt, Ni Ni Zaw, Kyaw Zin Thant, Myat Phone Kyaw, Haruhiko Maruyama
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Quantification of Immunoglobulin G against Trypanosoma cruzi in Individuals with Chronic Chagas Disease Treated with Nifurtimox and Evaluated in Prolonged Follow-Up: Gabriela Mun?oz, Camilo Vergara, Gabriela Marti?nez, Werner Apt, Ine?s Zulantay; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):39-41.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.39

Abstract
PDF

In the indeterminate chronic period of Chagas disease (ChD) the treatment has not been conclusive, because the serological negativization requires many years. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of nifurtimox (NF) in the treatment of chronic ChD in prolonged follow-up by serological techniques of indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) IgG comparing 2 groups of patients, treated and non treated. Mann-Whitney test was performed for ELISA and IFA, with significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). IgG levels were lower in individuals treated compared with untreated patients, indicating chemotherapeutic efficacy in prolonged follow-up.

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Changes in lipid abundance are associated with disease progression and treatment response in chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection
Juan Carlos Gabaldón-Figueira, Albert Ros-Lucas, Nieves Martínez-Peinado, Gavin Blackburn, Irene Losada-Galvan, Elizabeth Posada, Cristina Ballart, Elisa Escabia, Jordi Capellades, Oscar Yanes, María-Jesús Pinazo, Joaquim Gascón, Julio Alonso-Padilla
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Discrete Typing Units of Trypanosoma cruzi Identified by Real-Time PCR in Peripheral Blood and Dejections of Triatoma infestans Used in Xenodiagnosis Descriptive Study
Inés Zulantay, Gabriela Muñoz, Daniela Liempi, Tamara Rozas, María José Manneschi, Catalina Muñoz-San Martín, Carezza Botto-Mahan, Werner Apt, Gonzalo Cabrera
Pathogens.2022; 11(7): 787. CrossRef
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Adriana Egui, Manuel Carlos López, Inmaculada Gómez, Marina Simón, Manuel Segovia, M. Carmen Thomas
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease.2020; 1866(3): 165629. CrossRef
Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi by PCR in adults with chronic Chagas disease treated with nifurtimox
Camilo Vergara, Gabriela Muñoz, Gabriela Martínez, Werner Apt, Inés Zulantay, Jude Marek Przyborski
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(8): e0221100. CrossRef
Chronic Chagas disease: Quantification of Trypanosoma cruzi in peripheral blood and dejections of Triatoma infestans fed by xenodiagnosis in patients with and without cardiopathy
Werner Apt, Daniela Carrasco, Cristian Fuentealba, Mauricio Canals, Gabriela Muñoz, Miguel Saavedra, Juan-Paul Castillo, Inés Zulantay
Acta Tropica.2019; 200: 105167. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Research Progress on Leptotrombidium deliense: Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Dao-Chao Jin; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(4):313-324.
Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.313

Abstract
PDF

This article reviews Leptotrombidium deliense, including its discovery and nomenclature, morphological features and identification, life cycle, ecology, relationship with diseases, chromosomes and artificial cultivation. The first record of L. deliense was early in 1922 by Walch. Under the genus Leptotrombidium, there are many sibling species similar to L. deliense, which makes it difficult to differentiate L. deliense from another sibling chigger mites, for example, L. rubellum. The life cycle of the mite (L. deliense) includes 7 stages: egg, deutovum (or prelarva), larva, nymphochrysalis, nymph, imagochrysalis and adult. The mite has a wide geographical distribution with low host specificity, and it often appears in different regions and habitats and on many species of hosts. As a vector species of chigger mite, L. deliense is of great importance in transmitting scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease) in many parts of the world, especially in tropical regions of Southeast Asia. The seasonal fluctuation of the mite population varies in different geographical regions. The mite has been successfully cultured in the laboratory, facilitating research on its chromosomes, biochemistry and molecular biology.

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Original Articles

Serologic Tests of IgG and IgM Antibodies and IgG Avidity for Diagnosis of Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Bahman Rahimi-Esboei, Mohammad Zarei, Mehdi Mohebali, Hossein Keshavarz Valian, Saeedeh Shojaee, Raziyeh Mahmoudzadeh, Mirataollah Salabati; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(2):147-152.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.147

Abstract
PDF

This prospective study was aimed to detect acute and chronic ocular toxoplasmosis by comparison of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibody levels and IgG avidity test. One hundred and seventeen patients with ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) who referred to the Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran were included in this study. Of the patients, 77 cases were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG, and 8 cases were positive for anti-T. gondii IgM. IgG avidity test revealed 11, 4, and 102 cases were low, intermediate, and high, respectively, and 6.8% and 9.4% of cases were positive for IgM and IgG avidity tests, respectively (P=0.632). Agreement (Kappa value) between paired tests IgG-IgM, IgG-IgG avidity, and IgM-IgG avidity was 0.080, 0.099, and 0.721, respectively (P<0.05). This study showed that conventional serologic tests (IgM and IgG levels) and IgG avidity correlate well each other and can be used to differentiate recent infections from old OT. It seems that reactivated old infections rather than recently acquired infections are majority of Iranian OT patients.

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Serum Concentrations of Th1, Th2 and Treg‐Associated Cytokines in Patients With Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Ovi Sofia, Rahajeng Anugrahing Saldianovitta, I. Nyoman Surya Ari Wahyudi, Loeki Enggar Fitri, Hani Susianti, Seskoati Prayitnaningsih, Hidayat Sujuti
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Role of IgG avidity in eyes with active Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis
Pratik Lakhmawar, Anup Kelgaonkar, Anamika Patel, Ashish Khalsa, Soumyava Basu
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Efficacy of amniotic fluid, blood and urine samples for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women candidates for amniocentesis using serological and molecular techniques
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical and Serological Characteristics of Ocular Toxoplasmosis in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Nadine Nsiangani Lusambo, Dieudonné Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo, Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi, Janvier Kilangalanga Ngoy, Marie-Thérèse Ngoyi Bambi, Théodore Kadima Mutombo, Guy Kintoki Makela, Lady Ngandowe Nzamokili, Alejandra de-la-Torre
Ocular Immunology and Inflammation.2023; 31(7): 1522. CrossRef
The infectious status of patients with optic neuritis of inflammatory and demyelinating etiologies
V. V. Neroev, E. K. Eliseeva, G. I. Krichevskaya, G. A. Davydova, M. N. Zakharova
Russian Ophthalmological Journal.2023; 16(3): 54. CrossRef
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Silvia Fabiani, Claudio Caroselli, Martina Menchini, Giovanna Gabbriellini, Marco Falcone, Fabrizio Bruschi
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Ana Iara Costa Ferreira, Cinara Cássia Brandão de Mattos, Fábio Batista Frederico, Cássia Rúbia Bernardo, Gildásio Castelo de Almeida Junior, Rubens Camargo Siqueira, Cristina Silva Meira-Strejevitch, Vera Lucia Pereira-Chioccola, Luiz Carlos de Mattos
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Genotyping and phylogenic study of Acanthamoeba isolates from human keratitis and swimming pool water samples in Iran
Bahman Rahimi Esboei, Mahdi Fakhar, Reza Saberi, Mohammad Barati, Masoumeh Moslemi, Hadi Hassannia, Yousef Dadimoghadam, Nahid Jalallou
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Acta Parasitologica.2019; 64(2): 384. CrossRef

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Chigger Mite (Acari: Trombiculidae) Survey of Rodents in Shandong Province, Northern China: Xiao-Dan Huang, Peng Cheng, Yu-Qiang Zhao, Wen-Juan Li, Jiu-Xu Zhao, Hong-Mei Liu, Jing-Xuan Kou, Mao-Qing Gong; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):555-559.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.555

Abstract
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Chigger mites are parasites of rodents and other vertebrates, invertebrates, and other arthropods, and are the only vectors of scrub typhus, in addition to other zoonoses. Therefore, investigating their distribution, diversity, and seasonal abundance is important for public health. Rodent surveillance was conducted at 6 districts in Shandong Province, northern China (114-112°E, 34-38°N), from January to December 2011. Overall, 225/286 (78.7%) rodents captured were infested with chigger mites. A total of 451 chigger mites were identified as belonging to 5 most commonly collected species and 3 genera in 1 family. Leptotrombidium scutellare and Leptotrombidium intermedia were the most commonly collected chigger mites. L. scutellare (66.2%, 36.7%, and 49.0%) was the most frequently collected chigger mite from Apodemus agrarius, Rattus norvegicus, and Microtus fortis, respectively, whereas L. intermedia (61.5% and 63.2%) was the most frequently collected chigger mite from Cricetulus triton and Mus musculus, respectively. This study demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of chigger mites that varied seasonally in Shandong Province, China.

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Tamer I. Kaya, Mustafa A. Yilmaz
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Moon Bo Choi, Yeongbu Kim, Da Young Kim, Ohseok Kwon
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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among HIV Patients in Jahrom, Southern Iran: Hassan Rezanezhad, Fateme Sayadi, Enayatollah Shadmand, Seyed Dawood Mousavi Nasab, Hadi Rezaei Yazdi, Kavous Solhjoo, Akbar Kazemi, Monireh Maleki, Abbas Ahmadi Vasmehjani; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):99-103.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.99

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an important opportunistic agent especially in immunocompromised hosts and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Hence, detection and monitoring of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies are of a great interest in HIV-infected patients. A study on the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and associated risk factors was carried out among HIV-infected patients in Jahrom, southern Iran. The prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies was 21.1% in HIV-infected patients by ELISA. PCR was performed on all of the samples, and 1 of the blood samples was positively detected. Among the HIV patients, anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies were significantly higher in age group of 30-39 years old (P=0.05). The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in patients with CD4+<100 cells/μl was 33.3% that was significantly higher than the other groups (P=0.042) with or without IgG antibodies. The CD4+ count mean of seropositive patients was lower than that of seronegative patients. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy was significantly less than patients without therapy (P=0.02). In conclusion, this study showed low seroprevalence of latent toxoplasmosis among HIV-infected patients in the region and confirmed the need for intensifying prevention efforts among this high-risk population and also the risk of toxoplasmosis reactivation which could be important among this population.

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Eugene Enah Fang, Raymond Babila Nyasa, Emmanuel Menang Ndi, Denis Zofou, Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti, Edith Pafoule Lepezeu, Vincent P. K. Titanji, Roland N. Ndip, Mohammed Abdelfatah Mosa Alhoot
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Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Immune Correlates of Resistance to Trichinella spiralis Reinfection in Mice: Ki-Back Chu, Sang-Soo Kim, Su-Hwa Lee, Dong-Hun Lee, Ah-Ra Kim, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):637-643.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.637

Abstract
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The immune correlate of host resistance induced by reinfection of Trichinella spiralis remains unclear. In this study, we investigated immune correlates between the resistance and serum IgG antibody level, CD23⁺ IgM⁺ B cells, and eosinophil responses induced by T. spiralis reinfection. Mice were primarily infected with 10 or 100 T. spiralis larvae (10 TS, 100 TS), respectively, and after 4 weeks, they were challenge infected with 100 T. spiralis larvae (10-100 TS, 100-100 TS). Upon challenge infections, 10-100 TS mice induced significantly higher levels of T. spiralis-specific total IgG antibody responses in sera and antibody secreting cell responses in spleens compared to 100-100 TS mice, resulting in significantly reduced worm burdens in 10-100 TS mice (60% and 70% reductions for adult and larvae, respectively). Higher levels of eosinophils were found in mice primarily infected with 10 TS compared to those of 100 TS at week 8 upon challenge. CD23⁺ IgM⁺ B cells were found to be increased significantly in mice primarily infected with 10 TS. These results indicate that primary infection of 10 larvae of T. spiralis, rather than 100 larvae, induces significant resistance against reinfection which closely correlated with T. spiralis-specific IgG, eosinophil, and CD23⁺ IgM⁺ B cell responses.

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Virus-like particles expressing microneme-associated antigen of Plasmodium berghei confer better protection than those expressing apical membrane antigen 1
Min-Ju Kim, Ki Back Chu, Keon-Woong Yoon, Hae-Ji Kang, Dong-Hun Lee, Eun-Kyung Moon, Fu-Shi Quan
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(2): 193. CrossRef
Retrospective Survey of Human Trichinellosis in a Romanian Infectious Diseases Hospital over a Thirty-Year Interval—The Never-Ending Story
Mihaela Lupșe, Angela Monica Ionică, Mirela Flonta, Mihai Aronel Rus, Violeta Briciu
Pathogens.2023; 12(3): 369. CrossRef
Real-time PCR versus traditional and Nano-based ELISA in early detection of murine trichinellosis
S. M. Mohammad, L. A. Hegazy, R. S. Abdel Hady, M. A. Salama, S. K. Hammad, S. M. Ibrahim
Journal of Helminthology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Trichinella infectivity and antibody response in experimentally infected pigs
Nan Wang, Xue Bai, Jing Ding, Jiaojiao Lin, Hongfei Zhu, Xuenong Luo, Zhiqiang Fu, Chuangang Zhu, Hong Jia, Mingyuan Liu, Xiaolei Liu
Veterinary Parasitology.2021; 297: 109111. CrossRef
Immunoprotective effects of invasive Lactobacillus plantarum delivered nucleic acid vaccine coexpressing Trichinella spiralis CPF1 and murine interleukin-4
Ying Xue, Bo Zhang, Hai-Bin Huang, Jun-Yi Li, Tian-Xu Pan, Yue Tang, Chun-Wei Shi, Hong-Liang Chen, Nan Wang, Gui-Lian Yang, Chun-Feng Wang
Veterinary Parasitology.2021; 298: 109556. CrossRef
Immune responses induced by co-infection withCapillaria hepaticainClonorchis sinensis-infected rats
E.-K. Moon, S.-H. Lee, T.W. Goo, F.-S. Quan
Journal of Helminthology.2018; 92(4): 395. CrossRef
Correlates of Immune Response in Trichinella spiralis Infection
Eun-Kyung Moon, Su-Hwa Lee, Yunsoo Soh, Yuan-Ri Guo, Ying Piao, Fu-Shi Quan
Immunological Investigations.2018; 47(6): 605. CrossRef

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Seroepidemiological Survey of Zoonotic Diseases in Small Mammals with PCR Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Chiggers, Gwangju, Korea: Jung Wook Park, Jae Keun Chung, Sun Hee Kim, Sun Ju Cho, Yi Deun Ha, So Hyang Jung, Hye Jung Park, Hyun Jae Song, Jung Yoon Lee, Dong Min Kim, Jah Pyus, Dong Ryong Ha, Eun Sun Kim, Jae Il Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):307-313.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.307

Abstract
PDF

Serosurveillance for zoonotic diseases in small mammals and detection of chiggers, the vector of Orientia tsutsugamushi, were conducted from September 2014 to August 2015 in Gwangju Metropolitan Area. Apodemus agrarius was the most commonly collected small mammals (158; 91.8%), followed by Myodes regulus (8; 4.6%), and Crocidura lasiura (6; 3.5%). The highest seroprevalence of small mammals for O. tsutsugamushi (41; 26.3%) was followed by hantaviruses (24; 15.4%), Rickettsia spp. (22; 14.1%), and Leptospira (2; 1.3%). A total of 3,194 chiggers were collected from small mammals, and 1,236 of 3,194 chiggers were identified with 7 species of 3 genera: Leptotrombidium scutellare was the most commonly collected species (585; 47.3%), followed by L. orientale (422; 34.1%), Euchoengastia koreaensis (99; 8.0%), L. palpale (58; 4.7%), L. pallidum (36; 2.9%), Neotrombicula gardellai (28; 2.3%), and L. zetum (8; 0.6%). L. scutellare was the predominant species. Three of 1,236 chigger mites were positive for O. tsutsugamushi by PCR. As a result of phylogenetic analysis, the O. tsutsugamushi strain of chigger mites had sequence homology of 90.1-98.2% with Boryong. This study provides baseline data on the distribution of zoonotic diseases and potential vectors for the development of prevention strategies of vector borne diseases in Gwangju metropolitan area.

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A Novel Strain of Orientia tsutsugamushi Detected from Chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) on Wild Rodents
Hak Seon Lee, Seong Yoon Kim, Hee Il Lee
Pathogens.2025; 14(1): 29. CrossRef
Geographic distribution of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains on chigger mites in the Republic of Korea (2021–2023)
Hyeon Seung Lee, Byung-Eon Noh, Hyunwoo Kim, Heeil Lee
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
First Report on the Molecular Detection and Characterization of Rickettsia felis in Laelapidae (Acari: Mesostigmata) Mites in Malaysia
Hiryahafira Mohamad Tahir, Faraliana Che Lah Ernieenor, Suhaili Zainal Abidin, Vishalani Vishnu Narainasamy, Mariana Ahamad
Veterinary Sciences.2025; 12(5): 443. CrossRef
Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Novel Trombiculid Mite Species in Northern Tamil Nadu, India: Use of Targeting the Multicopy traD Gene
John Antony Jude Prakash, Kannan Kamarasu, P Philip Samuel, Renu Govindarajan, Punitha Govindasamy, Liji Anna Johnson, P Ramalingam, J Nirmalson, K C Seran, Kevin Macaluso
Journal of Medical Entomology.2022; 59(2): 693. CrossRef
Emerging hantavirus infection in wild rodents captured in suburbs of Gwangju Metropolitan City, South Korea
Mi hee Seo, Choon-Mee Kim, Dong-Min Kim, Na Ra Yun, Jung Wook Park, Jae Keun Chung, Wen-Ping Guo
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(6): e0010526. CrossRef
Orientia tsutsugamushi in Chiggers and Small Mammals in Laos
Ivo Elliott, Rawadee Kumlert, Neeranuch Thangnimitchok, Stuart D. Blacksell, Ampai Tanganuchitcharnchai, Daniel H. Paris, Paul N. Newton, Serge Morand
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2022; 22(10): 505. CrossRef
Nationwide Incidence of Chigger Mite Populations and Molecular Detection of Orientia tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea, 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Bong-Goo Song, Tae-Kyu Kim, Byung-Eon Noh, Hak Seon Lee, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2021; 9(8): 1563. CrossRef
First report of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto detection in a commune genospecies in Apodemus agrarius in Gwangju, South Korea
Choon Mee Kim, So Young Park, Dong-Min Kim, Jung Wook Park, Jae Keun Chung
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiological Characteristics of Rodents and Chiggers with Orientia Tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea
Jung Wook Park, Dae Sung Yu, Gi Seong Lee, Jin Jong Seo, Jae Keun Chung, Jae Il Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 559. CrossRef
Molecular Epidemiology of an Orientia tsutsugamushi Gene Encoding a 56-kDa Type-Specific Antigen in Chiggers, Small Mammals, and Patients from the Southwest Region of Korea
Jung Wook Park, Sun Hee Kim, Duck Woong Park, So Hyang Jung, Hye Jung Park, Mi Hee Seo, Hyeon Je Song, Jung Yoon Lee, Dong Min Kim, Choon-Mee Kim, Byong Chul Gill, Hang Jin Jeong, Jeong Min Lee, Dong Ryong Ha, Eun Sun Kim, Jae Keun Chung
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2018; 98(2): 616. CrossRef

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IgG Avidity Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in High Risk Females of Reproductive Age Group in India: Naushaba Siddiqui, Fatima Shujatullah, Haris M. Khan, Tamkin Rabbani, Parvez A. Khan; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):487-491.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.487

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that is distributed worldwide. Recently, several tests for avidity of Toxoplasma IgG antibodies have been introduced to help discriminate between recently acquired and distant infections. The study was conducted in Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, India from February 2011 to September 2012. Serum specimens were subjected to Toxoplasma IgM ELISA and IgG avidity ELISA test. Out of 48 patients with abortions, 17 (35.4%) were positive for IgM ELISA, and 8 (16.6%) had low IgG avidity antibodies. Out of 48 patients with other obstetric problems, 23 (47.9%) were positive for IgM ELISA, and 17 (35.4%) had low IgG avidity antibodies. Combining both groups on avidity test, only 25 of 40 (62.5%) IgM-positive women had low-avidity IgG antibodies suggesting a recent T. gondii infection in these women. More importantly, 15 (37.5%) of the IgM-positive women had high-avidity antibodies suggesting that the infection was acquired before gestation The relation of IgM seropositivity with the following risk factors was not found to be statistically significant; contact with cats (0.13), non-vegetarian food habits (0.05), and low socio-economic status (0.49). While, for IgG avidity ELISA, only contact with cats (0.01) was significantly associated with seropositivity. All other risk factors have P-values of >0.05 (not significant). IgG avidity test when used in combination with IgM test was a valuable assay for diagnosis of ongoing or recently acquired T. gondii infection in India.

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High Expression of Water-Soluble Recombinant Antigenic Domains of Toxoplasma gondii Secretory Organelles: Zhaoshou Yang, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):367-376.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.367

Abstract
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Recombinant antigenic proteins of Toxoplasma gondii are alternative source of antigens which are easily obtainable for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis. In this study, highly antigenic secretory organellar proteins, dense granular GRA2 and GRA3, rhoptrial ROP2, and micronemal MIC2, were analyzed by bioinformatics approach to express as water-soluble forms of antigenic domains. The transmembrane region and disorder tendency of 4 secretory proteins were predicted to clone the genes into pGEX-4T-1 vector. Recombinant plasmids were transformed into BL21 (DE3) pLysS E. coli, and GST fusion proteins were expressed with IPTG. As a result, GST fusion proteins with GRA2_25-105, GRA3_39-138, ROP2_324-561, and MIC2_1-284 domains had respectively higher value of IgG avidity. The rGST-GRA2_25-105 and rGST-GRA3_39-138 were soluble, while rGST-ROP2_324-561 and rGST-MIC2_1-284 were not. GRA2_31-71, intrinsically unstructured domain (IUD) of GRA2, was used as a linker to enhance the solubility. The rGST-GRA2_31-71-ROP2_324-561, a chimeric protein, appeared to be soluble. Moreover, rGST-GRA2_31-71-MIC2_1-284 was also soluble and had higher IgG avidity comparing to rGST-MIC2_1-284. These 4 highly expressed and water-soluble recombinant antigenic proteins may be promising candidates to improve the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in addition to the major surface antigen of SAG1.

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Brief Communication

Larval Chigger Mites Collected from Small Mammals in 3 Provinces, Korea: In-Yong Lee, Hyeon-Je Song, Yeon-Joo Choi, Sun-Hye Shin, Min-Kyung Choi, So-Hyun Kwon, E-Hyun Shin, Chan Park, Heung-Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Kyung-Hee Park, Won-Jong Jang; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):225-229.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.225

Abstract
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A total of 9,281 larval chigger mites were collected from small mammals captured at Hwaseong-gun, Gyeonggi-do (Province) (2,754 mites from 30 small mammals), Asan city, Chungcheongnam-do (3,358 mites from 48 mammals), and Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do (3,169 for 62 mammals) from April-November 2009 in the Republic of Korea (= Korea) and were identified to species. Leptotrombidium pallidum was the predominant species in Hwaseong (95.8%) and Asan (61.2%), while Leptotrombidium scutellare was the predominant species collected from Jangseong (80.1%). Overall, larval chigger mite indices decreased from April (27.3) to June (4.9), then increased in September (95.2) and to a high level in November (169.3). These data suggest that L. pallidum and L. scutellare are the primary vectors of scrub typhus throughout their range in Korea. While other species of larval chigger mites were also collected with some implications in the transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi, they only accounted for 11.2% of all larval chigger mites collected from small mammals.

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Habitat Type-Based Assemblage and Distribution Prediction of Small Mammals and Chigger Mites (Acari: Trombiculidae) in Chuncheon City, Republic of Korea
Kiyoon Kim, Jusun Hwang, Kyungmin Kim, Kwangbae Yoon, Daehyun Oh, Yungchul Park
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Epidemiological Characteristics of Rodents and Chiggers with Orientia Tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea
Jung Wook Park, Dae Sung Yu, Gi Seong Lee, Jin Jong Seo, Jae Keun Chung, Jae Il Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(5): 559. CrossRef
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Yeon‐Joo Choi, In‐Yong Lee, Hyeon‐Je Song, Jeoungyeon Kim, Hye‐Jin Park, Dayoung Song, Won‐Jong Jang
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Meteorological factors affect the epidemiology of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome via altering the breeding and hantavirus-carrying states of rodents and mites: a 9 years’ longitudinal study
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Jung Wook Park, Jae Keun Chung, Sun Hee Kim, Sun Ju Cho, Yi Deun Ha, So Hyang Jung, Hye Jung Park, Hyun Jae Song, Jung Yoon Lee, Dong Min Kim, Jah Pyus, Dong Ryong Ha, Eun Sun Kim, Jae Il Lee
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Original Articles

A New Species of Chigger Mite (Acari: Trombiculidae) from Rodents in Southwest China: Tian-Guang Ren, Xian-Guo Guo, Dao-Chao Jin, Dian Wu, Quinn E. Fletcher; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):63-67.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.63

Abstract
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This paper describes a new species of chigger mite (Acari: Trombiculidae), Gahrliepia cangshanensis n. sp., from rodents in southwest China. The specimens were collected from Yunnan red-backed voles, Eothenomys miletus (Thomas, 1914), and a Chinese white-bellied rat, Niviventer confucianus (Milne-Edwards, 1871) in Yunnan Province. The new species is unique mainly in its number of dorsal setae (n=21), and it has the following features: fT (formula of palpotarsus)=4B (B=branched), fp (formula of palpal seta)=B/N/N/N/B (N=naked), a broad tongue-shaped scutum with an almost straight posterior margin, and 17 PPLs (posterior posterolateral seta) with a length of 36-43 ?m. This chigger mite may also infect other rodent hosts and may be distributed in other localities.

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Infestation, community structure, seasonal fluctuation and climate-driven dynamics of mites on small mammals at a focus of scrub typhus in southwest China
Peng-Wu Yin, Yan Lv, Xian-Guo Guo, Wen-Yu Song, Rong Fan, Cheng-Fu Zhao, Zhi-Wei Zhang, Ya-Fei Zhao, Wen-Ge Dong, Dao-Chao Jin
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Species abundance distribution and ecological niches of chigger mites on small mammals in Yunnan province, southwest China
Pei-Ying Peng, Xian-Guo Guo, Dao-Chao Jin, Wen-Ge Dong, Ti-Jun Qian, Feng Qin, Zhi-Hua Yang
Biologia.2017; 72(9): 1031. CrossRef
An updated distribution and hosts: trombiculid mites (Acari: Trombidiformes) associated with small mammals in Yunnan Province, southwest China
Pei-Ying Peng, Xian-Guo Guo, Tian-Guang Ren, Wen-Ge Dong, Wen-Yu Song
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(5): 1923. CrossRef

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Serologic Survey of Toxoplasmosis in Seoul and Jeju-do, and a Brief Review of Its Seroprevalence in Korea: Hyemi Lim, Sang-Eun Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Min-Ki Kim, Mi Youn Lee, Ho-Woo Nam, Jong-Gyun Shin, Cheong-Ha Yun, Han-Ik Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):287-293.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.287

Abstract
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Knowledge of the prevalence of human Toxoplasma gondii infection is required in the Republic of Korea. In this study, we surveyed the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection and analyzed the risk factors associated with seropositivity among residents in 2 administrative districts; Seoul and the island of Jeju-do, which have contrasting epidemiologic characteristics. Sera and blood collected from 2,150 residents (1,114 in Seoul and 1,036 in Jeju-do) were checked for IgG antibody titers using ELISA and for the T. gondii B1 gene using PCR. In addition, participants completed a questionnaire that solicited information on gender, age, occupation, eating habits, history of contact with animals, and travel abroad. The T. gondii B1 gene was not detected in all residents examined. However, ELISA showed 8.0% (89 of 1,114 sera) positive for IgG antibodies against T. gondii in Seoul and 11.3% (117 of 1,036 sera) in Jeju-do. In both districts, the positive rates were higher in males than in females, and those 40-79 years of age showed higher rates than other ages. In Seoul, residents older than 70 years of age showed the highest positive rate, 14.9%, whereas in Jeju-do the highest prevalence, 15.6%, was in those in their sixties. The higher seropositive rate in Jeju-do than in Seoul may be related to eating habits and occupations. The present results and a review of related literature are indicative of an increased seroprevalence of T. gondii in Korea in recent years.

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IgG Avidity ELISA Test for Diagnosis of Acute Toxoplasmosis in Humans: Amir Hossien Rahbari, Hossien Keshavarz, Saeedeh Shojaee, Mehdi Mohebali, Mostafa Rezaeian; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):99-102.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.99

Abstract
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Serum samples, 100 in the total number, were collected from different laboratories in Tehran, Iran and tested for anti-Toxoplasma specific IgG and IgM antibodies using indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Using the IgG (chronic) and IgM (acute) positive samples, the IgG avidity test was performed by ELISA in duplicate rows of 96-well microtiter plates. One row was washed with 6 M urea and the other with PBS (pH 7.2), then the avidity index (AI) was calculated. Sixteen out of 18 (88.9%) sera with acute toxoplasmosis showed low avidity levels (AI≤50), and 76 out of 82 (92.7%) sera in chronic phase of infection showed high avidity index (AI>60). Six sera had borderline ranges of AI. The results showed that the IgG avidity test by ELISA could distinguish the acute and chronic stages of toxoplasmosis in humans.

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Case Report

Clinical Features of Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Korean Patients: Young-Hoon Park, Jae-Hyung Han, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):167-171.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.167

Abstract
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We report here the records of 10 consecutive Korean patients (10 eyes) with ocular toxoplasmosis which showed the typical clinical manifestations with seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii specific IgG antibodies by micro-ELISA between 2006 and 2010. Nine patients were males and 1 was female; their age was 50.5±13.8 years. The most common accompanying signs were vitritis (100%), anterior uveitis (70%), and scattered white deposit (80%). Pre-existing retinochoroidal scar was found in 1 (10%) patient. All patients received antiparasitic chemotherapy and systemic corticosteroid treatment, which resolved the presenting attack and recovered the visual acuity better than initial one in 9 patients and worse in 1. Optic atrophy, cataract, and retinal neovascularization were observed during the follow-up period and recurrence was detected in 3 eyes (30%) 6 to 20 months after the initial attack. In Korea, although rarely detected and reported, ocular toxoplasmosis needs more attention in clinical field of retinal diseases.

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Original Articles

Serosurveillance of Scrub Typhus in Small Mammals Collected from Military Training Sites near the DMZ, Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, and Analysis of the Relative Abundance of Chiggers from Mammals Examined: Heung Chul Kim, In Yong Lee, Sung Tae Chong, Allen L. Richards, Se Hun Gu, Jin-Won Song, John S. Lee, Terry A. Klein; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(3):237-243.
Published online September 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.237

Abstract
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Comprehensive quarterly serosurveillance on scrub typhus in small mammals collected from military training sites located near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), ROK was conducted to determine the potential rodent-borne and associated ectoparasite disease risks to military personnel. A total of 1,196 rodents and insectivores representing 8 species, Apodemus agrarius (87.3%, n = 1,044), Mus musculus (5.4%, n = 65), Crocidura lasiura (3.3%, n = 40), Microtus fortis (2.6%, n = 31), Micromys minutus (0.3%, n = 4), Tscherskia triton (0.3%, n = 4), Rattus norvegicus (0.3%, n = 4), and Myodes regulus (0.3%, n = 4) were assayed for the presence of antibodies to Orientia tsutsugamushi. O. tsutsugamushi antibodies were detected in 6 of 8 species and seroprevalence determined; A. agrarius (45.6%), M. musculus (23.1%), M. fortis (48.4%), M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (50.0%), and R. norvegicus (25.0%). A total of 31,184 chigger mites collected from 508 rodents and insectivores were slide-mounted and 10 species belonging to 4 genera were identified. Leptotrombidium pallidum (53.4%) was the most frequently collected, followed by L. palpale (15.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (14.3%), L. orientale (10.7%), L. zetum (3.1%), Walchia fragilis (2.1%), and L. gemiticulum (0.8%), while the remaining 3 species, L. subintermedium, N. gardellai, and Euschoengastia koreaensis were rarely observed (prevalence < 10%). In contrast to previous surveys, higher chigger indices of the primary scrub typhus vectors, L. pallidum (165.4), L. orientale (45.0), and L. palpale (21.4), were observed during the spring season.

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Geographical Distribution and Relative Abundance of Vectors of Scrub Typhus in the Republic of Korea: In Yong Lee, Heung Chul Kim, Young-Sun Lee, Jang Hoon Seo, Jae Won Lim, Tae Soon Yong, Terry A. Klein, Won Ja Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):381-386.
Published online December 1, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.381

Abstract
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A survey to determine the geographical distribution and relative abundance of potential vectors of scrub typhus was conducted from October to November 2006 at 13 localities throughout the Republic of Korea. Apodemus agrarius accounted for 97.6% (80/82) of all rodents, while only 2 Myodes regulus (2/82) were collected. A total of 10,860 chiggers were collected from A. agrarius belonging to 4 genera and 8 species, while only Walchia fragilis (40) was collected from Myodes regulus. Leptotrombidium pallidum (8,137; 74.9%), a vector of scrub typhus, was the predominant species collected from A. agrarius followed by Leptotrombidium scutellare (2,057, 18.9%), Leptotrombidium palpale (279; 2.7%), Leptotrombidium orientale (232; 2.1%), and Leptotrombidium zetum (79; 0.7%), Neotrombicula tamiyai (58; 0.5%), Euschoengastica koreaensis (16; 0.1%), and Cheladonta ikaoensis (2; < 0.1%). L. pallidum was the predominant chigger collected at collection sites in Gangwon (100%), Gyeonggi (87.2%), Chungnam (100%), Chungbuk (100%), Jeonbuk (73.9%), Jeonnam (77.0%), and Gyeongbuk (66.1%) provinces, whereas L. scutellare was the predominant chigger collected in Gyeongnam province (77.9%) and Jeju Island (62.3%). Data suggest a correlation between chigger population abundance and human cases of scrub typhus in Korea.

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Brief Communications

Purification and biochemical characterization of two novel antigens from Leishmania major promastigotes: Majid Zeinali, Sussan K. Ardestani, Amina Kariminia; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(4):287-293.
Published online December 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.4.287

Abstract
PDF

The identification and characterization of antigens that elicit human T cell responses is an important step toward understanding of Leishmania major infection and ultimately in the development of a vaccine. Micropreparative SDS-PAGE followed by electrotransfer to a PVDF membrane and elution of proteins from the PVDF, was used to separate 2 novel proteins from L. major promastigotes, which can induce antibodies of the IgG2a isotype in mice and also are recognized by antisera of recovered human cutaneous leishmaniasis subjects. Fractionation of the crude extract of L. major revealed that all detectable proteins of interest were present within the soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA). Quantitation of these proteins showed that their expression in promastigotes is relatively very low. Considering the molecular weight, immunoreactivity, chromatographic and electrophoretic behavior in reducing and non-reducing conditions, these proteins are probably 2 isoforms of a single protein. A digest of these proteins was resolved on Tricine-SDS-PAGE and immunoreactive fragments were identified by human sera. Two immunoreactive fragments (36.4 and 34.8 kDa) were only generated by endoproteinase Glu-C treatment. These immunoreactive fragments or their parent molecules may be ideal candidates for incorporation in a cocktail vaccine against cutaneous leishmaniasis.

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Highly Effective Serodiagnosis for Chagas' Disease
Pilar Hernández, Michael Heimann, Cristina Riera, Marco Solano, José Santalla, Alejandro O. Luquetti, Ewald Beck
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2010; 17(10): 1598. CrossRef

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Time gap between oocyst shedding and antibody responses in mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum: Jae-Ran Yu, Soo-Ung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):225-228.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.225

Abstract
PDF

We observed the time gap between oocyst shedding and antibody responses in mice (3-week-old C57BL/6J females) infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Oocyst shedding was verified by modified acid-fast staining. The individually collected mouse sera were assessed for C. parvum IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from 5 to 25 weeks after infection. The results showed that C. parvum oocysts were shed from day 5 to 51 post-infection (PI). The IgM antibody titers to C. parvum peaked at week 5 PI, whereas the IgG antibody titers achieved maximum levels at week 25 PI. The results revealed that IgM responses to C. parvum infection occurred during the early stage of infection and overlapped with the oocyst shedding period, whereas IgG responses occurred during the late stage and was not correlated with oocyst shedding. Hence, IgM antibody detection may prove helpful for the diagnosis of acute cryptosporidiosis, and IgG antibody detection may prove effective for the detection of past infection and endemicity.

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Anticryptosporidial action mechanisms of Launaea spinosa extracts in Cryptosporidium parvum experimentally infected mice in relation to its UHPLC-MS metabolite profile and biochemometric tools
Mai M. Elghonemy, Mohamed G. Sharaf El-Din, Dina Aboelsoued, Mohamed F. Abdelhameed, Mohamed A. El-Saied, Nagwa I. Toaleb, Mohamed A. Farag, Abdelsamed I. Elshamy, Abdelbaset M. Elgamal, Horacio Bach
PLOS ONE.2025; 20(3): e0317497. CrossRef
Evaluation of a vaccine candidate isolated from Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst in mice
Dina Aboelsoued, Hend H. A. M. Abdullah, Kadria N. Abdel Megeed, Soad E. Hassan, Nagwa I. Toaleb
Veterinary World.2022; : 2772. CrossRef
Natural killer cell activity irreversibly decreases after Cryptosporidium gastroenteritis in neonatal mice
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Ragab M. Fereig, Hanan H. Abdelbaky, Fumiaki Ihara, Yoshifumi Nishikawa
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Valeria F. Del Coco, María A. Córdoba, Alicia Sidoti, Mónica Santín, Ricardo Drut, Juan A. Basualdo
Veterinary Parasitology.2012; 190(3-4): 411. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Changes of cytokine mRNA expression and IgG responses in rats infected with Capillaria hepatica: Dong-Kwan Kim, Kyoung-Hwan Joo, Myung-Sook Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):95-102.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.95

Abstract
PDF

The mRNA expression of several cytokines was evaluated in splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells of rats infected with Capillaria hepatica by reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR until week 12 after infection. IgG1 and IgG2a, which are associated with Th1 and Th2 response, respectively, were also assessed by ELISA. The results indicated that the majority of cytokines, including the Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) were expressed at maximal levels during the early stage of infection (after week 1-2), and the ELISA data also evidenced a similar pattern of changes in IgG1 and IgG2a. Th1 and Th2 cytokines responded in a similar fashion in this rat model. The expression of cytokines in splenocytes was significantly higher than that in MLN cells, thereby indicating that cytokine production is controlled more by spleen than by MLN. In addition, the observation that IFN-γ expression increased unexpectedly at the time of maximal egg production (6 weeks after infection) indicated that IFN-γ is a cytokine reacting against egg production. However, increased IL-5 expression occurring in tandem with worm activity indicated that the activity of C. hepatica might be controlled by IL-5 expression.

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Identification of novel Leishmania major antigens that elicit IgG2a response in resistant and susceptible mice: Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Majid Zeinali, Sussan K. Ardestani, Amina Kariminia; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):43-48.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.43

Abstract
PDF

Experimental murine models with high, intermediate and low levels of genetically based susceptibility to Leishmania major infection reproduce almost entire spectrum of clinical manifestations of the human disease. There are increasing non-comparative studies on immune responses against isolated antigens of L. major in different murine strains. The aim of the present study was to find out whether there is an antigen that can induce protective immune response in resistant and susceptible murine strains. To do that, crude antigenic extract of procyclic and metacyclic promastigotes of L. major was prepared and subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Western-blotting was used to search for antigen(s) capable of raising high antibody level of IgG2a versus IgG1 in the sera of both infected resistant and susceptible strains. Two novel antigens from metacyclic promastigotes of L. major (140 and 152 kDa) were potentially able to induce specific dominant IgG2a responses in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The 2 antigens also reacted with IgG antibody of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. We confirm that 140 and 152 kDa proteins of L. major promastigotes are inducing IgG production in mice and humans.

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Brief Communications

Partial characterization of a 29 kDa cysteine protease purified from Taenia solium metacestodes: Ji-Young Kim, Hyun-Jong Yang, Kwang-Sig Kim, Young-Bae Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2005;43(4):157-160.
Published online December 20, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2005.43.4.157

Abstract
PDF

A 29 kDa cysteine protease of Taenia solium metacestodes was purified by Mono Q anion-exchanger and Superose 6 HR gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme was effectively inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitors, such as iodoacetic acid (IAA) and trans-epoxy-succinyl-L-leucyl-amido (4-guanidino) butane (E-64) while inhibitors acting on serine- or metallo-proteases did not affect the enzyme activity. The purified enzyme degraded human immunoglobulin G (IgG), collagen and bovine serum albumin (BSA), but human IgG was more susceptible for proteolysis by the enzyme. To define the precise biological roles of the enzyme, more detailed biochemical and functional studies would be required.

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Cloning and characterization of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from Taenia pisiformis
Qiuxia Wang, Shaohua Zhang, Xuenong Luo, Junling Hou, Xueliang Zhu, Xuepeng Cai
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Partial Purification and Characterization of a Cysteine Protease Inhibitor from the Plerocercoid of Spirometra erinacei
Young-Bae Chung, Hyun-Jong Yang
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Cloning and characterization of cathepsin L-like peptidases of Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes
Yasuhito Sako, Hiroshi Yamasaki, Kazuhiro Nakaya, Minoru Nakao, Akira Ito
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Identification and characterization of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from Taenia solium metacestode
Ai Hua Li, Sung-Ung Moon, Yun-Kyu Park, Byoung-Kuk Na, Myung-Gi Hwang, Chang-Mi Oh, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Yoon Kong, Tong-Soo Kim, Pyung-Rim Chung
Veterinary Parasitology.2006; 141(3-4): 251. CrossRef

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ELISA detection of IgG antibody against a recombinant major surface antigen (Nc-p43) fragment of Neospora caninum in bovine sera: Hye-Jin Ahn, Sera Kim, Dae-Yong Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(3):175-177.
Published online September 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.3.175

Abstract
PDF

An ELISA was established to measure bovine IgG directed against the recombinant antigenic determinant of Nc-p43, a major surface antigen of Neospora caninum. In a previous study, two thirds of the C-terminal of the molecule was expressed as a 6 × His tagged protein (Ncp43P) for ELISA using 2/3 of the N-terminal of SAG1 from Toxoplasma gondii as a control (TgSAG1A). Among 852 cattle sera collected from stock farms scattered nation-wide, 103 sera (12.1%) were found to react with Ncp43P positively, but no positive reaction was observed with TgSAG1A. This study shows that Ncp43P could be available as an efficient antigen for the diagnosis of neosporosis in cattle. Furthermore, it together with TgSAG1A, could be useful for the differential diagnosis of N. caninum and T. gondii infections in other mammals.

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Use of ELISA based on NcSRS2 of Neospora caninumexpressed in Pichia pastoris for diagnosing neosporosis in sheep and dogs
Amanda Fernandes Pinheiro, Sibele Borsuk, Maria Elisabeth Aires Berne, Luciano da Silva Pinto, Renato Andreotti, Talita Roos, Barbara Couto Roloff, Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária.2015; 24(2): 148. CrossRef
Diagnostic Potential of Anti-rNcp-43 Polyclonal Antibodies for the Detection of Neospora caninum
Gizele Lima de Sá, Diene de Borba Pacheco, Leonardo Garcia Monte, Francine Alves Sinnott, Marina Amaral Xavier, Caroline Rizzi, Sibele Borsuk, Maria Elisabeth Aires Berne, Renato Andreotti, Cláudia Pinho Hartleben
Current Microbiology.2014; 68(4): 472. CrossRef
Expression ofNeospora caninumNcSRS2 surface protein inPichia pastorisand its application for serodiagnosis ofNeosporainfection
Amanda Fernandes Pinheiro, Sibele Borsuk, Maria Elisabeth Aires Berne, Luciano da Silva Pinto, Renato Andreotti, Talita Roos, Barbara Couto Rollof, Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
Pathogens and Global Health.2013; 107(3): 116. CrossRef
Development of an indirect ELISA-NcSRS2 for detection of Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle
Sibele Borsuk, Renato Andreotti, Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite, Luciano da Silva Pinto, Simone Simionatto, Claudia Pinho Hartleben, Marcelo Goetze, Leandra Marla Oshiro, Maria de Fátima Cepa Matos, Maria Elisabeth Aires Berne
Veterinary Parasitology.2011; 177(1-2): 33. CrossRef
Serodiagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in cattle using a recombinant tNcSRS2 protein-based ELISA
Jing Liu, Jinshu Yu, Ming Wang, Qun Liu, Wei Zhang, Chong Deng, Jun Ding
Veterinary Parasitology.2007; 143(3-4): 358. CrossRef
Epidemiology and Control of Neosporosis andNeospora caninum
J. P. Dubey, G. Schares, L. M. Ortega-Mora
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Diagnosis of bovine neosporosis: Recent advances and perspectives
Luis Ortega-Mora, Aurora Fernández-García, Mercedes Gómez-Bautista
Acta Parasitologica.2006; 51(1): 1. CrossRef
Diagnosis of bovine neosporosis
J.P. Dubey, G. Schares
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Comparison of proteome and antigenic proteome between two Neospora caninum isolates
Yong-Seung Shin, Gee-Wook Shin, Young-Rim Kim, Eun-Young Lee, Hyang-Hee Yang, K.J. Palaksha, Hee-Jeong Youn, Jae-Hoon Kim, Dae-Yong Kim, A.E. Marsh, J. Lakritz, Tae-Sung Jung
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Clinical Proteomics.2004;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Detection of IgG antibody against Neospora caninum in cattle in Korea: Ji-Seon Bae, Dae-Yong Kim, Woo-Suk Hwang, Jae-Hoon Kim, Nam-Seok Lee, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(4):245-249.
Published online December 31, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.245

Abstract
PDF

A total of 492 cattle sera was screened by IgG-ELISA against Neospora caninum (Nc-1 strain and a Korean isolate, KBA-2) and Toxoplasma gondii. Out of 492, 113 sera (23.0%) reacted positively to either Nc-1 or KBA-2 strains of N. caninum. Among the 113 positive sera, 92 sera (81.4%) reacted with antigens of both strains, but 6 sera (5.3%) with Nc-1 and 15 sera (13.3%) with KBA-2 strain only. And with T. gondii antigen, 6 sera (1.2%) were positive but all reacted with N. caninum antigen also. Western blot revealed typical binding pattern according to ELISA values, such that high OD group reacted specifically to the major surface proteins including 43 kDa protein. Seroprevalence of 23.0% indicates that neosporosis seemed to be one of major causes of abortion in cattle. It is suggested here to establish more epidemiological researches nationwide systematically.

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Serological evaluation of Neospora caninum in pregnant women treated at referral center for prenatal screening in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Pâmella Oliveira Duarte, Bárbara Guimarães Csordas, Leandra Marla Oshiro, Leandro de Oliveira Souza Higa, Namor Pinheiro Zimmermann, Kauê Rodriguez Martins, Jacqueline Cavalcante Barros, Renato Andreotti
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Meta-analysis of the prevalence and risk factors associated with bovine neosporosis
Claudia Mello Ribeiro, Isabela Ribeiro Soares, Rodrigo Guerrero Mendes, Paula Andrea de Santis Bastos, Satie Katagiri, Renato Bacarin Zavilenski, Hudson Felipe Porto de Abreu, Vera Afreixo
Tropical Animal Health and Production.2019; 51(7): 1783. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cows in Northern provinces, Thailand
Tawin Inpankaew, Sathaporn Jittapalapong, Thomas Mitchell, Chainirun Sununta, Ikuo Igarashi, Xuenan Xuan
Acta Parasitologica.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk factors of Neospora caninum infection in dogs and cats in dairy farms in Western Thailand
Pipat Arunvipas, Tawin Inpankaew, Sathaporn Jittapalapong
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Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in dogs from Korea
Thuy Nguyen, Se-Eun Choe, Jae-Won Byun, Hong-Bum Koh, Hee-Soo Lee, Seung-Won Kang
Acta Parasitologica.2012;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum Antibodies in Cattle in Veracruz, Mexico
D. Romero-Sal, Z. Garcia-Vaz, F. Montiel-Pa, T. Montiel-Pe, M. Aguilar-Do, L. Medina-Esp, C. Cruz-Vazqu
Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances.2010; 9(10): 1445. CrossRef
Seroepidemiology of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infection in yaks (Bos grunniens) in Qinghai, China
J. Liu, J.Z. Cai, W. Zhang, Q. Liu, D. Chen, J.P. Han, Q.R. Liu
Veterinary Parasitology.2008; 152(3-4): 330. CrossRef
Seroepidemiology of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in cattle and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in the People's Republic of China
Jinhai Yu, Zhaofei Xia, Qun Liu, Jing Liu, Jun Ding, Wei Zhang
Veterinary Parasitology.2007; 143(1): 79. CrossRef
Epidemiology and Control of Neosporosis andNeospora caninum
J. P. Dubey, G. Schares, L. M. Ortega-Mora
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2007; 20(2): 323. CrossRef
Diagnosis of bovine neosporosis
J.P. Dubey, G. Schares
Veterinary Parasitology.2006; 140(1-2): 1. CrossRef
ELISA detection of IgG antibody against a recombinant major surface antigen (Nc-p43) fragment of Neospora caninum in bovine sera
Hye-Jin Ahn, Sera Kim, Dae-Yong Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2003; 41(3): 175. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Neospora, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis neurona antibodies in horses from Jeju island, South Korea
G.D Gupta, J Lakritz, Jae-Hoon Kim, Dae-Yong Kim, Jin-Kap Kim, A.E Marsh
Veterinary Parasitology.2002; 106(3): 193. CrossRef
Determination of antigenic domain in GST fused major surface protein (Nc-p43) of Neospora caninum
Eui-Sun Son, Hye-Jin Ahn, Jae-Hoon Kim, Dae-Yong Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(3): 241. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Excretory-secretory product of Paragonimus westermani newly excysted metacercariae inhibits superoxide production of granulocytes stimulated with IgG: Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2000;38(2):103-106.
Published online June 30, 2000; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2000.38.2.103

Abstract
PDF

It is well known that the cysteine proteases in excretory-secretory product (ESP) of Paragonimus westermani newly excysted metacercariae (PwNEM) are capable of degrading IgG in vitro. Recent evidence suggests that the IgG-coated surface, such as found on parasites, is one of the most effective physiologic stimuli for granulocyte activation. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of excretory-secretory product (ESP) of PwNEM on superoxide production of granulocytes stimulated with IgG. The 96-well plates were coated with human IgG (0, 10, 30, 100 ?g/ml) in the absence or presence of ESP. When granulocytes were incubated in the wells coated with human IgG in the presence of ESP, the level of superoxide production of granulocytes was reduced to about 90% when compared to the cells incubated in the wells coated with IgG alone. This inhibitory effect of the ESP on IgG-induced superoxide production of granulocytes was concentration-dependent. These results suggest that ESP secreted by PwNEM may be important in the control of effector functions of granulocytes stimulated with IgG in human paragonimiasis.

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Excretory-secretory product of third-stage Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae induces apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
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Parasitology Research.2017; 116(10): 2783. CrossRef
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Hyun-Ouk Song, Jae-Sook Ryu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(4): 479. CrossRef
Excretory-Secretory Products Produced by Paragonimus westermani Differentially Regulate the Nitric Oxide Production and Viability of Microglial Cells
Youngnam Jin, Jae-Chul Lee, In Young Choi, Eun A. Kim, Myeong Heon Shin, Won-Ki Kim
International Archives of Allergy and Immunology.2006; 139(1): 16. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Usefulness of IgG4 subclass antibodies for diagnosis of human clonorchiasis: Sung-Tae Hong, Mejeong Lee, Nak-Jin Sung, Sang Rock Cho, Jong-Yil Chai, Soon-Hyung Lee; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(4):243-248.
Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.243

Abstract
PDF

The present study analyzed serum IgG subclass antibody reaction to major antigenic bands of Clonorchis sinensis to investigate improvement of its serodiagnosis. Of the four subclass antibodies, IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies were produced but not specific, IgG3 antibody was least produced, and IgG4 antibody was prominent and specific. The serum IgG antibody reaction to any of 43-50, 34-37, 26-28, and 8 kDa bands was found in 65.5% of 168 egg positive cases while IgG4 antibody reaction was found in 22.0% of them. The positive rates of IgG and IgG4 antibodies were directly correlated with the intensity of infection. All of the sera from heavily infected cases over EPG 5,000 showed positive reaction for specific IgG and IgG4 antibodies. The specific serum IgG4 antibody disappeared within 6 months after treatment. The bands of 35 kDa and 67 kDa cross-reacted with IgG antibodies but not with IgG4 antibodies in sera of other trematode infections. The present findings suggest that serum IgG4 antibody reaction to 8 kDa band is specific but not sensitive. Any method to increase its sensitivity is required for improved serodiagnosis.

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Development of an Immunochromatographic Point-of-Care Test for Serodiagnosis of Opisthorchiasis and Clonorchiasis
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Chenghua Shen, Jong-Ae Lee, Sonia Refaat Ahmed Allam, Young Mee Bae, Eun-Taek Han, Satoru Takeo, Takafumi Tsuboi, Sung-Tae Hong, Min-Ho Choi
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The identification of a Clonorchis sinensis gene encoding an antigenic egg protein
Mejeong Lee, Young-Bae Chung, Suk-Keun Lee, Byung-Suk Chung, Shunyu Li, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
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Excretory-secretory antigen is better than crude antigen for the serodiagnosis of clonorchiasis by ELISA
Min-Ho Choi, Il Chan Park, Shunyu Li, Sung-Tae Hong
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S. Wongratanacheewin, R.W. Sermswan, S. Sirisinha
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Min-Ho Choi, Jin-Sook Ryu, Mejeong Lee, Shunyu Li, Byung-Suk Chung, Jong-Yil Chai, Paiboon Sithithaworn, Smarn Tesana, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2003; 41(3): 155. CrossRef
Characterization of partially purified 8 kDa antigenic protein of Clonorchis sinensis
Young-Bae Chung, Mejeong Lee, Hyun-Jong Yang, Byung-Suk Chung, Shun-Yu Lee, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2002; 40(2): 83. CrossRef
Antigenic profile and localization of Clonorchis sinensis proteins in the course of infection
Sung-Jong Hong, Tae Yun Kim, Kye-Yong Song, Woon-Mok Sohn, Shin-Yong Kang
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2001; 39(4): 307. CrossRef
Cystatin Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serodiagnosis of Human Clonorchiasis and Profile of Captured Antigenic Protein ofClonorchis sinensis
Tae Yun Kim, Shin-Yong Kang, Sun Hyo Park, Kom Sukontason, Kabkaew Sukontason, Sung-Jong Hong
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Partial characterization of a 17 kDa protein of Clonorchis sinensis
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2000; 38(2): 95. CrossRef

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Variation of antigenicity and serological reaction to Pneumocystis carinii in Korea: Hyun-Young Park, Soo-Ung Lee, Seoung-Wan Chae, Sun Huh, Jae-Ran Yu, Jin Kim, Sung-Tae Hong; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):109-115.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.109

Abstract
PDF

The present study observed the variation of antigenicity of Pneumocystis carinii and serum IgG antibody reaction to the antigens from different localities in Korea. Antigens of rat P. carinii and sera of inhabitants were collected at Chunchon, Chungju, Kwangju, and Seoul during 1995-1996. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and immunoblot were used for immune reaction. Absorbance of 1,294 human sera ranged between 0.01 and 0.93. Sera from Chunchon showed higher absorbances than those from other areas. Immunoblotting revealed IgG antibody reactions to 116, 100, and 45-55 kDa antigenic bands of rat P. carinii, but the frequencies of positive reaction to individual bands were variable by localities. Total 62.6% of the sera showed the reaction to 116 kDa band while 37.7% reacted to 100 kDa band and 32.0% to 45-55 kDa bands. For the reaction to 116 kDa, the reaction rate was 60.0% to 82.6% by localities. It is found that the reaction rates of the human sera to rat P. carinii antigen are variable according to the localities. Also, the high molecular antigen of 116 kDa of rat P. carinii is the most frequent antigenic band reacting to human sera.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with PriorPneumocystisPneumonia Exhibit Increased Serologic Reactivity to Several Major Surface Glycoprotein Clones
K. R. Daly, J. V. Koch, N. J. Shire, L. Levin, P. D. Walzer
Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2006; 13(10): 1071. CrossRef