Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Myung-Jo You"

Original Articles

Molecular cloning, identification, transcriptional analysis, and silencing of enolase on the life cycle of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari, Ixodidae) tick: Md. Samiul Haque, Md. Khalesur Rahman, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):226-237.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24015

Ticks, blood-sucking ectoparasites, spread diseases to humans and animals. Haemaphysalis longicornis is a significant vector for tick-borne diseases in medical and veterinary contexts. Identifying protective antigens in H. longicornis for an anti-tick vaccine is a key tick control strategy. Enolase, a multifunctional protein, significantly converts D-2-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in cell cytoplasm. This study cloned a complete open reading frame (ORF) of enolase from the H. longicornis tick and characterized its transcriptional and silencing effect. We amplified the full-length cDNA of the enolase gene using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The complete cDNA, with an ORF of 1,297 nucleotides, encoded a 432-amino acid polypeptide. Enolase of the Jeju strain H. longicornis exhibited the highest sequence similarity with H. flava (98%), followed by Dermacentor silvarum (82%). The enolase motifs identified included N-terminal and C-terminal regions, magnesium binding sites, and several phosphorylation sites. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicated that enolase mRNA transcripts were expressed across all developmental stages of ticks and organs such as salivary gland and midgut. RT-PCR showed higher transcript levels in syn-ganglia, suggesting that synganglion nerves influence enolase,s role in tick salivary glands. We injected enolase double-stranded RNA into adult unfed female ticks, after which they were subsequently fed with normal unfed males until they spontaneously dropped off. RNA interference significantly (P<0.05) reduced feeding and reproduction, along with abnormalities in eggs (no embryos) and hatching. These findings suggest enolase is a promising target for future tick control strategies.

Citations

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Comprehensive antigen identification and comparative analysis: significant approaches for controlling Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Bumseok Kim, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbiome Composition of Haemaphysalis flava in Korea and Diversity Analysis Based on Region, Developmental Stage, and Sex
Min Kyu Sang, Jie eun Park, Dae Kwon Song, Jun Yang Jeong, Chan‐Eui Hong, Hyeonjun Shin, Hyeok Lee, Kyoung Won Lee, Hee Ju Hwang, Hyun woo Kim, Seong Yoon Kim, Wook‐Gyo Lee, So Young Park, Se Won Kang, Jung Han Park, Bharat Bhusan Patnaik, Sung‐Jae Cha, S
Entomological Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification and knockdown effect of disulfide isomerase in the Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae)
Md Samiul Haque, Bumseok Kim, Myung-Jo You
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Comparative analysis of essential oil efficacy against the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae): Mohammad Saiful Islam, Md. Samiul Haque, Myung-Jo You; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):217-225.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23097

Abstract
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This study evaluated the potential repellent and acaricidal effects of 4 essential oils (clove, eucalyptus, lavender, and mint) against the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, a vector of various tick-borne diseases in medical and veterinary contexts. Selected for their potential repellent and acaricidal properties, the 4 essential oils were tested on adult and nymph H. longicornis ticks at different concentrations. The experiment assessed mortality rates and repellency, particularly during tick attachment to host skin. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in tick mortality and repellency scores across all groups. At a 1% concentration, adult tick mortality ranged from 36% to 86%, while nymph mortality ranged from 6% to 97%. Clove oil exhibited notable efficacy, demonstrating high mortality rates of nymphs and adults. Clove oil also displayed strong repellency properties, with a repellency index of 0.05, surpassing those of mint, eucalyptus, and lavender oils. Clove oil showed the highest effectiveness in deterring nonattached adult ticks (90%) and nymphs (95%) when applied to skin. Clove oil was the most effective against adult and nymph ticks, achieving mortality rates of 86% and 97%, respectively, and led to the highest nonattachment rates when applied to skin. In conclusion, essential oils such as clove, eucalyptus, lavender, and mint oils present promising results for tick population control.

Citations

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Comprehensive antigen identification and comparative analysis: significant approaches for controlling Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Bumseok Kim, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Efficacy of recombinant enolase as a candidate vaccine against Haemaphysalis longicornis tick infestation in mice: Md. Samiul Haque, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):439-448.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23075

Tick infestation causes a significant threat to human and animal health, requiring effective immunological control methods. This study aimed to investigate the potential of recombinant Haemaphysalis longicornis enolase protein for tick vaccine development. The exact mechanism of the recently identified enolase protein from the H. longicornis Jeju strain remains poorly understood. Enolase plays a crucial role in glycolysis, the metabolic process that converts glucose into energy, and is essential for the motility, adhesion, invasion, growth, and differentiation of ticks. In this study, mice were immunized with recombinant enolase, and polyclonal antibodies were generated. Western blot analysis confirmed the specific recognition of enolase by the antiserum. The effects of immunization on tick feeding and attachment were assessed. Adult ticks attached to the recombinant enolase-immunized mice demonstrated longer attachment time, increased blood-sucking abilities, and lower engorgement weight than the controls. The nymphs and larvae had a reduced attachment rate and low engorgement rate compared to the controls. Mice immunized with recombinant enolase expressed in Escherichia coli displayed 90% efficacy in preventing tick infestation. The glycolytic nature of enolase and its involvement in crucial physiological processes makes it an attractive target for disrupting tick survival and disease transmission. Polyclonal antibodies recognize enolase and significantly reduce attachment rates, tick feeding, and engorgement. Our findings indicate that recombinant enolase may be a valuable vaccine candidate for H. longicornis infection in experimental murine model.

Citations

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Comprehensive antigen identification and comparative analysis: significant approaches for controlling Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Bumseok Kim, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Silencing subolesin and enolase impairs gene expression, engorgement and reproduction in Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks
Md. Samiul Haque, Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You
Journal of Veterinary Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Targeting Plasmodium Life Cycle with Novel Parasite Ligands as Vaccine Antigens
Shan Khan, Manas Paresh Patel, Aleem Damji Patni, Sung-Jae Cha
Vaccines.2024; 12(5): 484. CrossRef

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Effects of histamine and antihistamine on the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis during blood sucking: Mohammad Saiful Islam, Abul Fatah Shah Muhammad Talha, Myung-Jo You; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(2):172-182.
Published online May 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22068

Abstract
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At the time of host attachment, ticks are very sensitive to histamine, but during rapid blood sucking they paradoxically require histamine. Using a rabbit model, we studied the effects of histamine and antihistamine during attachment and fast-feeding in different life stages of Haemaphysalis longicorns. We examined how they responded to histamine and antihistamine by analyzing the detachment rate, histology of feeding lesions, and post-feeding behavior. A significant difference (P<0.01) was found in the detachment rate between experimental and control treatments throughout the observation period. Ticks exhibited a higher detachment rate (30.1%) at 12 h after histamine application during attachment time and on antihistamine-treated skin (25.4%) at 96 h during fast-feeding. After feeding on histamine-treated rabbits, the fully engorged body weights of larvae and nymphs were 0.7±0.36 mg and 3.5±0.65 mg, respectively. An average increase in body weight of 0.6±0.05 mg and 3.2±0.30 mg was observed for larvae and nymphs compared to the respective control weights. Nymphs and adults engorged after antihistamine treatment had an average body weight of 1.3±0.54 mg and 54±0.81 mg, respectively. An average decrease in body weight was observed in antihistamine-treated H. longicornis compared with control nymphs (3.3±0.42 mg) and adults (174±1.78 mg). Skin biopsies were collected after treatment, and differential histopathological characteristics were found between the treatment and control groups. Tick-infested skin collected from rabbits in the antihistamine-treated group lacked erythrocytes in the feeding pool, indicating that antihistamine impaired tick fast-feeding stage.

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Comparative analysis of essential oil efficacy against the Asian longhorned tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae)
Mohammad Saiful Islam, Md. Samiul Haque, Myung-Jo You
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(2): 217. CrossRef
Salp14 epitope-based mRNA vaccination induces early recognition of a tick bite
Yingjun Cui, Balasubramanian Cibichakravarthy, Xiaotian Tang, Mohamad G. Alameh, Garima Dwivedi, Drew Weissman, Erol Fikrig
Vaccine.2024; 42(24): 126304. CrossRef

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Expression Patterns of Host Inflammatory Cytokine Genes during Infestation with Haemaphysalis longicornis, a Zoonotic Vector, in Blood Sucking Periods: Mohammad Saiful Islam, Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(1):53-59.
Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.53

Abstract
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Tick saliva is critically important for continuous attachment to the host, blood feeding for days, and transmission of tick-borne pathogens. To characterize the patterns of inflammatory cytokine gene expression during its attachment and blood sucking time, peripheral blood samples of rabbits infested with Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks were collected at different intervals. Blood histamine concentration was evaluated as well as gene encoding IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10 were compared with non-infested rabbits. Blood histamine concentration of tick-infested rabbits during fast feeding time was significantly higher than that of non-infested rabbits. In both nymph and adult tick infested rabbits, expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ genes were decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while expression of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 were increased 1.3 to 7 folds in adult infested rabbits with the exception of IL-6 that was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in nymph infested rabbits. IL-2 was not expressed in either nymph or adult infestation. H. longicornis saliva is capable of modulate host responses through a complex correlation with histamine and Th1, Th2 mediated cytokines that suppress the inflammatory responses directed toward inflammatory mediators introduced into the host during tick feeding.

Citations

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Recombinant cysteine proteinase as anti-tick targeting Hyalomma asiaticum infestation
Ruiqi Song, Ting Ge, ercha Hu, Xinli Fan, Yang Zhang, Xuejie Zhai, Min Li, Wei Zhang, Lijiang Wu, Allen Ka Loon Cheung, Bayin Chahan
Experimental Parasitology.2022; 235: 108234. CrossRef
d-ribose-mediated glycation of fibrinogen: Role in the induction of adaptive immune response
Sultan Alouffi, Afreen Khanam, Arbab Husain, Rihab Akasha, Gulam Rabbani, Saheem Ahmad
Chemico-Biological Interactions.2022; 367: 110147. CrossRef
Molecular cloning and characterisation of the PmEglin cDNA in the leech Hirudinaria sp.
Bo-Xing Cheng, Gui-Yan Shao, Yuan Li, Qing-Qing Tian, Su-Yan Wang, Fei Liu
Biologia.2022; 78(2): 579. CrossRef
The Ovarian Development Genes of Bisexual and Parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis Evaluated by Transcriptomics and Proteomics
Tianhong Wang, Tongxuan Wang, Meng Zhang, Xinyue Shi, Miao Zhang, Hui Wang, Xiaolong Yang, Zhijun Yu, Jingze Liu
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Tick mitochondrial genomes: structural characteristics and phylogenetic implications
Tianhong Wang, Shiqi Zhang, Tingwei Pei, Zhijun Yu, Jingze Liu
Parasites & Vectors.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Proteomic Screening of Antigenic Proteins from the Hard Tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae): Young-Ha Kim, Mohammad Saiful slam, Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):85-93.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.85

Abstract
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Proteomic tools allow large-scale, high-throughput analyses for the detection, identification, and functional investigation of proteome. For detection of antigens from Haemaphysalis longicornis, 1-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE) quantitative immunoblotting technique combined with 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) immunoblotting was used for whole body proteins from unfed and partially fed female ticks. Reactivity bands and 2-DE immunoblotting were performed following 2-DE electrophoresis to identify protein spots. The proteome of the partially fed female had a larger number of lower molecular weight proteins than that of the unfed female tick. The total number of detected spots was 818 for unfed and 670 for partially fed female ticks. The 2-DE immunoblotting identified 10 antigenic spots from unfed females and 8 antigenic spots from partially fed females. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) of relevant spots identified calreticulin, putative secreted WC salivary protein, and a conserved hypothetical protein from the National Center for Biotechnology Information and Swiss Prot protein sequence databases. These findings indicate that most of the whole body components of these ticks are non-immunogenic. The data reported here will provide guidance in the identification of antigenic proteins to prevent infestation and diseases transmitted by H. longicornis.

Citations

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Developmental Proteomics Reveals the Dynamic Expression Profile of Global Proteins of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Parthenogenesis)
Min-Xuan Liu, Xiao-Pei Xu, Fan-Ming Meng, Bing Zhang, Wei-Gang Li, Yuan-Yuan Zhang, Qiao-Ying Zen, Wen-Ge Liu
Life.2025; 15(1): 59. CrossRef
Haemaphysalis longicornis calreticulin is not an effective molecular tool for tick bite diagnosis and disruption of tick infestations
Weiqing Zheng, Haijun Hu, Jiafu Jiang, Xiangrong Sun, Renlong Fu, Huiying Tao, Yangqing Liu, Haiying Chen, Hongmei Ma, Shengen Chen
Veterinary Parasitology.2022; 309: 109775. CrossRef
Trypanosoma cruzi Calreticulin: Immune Evasion, Infectivity, and Tumorigenesis
Galia Ramírez-Toloza, Eduardo Sosoniuk-Roche, Carolina Valck, Lorena Aguilar-Guzmán, Viviana P. Ferreira, Arturo Ferreira
Trends in Parasitology.2020; 36(4): 368. CrossRef
Catalogue of stage-specific transcripts in Ixodes ricinus and their potential functions during the tick life-cycle
Pavlina Vechtova, Zoltan Fussy, Radim Cegan, Jan Sterba, Jan Erhart, Vladimir Benes, Libor Grubhoffer
Parasites & Vectors.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative Tandem Mass Tag-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Tachaea chinensis Isopod During Parasitism
Yingdong Li, Xin Li, Zhibin Han, Weibin Xu, Xiaodong Li, Qijun Chen
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Applying proteomics to tick vaccine development: where are we?
Margarita Villar, Anabel Marina, José de la Fuente
Expert Review of Proteomics.2017; 14(3): 211. CrossRef
Screening and Identification of Antigenic Proteins from the Hard Tick <i>Dermacentor silvarum</i> (Acari: Ixodidae)
Tiantian Zhang, Xuejiao Cui, Jincheng Zhang, Hui Wang, Meng Wu, Hua Zeng, Yuanyuan Cao, Jingze Liu, Yonghong Hu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(6): 789. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Suppression of Eimeria tenella Sporulation by Disinfectants: Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(4):435-438.
Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.4.435

Abstract
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The disinfectant effects (DEs) of 10 types of chemicals, defined by their ability to destroy or inhibit oocysts and consequently prevent sporulation of Eimeria tenella field isolate, were evaluated in vitro. Correct species assignments and sample purities were confirmed by the singular internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-PCR analysis. A total of 18 treatments were performed, and the disinfection suppression levels were 75.9% for 39% benzene + 22% xylene (1:10 dilution), 85.5% for 30% cresol soup (1:1 dilution), and 91.7% for 99.9% acetic acid (1:2 dilution) group. The results indicate that acetic acid, cresol soup, and benzene+xylene are good candidates for suppression of E. tenella oocyst sporulation.

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G. H. Schneiders, J. C. Foutz, A. L. Fuller, J. Nelson, R. Rekaya, S. E. Aggrey
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Effects of Different Sizes of Glass Beads on the Release of Sporocysts from Eimeria tenella Oocysts: Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):317-319.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.317

Abstract
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The oocyst wall is severed by means of mechanical injury or chemical agents. This study reports the percentage of in vitro sporocyst release following mechanical shaking in the presence of varying sizes of glass beads. Glass beads measured 0.5, 1, and 3 mm in diameter and were shaken with the oocysts for different times ranging from 5 sec to 5 min. Approximately 80% of sporocysts were released with 5 min of shaking in the presence of 3 mm glass beads, as well as 30 sec with 0.5 mm beads and 1 mm glass beads. The release of sporocysts of E. tenella was most efficient using 1 mm glass beads and treatment times of 30 sec to 1 min. Therefore, the use of 1 mm glass beads with 30 sec to 1 min of agitation is recommended in order to maximize sporocyst release and recovery and to improve the yield of viable sporozoites for use in biochemical, tissue culture, and immunological applications of coccidia.

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Statistical Prediction of the Peak Point (Time) Required for Release of Maximum Number of Sporocysts after Eimeria Tenella Oocyst Excystation
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Case Report

Ectopic Migration of an Adult Heartworm in a Dog with Dirofilariasis: Hyun-Wook Oh, Hyung-Kyou Jun, Myung-Jo You, Mineo Hayasaki, Kun-Ho Song; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(3):171-173.
Published online September 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.3.171

Abstract
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A 3-yr-old female mongrel dog was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Chungnam National University in the Republic of Korea. An adult heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, was found in the abdominal cavity of the dog during spaying. Dirofilariasis in this dog was also diagnosed by modified Knott's test, ELISA test, and PCR analysis. The present case is the first report on the migration of an adult dog heartworm to the abdominal cavity of a dog in the Republic of Korea.

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Original Article

Immunization effect of recombinant P27/30 protein expressed in Escherichia coli against the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) in rabbits: Myung-Jo You; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(4):195-200.
Published online December 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.4.195

Abstract
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We investigated the induction of resistance to Haemaphysalis longicornis infestation in rabbits that had been immunized with recombinant H. longicornis P27/30 protein. The success of immunological control methods is dependent upon the use of potential key antigens as tick vaccine candidates. Previously, we cloned a gene encoding 27 kDa and 30 kDa proteins (P27/30) of H. longicornis, and identified P27/30 as a troponin I-like protein. In this study, rabbits that were immunized with recombinant P27/30 expressed in Escherichia coli showed the statistically significant longer feeding duration for larval and adult ticks (P<0.05), low engorgement rates in larval ticks (64.4%), and an apparent reduction in egg weights, which suggest that H. longicornis P27/30 protein is a potential candidate antigen for a tick vaccine. These results demonstrated that the recombinant P27/30 protein might be a useful vaccine candidate antigen for biological control of H. longicornis.

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