Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Eun-Hee Shin"

Brief Communication

Identification of an Opisthorchis viverrini-like liver fluke from Myanmar: Metacercariae recovered from snakehead fish and adults from an experimentally infected hamster: Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Keon-Hoon Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Seung-Hwan Seo, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):174-181.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24063

A novel fluke species, morphologically resembling Opisthorchis viverrini, was discovered in the Yangon Region, Myanmar. Metacercariae were found in the muscle tissue of 2 snakehead fish species, Mi and Channa striata. The metacercariae were elliptical (average 165×122 μm, n=10), having 2 suckers and a large excretory bladder. Experimental infection of a hamster resulted in the recovery of adult flukes from the bile ducts at day 50 post-infection. Adult flukes were lanceolate, with dimensions of 3.8–6.0 (average 5.1) mm by 1.1–1.2 (1.2) mm (n=10). Morphological characteristics included an oral sucker slightly smaller than the ventral sucker, a long uterus not extending anterior to the ventral sucker, vitelline follicles reaching the anterior ovary level, and 2 deeply lobed testes (4 lobes anteriorly, 5 posteriorly). Eggs were ovoid to elliptical, measuring 26.3–27.5 (26.9) μm in length and 13.8–15.0 (14.6) μm in width (n=10). Despite the close morphological resemblance to O. viverrini, our specimens displayed significant differences, including a more spiraled seminal vesicle, a longer uterus occupying 50%–60% of the body length, a less distinct grouping of vitelline follicles (forming 7–8 groups on each side in O. viverrini), vitelline follicles restricted to the ovary level (beyond the posterior end of the ovary or at anterior testis level in O. viverrini), and smaller metacercariae. We tentatively categorize our specimens as an O. viverrini-like liver fluke potentially parasitizing mammals or birds, highlighting the need for further research. Rigorous molecular analyses and identification of natural definitive hosts are essential to clarify the taxonomic status of this novel parasite.

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Toward resolving cryptic diversity in opisthorchiid flukes: Molecular clarification of an Opisthorchis viverrini-like parasite in Myanmar is urgently needed
Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon, Chutharat Thanchonnang, Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 284. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Probiotic-induced changes in intestinal microbiome inhibits Toxoplasma gondii infection: Hak-Jae Lee, Do-Won Ham, Seung-Hwan Seo, Guang-Ho Cha, Eun-Hee Shin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):408-423.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24068

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii primarily invades the central nervous system, causing latent infections. Cysts persist in the host for life and there is currently no effective treatment. T. gondii infects human hosts through contaminated meat, invading the intestinal tissue and leading to changes in the number and composition of the gut microbiota. Since probiotic ingestion modulates intestinal microbiota changes, we hypothesized that intestinal microbiota dysbiosis caused by T. gondii infection would be restored following probiotic supplementation. To this end, we orally infected C57BL/6 mice with 10 T. gondii cysts and administered supplemental probiotics daily. We analyzed the levels of T. gondii B1 gene DNA, indicative of T. gondii infection, in brain tissue. We investigated alterations in the gut microbiota composition and functional pathways between the probiotic and non-probiotic treatment groups via next-generation sequencing analysis of each fecal sample. The infection level in the probiotic-treated group was significantly reduced after 4 weeks (p<0.05). Probiotic supplementation notably changed the gut microbiota after 2 weeks of infection, increasing the relative abundance of Intestinimonas massiliensis and Lawsonibacter asaccharolyticus. Probiotic supplements appear to modulate the gut microbiota, activating functional pathways involved in intestinal short-chain fatty acid production and strengthening the intestinal barrier, thereby impeding T. gondii infection and subsequent proliferation. Our findings provide valuable insights into T. gondii infection control and future study directions.

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Lactobacillus vaginalis alleviates DSS induced colitis by regulating the gut microbiota and increasing the production of 3-indoleacrylic acid
Zhuoya Wang, Tian Liu, Li Liu, Jian Xie, Furui Tang, Yimin Pi, Yuchun Zhong, Zhidong He, Wenming Zhang, Cihua Zheng
Pharmacological Research.2025; 213: 107663. CrossRef
Gut microbiota-derived butyrate alleviates the impairment of mice intestinal integrity caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection
Shuni Liu, Yutao Zheng, Bingqian Cui, Jiayi Yang, Bohui Yuan, Yuhan Cao, Zimu Zhao, Zhuo Sun, Qingling Wang, Xiaoying Yang, Wei Pan, Cheng He
Life Sciences.2025; 374: 123709. CrossRef
Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Assessment of Environmental Health in Western Anatolian Vole (Microtus lydius Blackler, 1916)
Tuba Yağcı, Gözde Ayseçkin
Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences.2025; 10(4): 471. CrossRef
Microbiome of Dipteran vectors associated with integron and antibiotic resistance genes in South Korea
Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Hyun Seo Park, Du-Yeol Choi, Dongjun Kang, Singeun Oh, Dawon Lee, Myungjun Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Yoon Hee Cho, Myung-hee Yi, Ju Yeong Kim
Acta Tropica.2025; 271: 107858. CrossRef
Urban environmental drivers of eukaryotic microbiota and parasite prevalence in domestic pigeon faeces: a metabarcoding-based public health risk assessment in Seoul, South Korea
Singeun Oh, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myungjun Kim, Dongjun Kang, Myung-hee Yi, Yoon Hee Cho, In-Yong Lee, Tai-Soon Yong, Seongjun Choe, Ju Yeong Kim
Journal of The Royal Society Interface.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Clinical characteristics of toxoplasmosis patients in Korea: A retrospective study using health insurance review and assessment service data and electronic medical records: Do-Won Ham, Bong-Kwang Jung, Ji-Hun Shin, Yong Joon Kim, Kyoung Yul Seo, Seung Mi Lee, Jae Hyoung Im, Jeong-Ran Kwon, Ho-Sung Lee, Kyung-Won Hwang, Eun-Hee Shin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(4):424-437.
Published online November 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24001

This study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with toxoplasmosis in Korea. We collected and analyzed the specific research data of 5,917 patients from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA; 2007–2020) and 533 electronic medical records (EMRs; 2003–2021) of Korean patients. The HIRA data showed that toxoplasmosis is an endemic disease that occurs constantly in Korea, with a large proportion of patients complaining of ocular symptoms. Of the 533 patients for whom EMR data were available, 54.6% were diagnosed with toxoplasmosis; ocular toxoplasmosis (35.7%), congenital toxoplasmosis (4.7%), cerebral toxoplasmosis (4.1%), pulmonary toxoplasmosis (0.4%), and toxoplasma hepatitis (0.6%), in order of frequency. In ocular cases, 54.4% of the patients had diverse ocular pathologies. Toxoplasmosis in Korea is characterized by a high frequency of ocular symptoms, most patients are adults, and 51.8% of patients with seropositivity were positive for IgG, suggesting prior infection. This study highlights that patients with ocular symptoms are included in the major diagnosis group for acquired toxoplasmosis in Korea.

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Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349. CrossRef

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Toxoplasma gondii IST suppresses inflammatory and apoptotic responses by inhibiting STAT1-mediated signaling in IFN-γ/TNF-α-stimulated hepatocytes: Seung-Hwan Seo, Ji-Eun Lee, Do-Won Ham, Eun-Hee Shin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):30-41.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23129

The dense granule protein of Toxoplasma gondii, inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (IST) is an inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) transcriptional activity that binds to STAT1 and regulates the expression of inflammatory molecules in host cells. A sterile inflammatory liver injury in pathological acute liver failures occurs when excessive innate immune function, such as the massive release of IFN-γ and TNF-α, is activated without infection. In relation to inflammatory liver injury, we hypothesized that Toxoplasma gondii inhibitor of STAT1 transcription (TgIST) can inhibit the inflammatory response induced by activating the STAT1/IRF-1 mechanism in liver inflammation. This study used IFN-γ and TNF-α as inflammatory inducers at the cellular level of murine hepatocytes (Hepa-1c1c7) to determine whether TgIST inhibits the STAT1/IRF-1 axis. In stable cells transfected with TgIST, STAT1 expression decreased with a decrease in interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 levels. Furthermore, STAT1 inhibition of TgIST resulted in lower levels of NF-κB and COX2, as well as significantly lower levels of class II transactivator (CIITA), iNOS, and chemokines (CLXCL9/10/11). TgIST also significantly reduced the expression of hepatocyte proapoptotic markers (Caspase3/8/9, P53, and BAX), which are linked to sterile inflammatory liver injury. TgIST also reduced the expression of adhesion (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and infiltration markers of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) induced by hepatocyte and tissue damage. TgIST restored the cell apoptosis induced by IFN-γ/TNF-α stimulation. These results suggest that TgIST can inhibit STAT1-mediated inflammatory and apoptotic responses in hepatocytes stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines.

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Toxoplasma GRA16 attenuates Tau hyperphosphorylation and enhances autophagy in thrombin-treated HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cells
Seung-Hwan Seo, Do-Won Ham, Ji-Eun Lee, Eun-Hee Shin
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii GRA16 Suppresses Aerobic Glycolysis by Downregulating c-Myc and TERT Expressions in Colorectal Cancer Cells
Ji-Eun Lee, Seung-Hwan Seo, Do-Won Ham, Eun-Hee Shin
Biomolecules & Therapeutics.2025; 33(4): 621. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Development of the head collar and collar spines during the larval stages of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae): Woon-Mok Sohn, Won-Jae Jung, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):145-150.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23122

It is uncertain when the head collar and collar spines of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), a zoonotic echinostome species in Far Eastern Asia, develop during its larval stages. In this study, the appearance of the head collar and collar spines was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy in cercariae and metacercariae experimentally obtained from freshwater snails (Lymnaea pervia) and tadpoles (Rana nigromaculata), respectively. The cercariae were shed from the snail on day 30 after exposure to laboratory-hatched miracidia. Metacercariae were obtained from the experimental tadpoles at 3, 6, 12, 15, 20, 24, 26, and 30 h after exposure to the cercariae. The head collar was already visible in the cercarial stage, although its degree of development was weak. However, collar spines did not appear in the cercarial stage and even in the early metacercarial stage less than 24 h postinfection in tadpoles. Collar spines became visible in the metacercariae when they grew older than 24 h. It was concluded that the head collar of I. hortensis developed early in the cercarial stage, but the development of collar spines did not occur until the worms became 24-h-old metacercariae in our experimental setting. Counting the number of collar spines was concluded as an unfeasible diagnostic method for I. hortensis cercariae when they are shed from the snail host.

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An Epidemiological Analysis of 28 Vivax Malaria Cases in Gimpo-si, Korea, 2020: Young Yil Bahk, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Kyoung-Nam Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Byoung-Hak Jeon, Jeong-Hyun Kim, Sookkyung Park, Jeongran Kwon, Hyesu Kan, Miyoung Kim, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):507-512.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.507

Since 1993, vivax malaria has been recognized as a public health burden in Korea. Despite of pan-governmental malaria-control efforts and the dramatic reduction in the burden of this disease over the last 10 years, vivax malaria has not been well controlled and has remained continuously endemic. We focused interviewed and examined the charts of 28 confirmed vivax malaria patients given malarial therapy for whom daily records were kept from Gimpo-si, Gyeonggido of Korea. Various epidemiological characteristics of vivax malaria, including the incubation period, medication used, and recurrence, and an evaluation of the parasitic characteristics from the focused interviews of patients from this region are described here. Most of the participants indicated the 3 most common symptoms of malaria (headache, chills and fever). Of the 28 cases, 2 experienced a second attack and there were 17 and 11 cases with short- and long-term incubation periods, respectively, yielding a short-term to long-term ratio of 1.5. Based on the parasitemia stages, most of the participants were tested at 5 to 7 days (11 cases) and 7 to 15 days (11 cases) after initial wave of asexual parasites. In conclusion, public health authorities should consider developing management measures to decrease the time lag for diagnosis and drafting unified and robust guidelines for drug use for malaria and drawing up unified and robust guidelines on the use of medication for malaria. It also suggests that routine monitoring, surveillance, and precise medical surveys in high-risk vivax malaria endemic areas are pivotal to controlling this persistent public disease and finally eliminating it from Korea.

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Fine-Scale Spatial Prediction on the Risk of Plasmodium vivax Infection in the Republic of Korea
Kyung-Duk Min, Yae Jee Baek, Kyungwon Hwang, Na-Ri Shin, So-dam Lee, Hyesu Kan, Joon-Sup Yeom
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Utilization of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Test and the Prevalence of Enzyme Deficiency in Korea
Rihwa Choi, Wonseo Park, Gayoung Chun, Sang Gon Lee, Eun Hee Lee
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(9): 3179. CrossRef
Identification of breeding habitats and kdr mutations in Anopheles spp. in South Korea
Hyelee Hong, Tae-Hui Eom, Thuy-Tien Thi Trinh, Bao Duong Tuan, Hyun Park, Seon-Ju Yeo
Malaria Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Parvatrema duboisi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) Life Cycle Stages in Manila Clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, from Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea: Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Hyejoo Shin, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hojong Jun, Min-Jae Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):83-88.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.83

Abstract
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Life cycle stages, including daughter sporocysts, cercariae, and metacercariae, of Parvatrema duboisi (Dollfus, 1923) Bartoli, 1974 (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) have been found in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Aphaedo (Island), Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea. The daughter sporocysts were elongated sac-like and 307-570 (av. 395) μm long and 101-213 (av. 157) μm wide. Most of the daughter sporocysts contained 15-20 furcocercous cercariae each. The cercariae measured 112-146 (av. 134) μm in total length and 35-46 (av. 40) μm in width, with 69-92 (av. 85) μm long body and 39-54 (av. 49) μm long tail. The metacercariae were 210-250 (av. 231) μm in length and 170-195 (av. 185) μm in width, and characterized by having a large oral sucker, genital pore some distance anterior to the ventral sucker, no ventral pit, and 1 compact or slightly lobed vitellarium, strongly suggesting P. duboisi. The metacercariae were experimentally infected to ICR mice, and adults were recovered at day 7 post-infection. The adult flukes were morphologically similar to the metacercariae except in the presence of up to 20 eggs in the uterus. The daughter sporocysts and metacercariae were molecularly (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2) analyzed to confirm the species, and the results showed 99.8-99.9% identity with P. duboisi reported from Kyushu, Japan and Gochang, Korea. These results confirmed the presence of various life cycle stages of P. duboisi in the Manila clam, R. philippinarum, playing the role of the first as well as the second intermediate host, on Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea.

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Biyun Zhao, Seung-Hyeon Kim, Dae-Woong Koh, S.D.N.K. Bathige, Kwang-Sik Choi, Kyung-Il Park
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Parasitology.2022; 149(1): 15. CrossRef
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Young-Ghan Cho, Hye-Mi Lee, Jeong-Hwa Kim, Jong-Seop Shin, Hee-Do Jeung, Kwang-Sik Choi
Frontiers in Marine Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Hye-Mi Lee, Kyung-Il Park, Hyun-Sung Yang, Kwang-Sik Choi
Ocean Science Journal.2021; 56(3): 307. CrossRef

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Original Article

Development of Molecular Diagnosis Using Multiplex Real-Time PCR and T4 Phage Internal Control to Simultaneously Detect Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis from Human Stool Samples: Ji-Hun Shin, Sang-Eun Lee, Tong Soo Kim, Da-Won Ma, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):419-427.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.419

Abstract
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This study aimed to develop a new multiplex real-time PCR detection method for 3 species of waterborne protozoan parasites (Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis) identified as major causes of traveler’s diarrhea. Three target genes were specifically and simultaneously detected by the TaqMan probe method for multiple parasitic infection cases, including Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein for C. parvum, glutamate dehydrogenase for G. lamblia, and internal transcribed spacer 1 for C. cayetanensis. Gene product 21 for bacteriophage T4 was used as an internal control DNA target for monitoring human stool DNA amplification. TaqMan probes were prepared using 4 fluorescent dyes, FAMTM, HEXTM, Cy5TM, and CAL Fluor Red® 610 on C. parvum, G. lamblia, C. cayetanensis, and bacteriophage T4, respectively. We developed a novel primer-probe set for each parasite, a primer-probe cocktail (a mixture of primers and probes for the parasites and the internal control) for multiplex real-time PCR analysis, and a protocol for this detection method. Multiplex real-time PCR with the primer-probe cocktail successfully and specifically detected the target genes of C. parvum, G. lamblia, and C. cayetanensis in the mixed spiked human stool sample. The limit of detection for our assay was 2×10 copies for C. parvum and for C. cayetanensis, while it was 2×103 copies for G. lamblia. We propose that the multiplex real-time PCR detection method developed here is a useful method for simultaneously diagnosing the most common causative protozoa in traveler’s diarrhea.

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Mini Review

Prevention and Control Strategies for Parasitic Infections in the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Young Yil Bahk, Eun-Hee Shin, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jung-Won Ju, Jong-Yil Chai, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):401-408.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.401

Abstract
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Korea is successfully controlled intestinal parasitic infections owing to economic development and high health consciousness. The Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases (formerly the Division of Malaria and Parasitology) is in the Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It has been the governmental agency responsible for controlling and leading scientific research on parasitic diseases. The Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases has conducted and funded basic research and disseminated the research results to various medical fields, ultimately promoting public health in Korea. Among the noteworthy achievements of this division are the national surveillance of healthcare-associated parasitic infections, prevention and control for parasitic infections, and the elimination of lymphatic filariasis from Korea. On a broader scale, the division’s research programs and academic supports were influential in preventing and treating infectious parasitic diseases through public policies and laws. In this review, we summarize the past and present role of the Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases in preventing and treating infectious parasitic diseases in Korea.

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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Cat Sitters in Korea: Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Sang-Eun Lee, Min-Jae Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):203-206.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.203

Abstract
PDF

The seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis has been increasing in Korea, and it is controversial whether cats are an important infection source or not. This study was performed to evaluate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in a high risk group (cat sitters) and to determine the possible importance of cats as an infection source in Korea. Risk factors, including the age, sex, and diet of cat sitters, their contact experience and contact frequency with stray cats, and origin, number, and outdoor activity of their pet cats, were analyzed using structured questionnaires. A total of 673 serum samples from people who have frequent contact with cats (high risk group) and 1,114 samples from general people (low risk group) were examined for specific IgG antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA. The results revealed that the overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 7.4% (n=1,787). The seroprevalence among low risk group was 8.0% (89/1,114), whereas that among high risk group was rather lower 6.4% (43/673), though this difference was statistically not significant (P=0.211). Among the risk factors, only the outdoor activity of pet cats was important; people having cats with outdoor activities revealed 2 times higher seroprevalence than people having cats with only indoor activities (P=0.027). In conclusion, the seroprevalence of T. gondii was not significantly different between the high risk group and low risk group, and the importance of cats as a source of infection in Korea is questionable.

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Original Article

Multiplex-Touchdown PCR to Simultaneously Detect Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis, the Major Causes of Traveler’s Diarrhea: Ji-Hun Shin, Sang-Eun Lee, Tong Soo Kim, Da-Won Ma, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):631-636.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.631

Abstract
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This study aimed to develop a multiplex-touchdown PCR method to simultaneously detect 3 species of protozoan parasites, i.e., Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Cyclospora cayetanensis, the major causes of traveler’s diarrhea and are resistant to standard antimicrobial treatments. The target genes included the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein for C. parvum, Glutamate dehydrogenase for G. lamblia, and 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) for C. cayetanensis. The sizes of the amplified fragments were 555, 188, and 400 bps, respectively. The multiplex-touchdown PCR protocol using a primer mixture simultaneously detected protozoa in human stools, and the amplified gene was detected in >1×10³ oocysts for C. parvum, >1×10⁴ cysts for G. lamblia, and >1 copy of the 18S rRNA gene for C. cayetanensis. Taken together, our protocol convincingly demonstrated the ability to simultaneously detect C. parvum, G. lamblia, and C. cayetanenesis in stool samples.

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Brief Communications

High Toxoplasma gondii Seropositivity among Brain Tumor Patients in Korea: Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Min-Jae Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):201-204.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.201

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan that can modulate the environment of the infected host. An unfavorable environment modulated by T. gondii in the brain includes tumor microenvironment. Literature has suggested that T. gondii infection is associated with development of brain tumors. However, in Korea, epidemiological data regarding this correlation have been scarce. In this study, in order to investigate the relationship between T. gondii infection and brain tumor development, we investigated the seroprevalence of T. gondii among 93 confirmed brain tumor patients (various histological types, including meningioma and astrocytoma) in Korea using ELISA. The results revealed that T. gondii seropositivity among brain tumor patients (18.3%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared with that of healthy controls (8.6%). The seropositivity of brain tumor patients showed a significant age-tendency, i.e., higher in younger age group, compared with age-matched healthy controls (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study supports the close relationship between T. gondii infection and incidence of brain tumors.

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Anisakis pegreffii Larvae in Sea Eels (Astroconger myriaster) from the South Sea, Republic of Korea: Jaeeun Cho, Hyemi Lim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):349-353.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.349

Abstract
PDF

Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.), Anisakis pegreffii, Anisakis berlandi (=A. simplex sp. C), and Anisakis typica are the 4 major species of Anisakis type I larvae. In the Republic of Korea (Korea), A. pegreffii, A. berlandi, and A. typica larvae in fish hosts has seldom been documented. In this study, molecular analysis was performed on Anisakis larvae from the sea eels (Astroconger myriaster), the major source of human anisakiasis in Korea, collected from Tongyeong City, a southern coastal area of Korea. All 20 sea eels examined were infected with Anisakis type I larvae (160 larvae; 8 per fish). Their species were analyzed using PCR-RFLP patterns and nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, 5.8 subunit gene, and ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 2 (cox2). Most (86.8%; 112/129) of the Anisakis type I larvae were A. pegreffii, and 7.8% (10/129) were A. typica. The remaining 5.4% (7/129) was not identified. Thus, A. pegreffii is the major species of anisakid larvae in sea eels of the southern coast of Korea.

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Fang Ding, Sui Gu, Mu-Rong Yi, Yun-Rong Yan, Wei-Kuang Wang, Kwong-Chung Tung
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Original Article

Toxoplasma gondii B1 Gene Detection in Feces of Stray Cats around Seoul, Korea and Genotype Analysis of Two Laboratory-Passaged Isolates: Bong-Kwang Jung, Sang-Eun Lee, Hyemi Lim, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hyemi Song, Min-Jae Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):259-263.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.259

Abstract
PDF

The increasing prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the human population in the Republic of Korea (= Korea) is due to various reasons such as an increase in meat consumption. However, the importance of cats in transmitting T. gondii infection through oocysts to humans has seldom been assessed. A total of 300 fecal samples of stray cats captured around Seoul from June to August 2013 were examined for T. gondii B1 gene (indicating the presence of oocysts) using nested-PCR. Fourteen (4.7%) of 300 cats examined were positive for B1 gene. Female cats (7.5%) showed a higher prevalence than male cats (1.4%). Cats younger than 3 months (5.5%) showed a higher prevalence than cats (1.5%) older than 3 months. For laboratory passage of the positive samples, the fecal suspension (0.2 ml) of B1 gene positive cats was orally inoculated into experimental mice. Brain tissues of the mice were obtained after 40 days and examined for the presence of tissue cysts. Two isolates were successfully passaged (designated KNIH-1 and KNIH-2) and were molecularly analyzed using the SAG5D and SAG5E gene sequences. The SAG5D and SAG5E gene sequences showed high homologies with the ME49 strain (less virulent strain). The results indicated the importance of stray cats in transmitting T. gondii to humans in Korea, as revealed by detection of B1 gene in fecal samples. T. gondii isolates from cats were successfully passaged in the laboratory for the first time in Korea.

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Brief Communication

Intestinal Nematodes from Small Mammals Captured near the Demilitarized Zone, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea: Deok-Gyu Kim, Jae-Hwan Park, Jae-Lip Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sarah Jiyoun Jeon, Hyemi Lim, Mi Youn Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Jin-Won Song, Luck-Ju Baek, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):135-139.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.135

Abstract
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A total of 1,708 small mammals (1,617 rodents and 91 soricomorphs), including Apodemus agrarius (n = 1,400), Microtus fortis (167), Crocidura lasiura (91), Mus musculus (32), Myodes (= Eothenomys) regulus (9), Micromys minutus (6), and Tscherskia (= Cricetulus) triton (3), were live-trapped at US/Republic of Korea (ROK) military training sites near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) of Paju, Pocheon, and Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi Province from December 2004 to December 2009. Small mammals were examined for their intestinal nematodes by necropsy. A total of 1,617 rodents (100%) and 91 (100%) soricomorphs were infected with at least 1 nematode species, including Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Syphacia obvelata, Heterakis spumosa, Protospirura muris, Capillaria spp., Trichuris muris, Rictularia affinis, and an unidentified species. N. brasiliensis was the most common species infecting small mammals (1,060; 62.1%) followed by H. polygyrus (617; 36.1%), S. obvelata (370; 21.7%), H. spumosa (314; 18.4%), P. muris (123; 7.2%), and Capillaria spp. (59; 3.5%). Low infection rates (0.1-0.8%) were observed for T. muris, R. affinis, and an unidentified species. The number of recovered worms was highest for N. brasiliensis (21,623 worms; mean 20.4 worms/infected specimen) followed by S. obvelata (9,235; 25.0 worms), H. polygyrus (4,122; 6.7 worms), and H. spumosa (1,160; 3.7 worms). A. agrarius demonstrated the highest prevalence for N. brasiliensis (70.9%), followed by M. minutus (50.0%), T. triton (33.3%), M. fortis (28.1%), M. musculus (15.6%), C. lasiura (13.2%), and M. regulus (0%). This is the first report of nematode infections in small mammals captured near the DMZ in ROK.

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Original Article

Prominent IL-12 Production and Tumor Reduction in Athymic Nude Mice after Toxoplasma gondii Lysate Antigen Treatment: Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Chun-Feng Xin, You-Won Lee, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):605-612.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.605

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes a Th1 cellular immunity. Our previous study showed that T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) treatment in S180 tumor-bearing mice resulted in tumor reduction by suppressing CD31 expression, a marker of angiogenesis. In the present study, to investigate tumor suppressive effect of TLA under the absence of T lymphocytes, athymic nude mice were compared with euthymic mice in the anti-tumorigenic effect triggered by TLA in CT26 tumors. According to the results, intratumorally injected TLA reduced tumor growth and TIMP-1 level, a metastatic marker, in both euthymic and athymic mice. TLA treatment led to a sharp increase in IL-12 expression in serum cytokine profiling of athymic mice, and increased MyD88 signals in macrophages derived from the bone marrow, implying the activation of innate immunity. The selective induction of IL-12 by TLA treatment had an anti-tumorigenic effect.

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Brief Communication

Phylogenetic Relationships of 3 Korean Neodiplostomum Species (Digenea: Neodiplostomidae) Based on Partial CO1 Gene: Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Jo Woon Yi Lee, Jin-Ju Lee, Yun-Kyu Park, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):325-329.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.325

Abstract
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The phylogenetic relationships of the 3 Neodiplostomum spp. (Digenea: Neodiplostomidae) occurring in Korea (N. seoulense, N. leei, and N. boryongense) were analyzed using the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene. The adult flukes were recovered from Sprague-Dawley rats (N. seoulense) and newborn chicks (N. leei and N. boryongense) experimentally infected with the neodiplostomula from the grass snake, Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus. The genomic DNA was amplified using specific primers, and the sequence of CO1 was obtained. According to the results, the pairwise similarity was 96.1% between N. boryongense and N. seoulense, but was 95.0% between N. boryongense and N. leei and 94.2% between N. leei and N. seoulense. The results demonstrated a closer phylogenetic relationship between N. seoulense and N. boryongense. This high relationship of N. seoulense and N. boryongense may be related to their similar morphologic features including the limited distribution of vitellaria and the presence of a genital cone. N. leei is distinct on the other hand with an extensive distribution of vitellaria and the absence of a genital cone.

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Neodiplostomum cf. seoulense (Seo, Rim, Lee, 1964) sensu Pyo et al., 2014 (Trematoda: Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886): morphology, life cycle, and phylogenetic relationships
A. V. Izrailskaia, V. V. Besprozvannykh
Journal of Helminthology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Petr Heneberg, Jiljí Sitko, Miroslav Těšínský
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Original Article

Increased Intestinal Epithelial Cell Turnover and Intestinal Motility in Gymnophalloides seoi-Infected C57BL/6 Mice: Sang Hyub Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jae-Hwan Park, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):273-280.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.273

Abstract
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The changing patterns of goblet cell hyperplasia, intestinal epithelial cell turnover, and intestinal motility were studied in ICR and C57BL/6 mice infected with Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae). Whereas ICR mice retained G. seoi worms until day 7 post-infection (PI), C57BL/6 mice showed a rapid worm expulsion within day 3 PI. Immunosuppression with Depo-Medrol significantly delayed the worm expulsion in C57BL/6 mice. Goblet cell counts were increased in both strains of mice, peaking at day 1 PI in C57BL/6 mice and slowly increasing until day 7 PI in ICR mice. In C57BL/6 mice infected with G. seoi, newly proliferating intestinal epithelial cells were remarkably increased in the crypt, and the increase was the highest at day 1 PI. However, in ICR mice, newly proliferating intestinal epithelial cells increased slowly from day 1 to day 7 PI. Intestinal motility was increased in G. seoi-infected mice, and its chronological pattern was highly correlated with the worm load in both strains of mice. Meanwhile, immunosuppression of C57BL/6 mice abrogated the goblet cell proliferation, reduced the epithelial cell proliferation, and suppressed the intestinal motility. Goblet cell hyperplasia, increased intestinal epithelial cell turnover, and increased intestinal motility should be important mucosal defense mechanisms in G. seoi-infected C57BL/6 mice.

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Differential alterations in the small intestine epithelial cell turnover during acute and chronic infection with Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda)
Alba Cortés, Carla Muñoz-Antoli, Carla Martín-Grau, J. Guillermo Esteban, Richard K. Grencis, Rafael Toledo
Parasites & Vectors.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

Four Cases of Taenia saginata Infection with an Analysis of COX1 Gene: Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Lim, Min-Jae Kim, Thanapon Yooyen, Dongmin Lee, Keeseon S. Eom, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):79-83.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.79

Abstract
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Human taeniases had been not uncommon in the Republic of Korea (=Korea) until the 1980s. The prevalence decreased and a national survey in 2004 revealed no Taenia egg positive cases. However, a subsequent national survey in 2012 showed 0.04% (10 cases) prevalence of Taenia spp. eggs suggesting its resurgence in Korea. We recently encountered 4 cases of Taenia saginata infection who had symptoms of taeniasis that included discharge of proglottids. We obtained several proglottids from each case. Because the morphological features of T. saginata are almost indistinguishable from those of Taenia asiatica, molecular analyses using the PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) were performed to identify the species. The PCR-RFLP patterns of all of the 4 specimens were consistent with T. saginata, and the cox1 gene sequence showed 99.8-100% identity with that of T. saginata reported previously from Korea, Japan, China, and Cambodia. All of the 4 patients had the history of travel abroad but its relation with contracting taeniasis was unclear. Our findings may suggest resurgence of T. saginata infection among people in Korea.

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Original Article

Mucosal Immune Responses of Mice Experimentally Infected with Pygidiopsis summa (Trematoda: Heterophyidae): Jong-Yil Chai, Young-Jin Park, Jae-Hwan Park, Bong-Kwang Jung, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):27-33.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.27

Abstract
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Mucosal immune responses against Pygidiopsis summa (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) infection were studied in ICR mice. Experimental groups consisted of group 1 (uninfected controls), group 2 (infection with 200 metacercariae), and group 3 (immunosuppression with Depo-Medrol and infection with 200 metacercariae). Worms were recovered in the small intestine at days 1, 3, 5, and 7 post-infection (PI). Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), mast cells, and goblet cells were counted in intestinal tissue sections stained with Giemsa, astra-blue, and periodic acid-Schiff, respectively. Mucosal IgA levels were measured by ELISA. Expulsion of P. summa from the mouse intestine began to occur from days 3-5 PI which sustained until day 7 PI. The worm expulsion was positively correlated with proliferation of IEL, mast cells, goblet cells, and increase of IgA, although in the case of mast cells significant increase was seen only at day 7 PI. Immunosuppression suppressed all these immune effectors and inhibited worm reduction in the intestine until day 7 PI. The results suggested that various immune effectors which include IEL, goblet cells, mast cells, and IgA play roles in regulating the intestinal mucosal immunity of ICR mice against P. summa infection.

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Hudson Alves Pinto, Vitor Luís Tenório Mati, Alan Lane de Melo
Parasitology International.2015; 64(5): 236. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

STAT6 Expression and IL-13 Production in Association with Goblet Cell Hyperplasia and Worm Expulsion of Gymnophalloides seoi from C57BL/6 Mice: Jin-Joo Lee, Donghee Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Min-Ki Kim, Hyo-Jin Kim, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):589-594.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.589

Abstract
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In intestinal helminth infections, Th2 immune respones are generally associated with mucin secretion for worm expulsion from the host intestine. In particular, IL-4 and IL-13 are the important cytokines related with intestinal mucus production via STAT6 signalling in nematode infections. However, this perspective has never been studied in Gymnophalloides seoi infection. The present study aimed to observe the STAT6 signalling and cytokine responses in C57BL/6 mice, a mouse strain resistant to infection with this trematode. The results showed that worm expulsion occurred actively during days 1-2 post-infection (PI), when goblet cells began to proliferate in the small intestine. The STAT6 gene expression in the mouse spleen became remarkable from day 2 PI. Moreover, G. seoi infection induced a significant increase of IL-13 from day 4 PI in the spleen of infected mice. Our results suggested that goblet cell hyperplasia and worm expulsion in G. seoi-infected mice should be induced by STAT6 signalling, in which IL-13 may be involved as a dominant triggering cytokine.

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Sang Hyub Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jae-Hwan Park, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(3): 273. CrossRef

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Case Report

Gnathostoma spinigerum Infection in the Upper Lip of a Korean Woman: An Autochthonous Case in Korea: Jae Hee Kim, Hyemi Lim, Young-Sang Hwang, Tae Yeon Kim, Eun Mee Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(3):343-347.
Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.3.343

Abstract
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Autochthonous human gnathostomiasis had never been reported in the Republic of Korea. We report here a case of Gnathostoma spinigerum infection in a 32-year-old Korean woman, presumed to have been infected via an indigenous route. The patient had experienced a painful migratory swelling near the left nasolabial fold area of the face for a year, with movement of the swelling to the mucosal area of the upper lip 2 weeks before surgical removal of the lesion. Histopathological examinations of the extracted tissue revealed inflammation with heavy eosinophilic infiltrations and sections of a nematode suggestive of a Gnathostoma sp. larva. The larva characteristically revealed about 25 intestinal cells with multiple (3-6) nuclei in each intestinal cell consistent with the 3rd-stage larva of G. spinigerum. The patient did not have any special history of travel abroad except a recent trip, 4 months before surgery, to China where she ate only cooked food. The patient is the first recorded autochthonous case of G. spinigerum infection in Korea.

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Original Article

Serologic Survey of Toxoplasmosis in Seoul and Jeju-do, and a Brief Review of Its Seroprevalence in Korea: Hyemi Lim, Sang-Eun Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Min-Ki Kim, Mi Youn Lee, Ho-Woo Nam, Jong-Gyun Shin, Cheong-Ha Yun, Han-Ik Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(4):287-293.
Published online November 26, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.4.287

Abstract
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Knowledge of the prevalence of human Toxoplasma gondii infection is required in the Republic of Korea. In this study, we surveyed the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection and analyzed the risk factors associated with seropositivity among residents in 2 administrative districts; Seoul and the island of Jeju-do, which have contrasting epidemiologic characteristics. Sera and blood collected from 2,150 residents (1,114 in Seoul and 1,036 in Jeju-do) were checked for IgG antibody titers using ELISA and for the T. gondii B1 gene using PCR. In addition, participants completed a questionnaire that solicited information on gender, age, occupation, eating habits, history of contact with animals, and travel abroad. The T. gondii B1 gene was not detected in all residents examined. However, ELISA showed 8.0% (89 of 1,114 sera) positive for IgG antibodies against T. gondii in Seoul and 11.3% (117 of 1,036 sera) in Jeju-do. In both districts, the positive rates were higher in males than in females, and those 40-79 years of age showed higher rates than other ages. In Seoul, residents older than 70 years of age showed the highest positive rate, 14.9%, whereas in Jeju-do the highest prevalence, 15.6%, was in those in their sixties. The higher seropositive rate in Jeju-do than in Seoul may be related to eating habits and occupations. The present results and a review of related literature are indicative of an increased seroprevalence of T. gondii in Korea in recent years.

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Brief Communication

Effect of Temperature on Embryonation of Ascaris suum Eggs in an Environmental Chamber: Min-Ki Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Young-Sang Hwang, Ki Hwan Park, In Gyun Hwang, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):239-242.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.239

Abstract
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The influence of temperature on the development and embryonation of Ascaris suum eggs was studied using coarse sand medium in an environmental chamber with 50% humidity. The time required for development and embryonation of eggs was examined under 3 different temperature conditions, 5℃, 25℃, and 35℃. A. suum eggs did not develop over 1 month at the temperature of 5℃. However, other temperature conditions, 25℃ and 35℃, induced egg development to the 8-cell-stage at days 5-6 after incubation. All eggs examined developed to the 8-cell stage at day 6 after incubation in the sand medium at 25℃. The higher temperature, 35℃, slightly accelerated the A. suum egg development compared to 25℃, and the development to the 8-cell stage occurred within day 5 after incubation. The formation of larvae in A. suum eggs at temperatures of 35℃ and 25℃ appeared at days 17 and 19 after incubation, respectively. These findings show that 35℃ condition shortens the time for the development of A. suum eggs to the 8-cell-stage in comparison to 25℃, and suggest the possibility of accelerated transmission of this parasite, resulting from global warming and ecosystem changes.

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Original Article

Comparative Morphology of Minute Intestinal Fluke Eggs That Can Occur in Human Stools in the Republic of Korea: Jin-Joo Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Lim, Mi Youn Lee, Sung-Yil Choi, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):207-213.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.207

Abstract
PDF

The egg morphology of minute intestinal flukes (MIF) that can occur as human infections in the Republic of Korea, i.e., Metagonimus yokogawai, M. miyatai, M. takahashii, Heterophyes nocens, Heterophyopsis continua, Stellantchasmus falcatus, Stictodora fuscata, Pygidiopsis summa, and Gymnophalloides seoi, was studied in comparison with Clonorchis sinensis. The adult worms were obtained from residents of endemic areas, and their intrauterine eggs were studied and measured using light microscopy; the length, width, length-width ratio (LWR), and Faust-Meleney index (FMI). Several specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and before gold-coating, the uterine portion of each fluke was etched with a sharp pin in order to expose the eggs. The MIF eggs were ovoid, pyriform, or elliptical with a size range of 21-35×12-21 ?m. S. fuscata eggs revealed the highest FMI (largest in the area) and lowest LWR, whereas P. summa eggs showed the lowest FMI and medium LWR. SEM revealed that G. seoi and S. fuscata had remarkably clean shell surface lacking the muskmelon-like structure which is prominent in C. sinensis eggs. In Metagonimus spp., H. continua, H. nocens, and S. falcatus eggs, minute surface ridges were recognizable though less prominent compared with C. sinensis. On the surface of P. summa eggs, thread-like curly structures were characteristically seen. The results revealed that important differential keys for MIF eggs include the length, width, area (FMI), shape of the eggs, and the extent of the muskmelon-like structure or ridges on their shell surface and operculum.

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Brief Communications

High Prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini Infection in a Riparian Population in Takeo Province, Cambodia: Tai-Soon Yong, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Keeseon S. Eom, Dong-Min Lee, Keunhee Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Yoon-Hee Lee, Hyun-Ju Woo, Ji-Hwa Lee, Sin-Il Kang, Jae-Ku Cha, Keon-Hoon Lee, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Muth Sinuon, Duong Socheat; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):173-176.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.173

Abstract
PDF

Opisthorchis viverrini infection was found to be highly prevalent in 3 riverside villages (Ang Svay Chek A, B, and C) of the Prey Kabas District, Takeo Province. This area is located in the southern part of Cambodia, where the recovery of adult O. viverrini worms was recently reported. From May 2006 until May 2010, fecal examinations were performed on a total of 1,799 villagers using the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. In the 3 villages, the overall positive rate for helminth eggs ranged from 51.7 to 59.0% (av. 57.4%), and the percentage positive for O. viverrini was 46.4-50.6% (47.5%). Other helminths detected included hookworms (13.2%), echinostomes (2.9%), Trichuris trichiura (1.3%), Ascaris lumbricoides (0.6%), and Taenia spp. (0.06%). The prevalence of O. viverrini eggs appeared to reflect a lower infection in younger individuals (<20 years) than in the adult population (>20 years). Men (50.4%) revealed a significantly higher (P=0.02) prevalence than women (44.3%). The Ang Svay Chek villages of the Prey Kabas District, Takeo Province, Cambodia have been confirmed to be a highly endemic area for human O. viverrini infection.

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Depressed Neuronal Growth Associated Protein (GAP)-43 Expression in the Small Intestines of Mice Experimentally Infected with Neodiplostomum seoulense: Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Eun-Young Kang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jung-Ho Moon, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(1):89-93.
Published online March 6, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.89

Abstract
PDF

Neodiplostomum seoulense (Digenea: Neodiplostomidae) is an intestinal trematode that can cause severe mucosal pathology in the small intestines of mice and even mortality of the infected mice within 28 days after infection. We observed neuronal growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) expression in the myenteric plexus of the small intestinal wall of N. seoulense-infected mice until day 35 post-infection (PI). BALB/c mice were infected with 200 or 500 N. seoulense metacercariae isolated from naturally infected snakes and were killed every 7 days for immunohistochemical demonstration of GAP-43 in the small intestines. N. seoulense-infected mice showed remarkable dilatation of intestinal loops compared with control mice through days 7-28 PI. Conversely, GAP-43 expression in the mucosal myenteric plexus was markedly (P<0.05) reduced in the small intestines of N. seoulense-infected mice during days 7-28 PI and was slightly normalized at day 35 PI. From this study, it is evident that neuronal damage occurs in the intestinal mucosa of N. seoulense-infected mice. However, the correlation between intestinal pathology, including the loop dilatation, and depressed GAP-43 expression remains to be elucidated.

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Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice Treated with Silk Protein by Enhanced Immune Responses: Joung-Ho Moon, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyang Sook Chun, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):303-308.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.303

Abstract
PDF

This study investigated whether elevated host immune capacity can inhibit T. gondii infection. For this purpose, we used silk protein extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons as a natural supplement to augment immune capacity. After silk protein administration to BALB/c mice for 6 weeks, ratios of T lymphocytes (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells) and splenocyte proliferative capacities in response to Con A or T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) were increased. Of various cytokines, which regulate immune systems, Th1 cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12, were obviously increased in splenocyte primary cell cultures. Furthermore, the survival of T. gondii (RH strain)-infected mice increased from 2 days to 5 or more days. In a state of immunosuppression induced by methylprednisolone acetate, silk protein-administered mice were resistant to reduction in T-lymphocyte (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells) numbers and the splenocyte proliferative capacity induced by Con A or TLA with a statistical significance. Taken together, our results suggest that silk protein augments immune capacity in mice and the increased cellular immunity by silk protein administration increases host protection against acute T. gondii infection.

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Original Article

Immune Responses of Mice Intraduodenally Infected with Toxoplasma gondii KI-1 Tachyzoites: Eun-Hee Shin, Yeoun Sook Chun, Won-Hee Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(2):115-123.
Published online June 14, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.2.115

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii Korean isolate (KI-1) tachyzoites were inoculated intraduodenally to BALB/c mice using a silicon tube, and the course of infection and immune responses of mice were studied. Whereas control mice, that were infected intraperitoneally, died within day 7 post-infection (PI), the intraduodenally infected mice survived until day 9 PI (infection with 1×10⁵ tachyzoites) or day 11 PI (with 1×10⁶ tachyzoites). Based on histopathologic (Giemsa stain) and PCR (B1 gene) studies, it was suggested that tachyzoites, after entering the small intestine, invaded into endothelial cells, divided there, and propagated to other organs. PCR appeared to be more sensitive than histopathology to detect infected organs and tissues. The organisms spread over multiple organs by day 6 PI. However, proliferative responses of splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells in response to con A or Toxoplasma lysate antigen decreased significantly, suggesting immunosuppression. Splenic CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes showed decreases in number until day 9 PI, whereas IFN-γ and IL-10 decreased slightly at day 6 PI and returned to normal levels by day 9 PI. No TNF-α was detected throughout the experimental period. The results showed that intraduodenal infection with KI-1 tachyzoites was successful but did not elicit significant mucosal immunity in mice and allowed dissemination of T. gondii organisms to systemic organs. The immunosuppression of mice included reduced lymphoproliferative responses to splenocytes and MLN cells to mitogen and low production of cytokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10, in response to T. gondii infection.

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Saumya Srivastava, Anil Kumar Gupta, Amit Singh, Sudip Kumar Datta, Sarman Singh
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Chanjin Yoon, Hyo Keun Kim, Yu Seong Ham, Woo Jin Gil, Seok-Jun Mun, Euni Cho, Jae-Min Yuk, Chul-Su Yang
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The effects of toxoplasmosis on sex ratio at birth
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Increase in the nuclear localization of PTEN by the Toxoplasma GRA16 protein and subsequent induction of p53‐dependent apoptosis and anticancer effect
Sang‐Gyun Kim, Seung‐Hwan Seo, Ji‐Hun Shin, Jung‐Pyo Yang, Sang Hyung Lee, Eun‐Hee Shin
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.2019; 23(5): 3234. CrossRef
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Aline Rosa Trevizan, Suellen Laís Vicentino-Vieira, Paulo da Silva Watanabe, Marcelo Biondaro Góis, Gessilda de Alcântara Nogueira de Melo, João Luiz Garcia, Eduardo José de Almeida Araújo, Débora de Mello Gonçales Sant'Ana
Experimental Parasitology.2016; 165: 22. CrossRef
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Chun-Feng Xin, Hye-Sook Kim, Akira Sato, Hak-Jae Lee, You-Won Lee, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Eun-Hee Shin
Parasitology International.2016; 65(5): 494. CrossRef
Immune adjuvant effect of aToxoplasma gondiiprofilin-like protein in autologous whole-tumor-cell vaccination in mice
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Resistance toToxoplasma gondiiInfection in Mice Treated with Silk Protein by Enhanced Immune Responses
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 303. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

CD8⁺ T-cell Activation in Mice Injected with a Plasmid DNA Vaccine Encoding AMA-1 of the Reemerging Korean Plasmodium vivax: Hyo-Jin Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jin-Joo Lee, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Tae Yun Kim, Byung-il Choi, Tae Woo Kim, Hajime Hisaeda, Kunisuke Himeno, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):85-90.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.85

Abstract
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Relatively little has been studied on the AMA-1 vaccine against Plasmodium vivax and on the plasmid DNA vaccine encoding P. vivax AMA-1 (PvAMA-1). In the present study, a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding AMA-1 of the reemerging Korean P. vivax has been constructed and a preliminary study was done on its cellular immunogenicity to recipient BALB/c mice. The PvAMA-1 gene was cloned and expressed in the plasmid vector UBpcAMA-1, and a protein band of approximately 56.8 kDa was obtained from the transfected COS7 cells. BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly or using a gene gun 4 times with the vaccine, and the proportions of splenic T-cell subsets were examined by fluorocytometry at week 2 after the last injection. The spleen cells from intramuscularly injected mice revealed no significant changes in the proportions of CD8⁺ T-cells and CD4⁺ T-cells. However, in mice immunized using a gene gun, significantly higher (P<0.05) proportions of CD8⁺ cells were observed compared to UB vector-injected control mice. The results indicated that cellular immunogenicity of the plasmid DNA vaccine encoding AMA-1 of the reemerging Korean P. vivax was weak when it was injected intramuscularly; however, a promising effect was observed using the gene gun injection technique.

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Takashi Imai, Ha Ngo-Thanh, Kazutomo Suzue, Aoi Shimo, Akihiro Nakamura, Yutaka Horiuchi, Hajime Hisaeda, Takashi Murakami
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Yan Liang, Lei Cui, Li Xiao, Xiao Liu, Yourong Yang, Yanbo Ling, Tong Wang, Lan Wang, Jie Wang, Xueqiong Wu
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Long-Term Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Elicited by a Heterologous Plasmodium vivax Apical Membrane Antigen 1 Protein Prime/Adenovirus Boost Immunization Protocol
Leoneide Érica Maduro Bouillet, Mariana Oliveira Dias, Natália Alves Dorigo, Andrew Douglas Moura, Bruce Russell, Francois Nosten, Laurent Renia, Érika Martins Braga, Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli, Maurício M. Rodrigues, Irene S. Soares, Oscar Bruna-Romero, J
Infection and Immunity.2011; 79(9): 3642. CrossRef

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Prevalence of the Intestinal Flukes Haplorchis taichui and H. yokogawai in a Mountainous Area of Phongsaly Province, Lao PDR: Jong-Yil Chai, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Duk-Young Min, Eun-Hee Shin, Virasack Banouvong, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Sithat Insisiengmay, Bounlay Phommasack, Han-Jong Rim; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):339-342.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.339

Abstract
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Phongsaly Province, located in the northernmost area of Lao PDR, was previously suggested to be endemic for the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini infection. To confirm, or rule out, this suggestion, the Phonxay village in the Khoua District, Phongsaly Province, was selected for a survey. Ten volunteers (8 men and 2 women aged 31-57 years) who consumed raw freshwater fish and had gastrointestinal troubles were treated with a single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) and pyrantel pamoate (10 mg/kg) and purged with magnesium sulfate to recover any worm parasites. Eight of the 10 volunteers expelled 1 or more species of trematodes, nematodes, or cestodes (worm positive rate; 80%). The worms were morphologically identified as H. taichui (861 worms from 8 people), H. yokogawai (59 from 6 people), Phaneropsolus bonnei (1 from 1 person), Trichostrongylus sp. (2 from 2 people), Ascaris lumbricoides (2 from 1 person), Enterobius vermicularis (11 from 3 people), and Taenia saginata (1 strobila with scolex from 1 person). The results indicate that the mountainous area of Phongsaly Province, Lao PDR, is not endemic for the liver fluke but endemic for intestinal flukes, in particular, Haplorchis taichui and H. yokogawai.

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Jin-Xin Zheng, Hui‐Hui Zhu, Shang Xia, Men‐Bao Qian, Robert Bergquist, Hung Manh Nguyen, Xiao‐Nong Zhou
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Ampas Wisetmora, Oranard Wattanawong, Adulsak Wijit, Jutikarn Phukowluan, Ampol Nachairan, Prueksarawuth Jaksuay, Sivapong Sungpradit, Nuttapon Ekobol, Thidarut Boonmars, Alisa Boonsuya, Phornphitcha Pechdee, Chutharat Thanchonnang, Nav La, Nathkapach K.
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Ting-Ting Zhao, Yi-Jing Feng, Pham Ngoc Doanh, Somphou Sayasone, Virak Khieu, Choosak Nithikathkul, Men-Bao Qian, Yuan-Tao Hao, Ying-Si Lai
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Hanna Jin, Kyungshick Ryu, Dajeong Lee, Youthanavanh Vonghachack, Min-Ho Choi, Sung-Tae Hong, Hyun Beom Song
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Jong-Yil Chai, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Bounlay Phommasack
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Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Dongmin Lee, Keeseon S. Eom, Tai-Soon Yong, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 657. CrossRef
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Ju Yeong Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Han-Jong Rim, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min, Keeseon S. Eom, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jae Hoon Lim, Dongil Choi, Sithat Insisiengmay, Bounlay Phommasack, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay
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Jesper H. Clausen, Henry Madsen, Phan Thi Van, Anders Dalsgaard, K. Darwin Murrell
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Intestinal Helminths Recovered from Humans in Xieng Khouang Province, Lao PDR with a Particular Note on Haplorchis pumilio Infection
Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Bong-Kwang Jung, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Duk-Young Min, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Sithat Insisiengmay, Bounlay Phommasack, Han-Jong Rim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2015; 53(4): 439. CrossRef
Prevalence of Haplorchis taichui among humans and fish in Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR
Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Duk-Young Min, Dongmin Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Virasack Banouvong, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Bounlay Phommasack, Han-Jong Rim, Jong-Yil Chai
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Thapana Chontananarth, Chalobol Wongsawad, Siriwadee Chomdej, Duangduen Krailas, Jong Yil Chai
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2014; 7(6): 446. CrossRef
Echinostoma macrorchis in Lao PDR: Metacercariae in Cipangopaludina Snails and Adults from Experimentally Infected Animals
Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Hansol Park, Duk-Young Min, Han-Jong Rim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(2): 191. CrossRef
High Prevalence of Haplorchiasis in Nan and Lampang Provinces, Thailand, Proven by Adult Worm Recovery from Suspected Opisthorchiasis Cases
Adulsak Wijit, Nimit Morakote, Jaewwaew Klinchid
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(6): 767. CrossRef
Hyperendemicity of Haplorchis taichui Infection among Riparian People in Saravane and Champasak Province, Lao PDR
Jong-Yil Chai, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Duk-Young Min, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Tae-Yun Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Lay Sisabath, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Bounlay Phommasack, Han-Jong Rim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(3): 305. CrossRef
Echinostome Flukes Receovered from Humans in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR
Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Duk-Young Min, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Bounlay Phammasack, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Han-Jong Rim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(3): 269. CrossRef
Prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini infection in humans and fish in Kratie Province, Cambodia
Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Mi Youn Lee, Hyemi Lim, Seongjun Choe, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Muth Sinuon, Duong Socheat, Jong-Yil Chai
Acta Tropica.2012; 124(3): 215. CrossRef
High Prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini Infection in a Riparian Population in Takeo Province, Cambodia
Tai-Soon Yong, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Keeseon S. Eom, Dong-Min Lee, Keunhee Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Yoon-Hee Lee, Hyun-Ju Woo, Ji-Hwa Lee, Sin-Il Kang, Jae-Ku Cha, Keon-Hoon Lee, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Muth Sinuon, Duong Socheat
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HUDSON ALVES PINTO, ALAN LANE DE MELO
Zootaxa.2011;[Epub] CrossRef

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Suppression of CD4⁺ T-Cells in the Spleen of Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii KI-1 Tachyzoites: Won-Hee Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Seung-Young Yu, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):325-329.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.325

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii KI-1, a recent new isolate from Korea, shows similar pathogenicity and infectivity to mice compared to the virulent RH strain. To understand characteristics of host immunity, including immune enhancement or suppression, we investigated proliferative responses and phenotypes of spleen cells. In addition, kinetics of IFN-γ, a Th1 cytokine, was examined in BALB/c mice up to day 6 post-infection (PI). Intraperitoneal injection of mice with 10³ KI-1 tachyzoites induced significant decreases (P < 0.05) in proliferative responses of spleen cells. This occurred at days 2-6 PI even when concanavalin A (con A) was added and when stimulated with KI-1 antigen, suggesting suppression of the immunity. CD4⁺ T-cells decreased markedly at day 2 PI (P < 0.05), whereas CD8⁺ T-cells, NK cells, and macrophages did not show significant changes, except a slight, but significant, increase of CD8⁺ T-cells at day 6 PI. The capacity of splenocytes to produce IFN-γ by con A stimulation dropped significantly at days 2-6 PI. These results demonstrate that intraperitoneal injection of KI-1 tachyzoites can induce immunosuppression during the early stage of infection, as revealed by the decrease of CD4⁺ T-cells and IFN-γ.

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Exploring the potential of Toxoplasma gondii in drug development and as a delivery system
Chanjin Yoon, Yu Seong Ham, Woo Jin Gil, Chul-Su Yang
Experimental & Molecular Medicine.2024; 56(2): 289. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii macrophage migration inhibitory factor shows anti– Mycobacterium tuberculosis potential via AZIN1/STAT1 interaction
Chanjin Yoon, Hyo Keun Kim, Yu Seong Ham, Woo Jin Gil, Seok-Jun Mun, Euni Cho, Jae-Min Yuk, Chul-Su Yang
Science Advances.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The effects of toxoplasmosis on sex ratio at birth
Jaroslav Flegr, Šárka Kaňková
Early Human Development.2020; 141: 104874. CrossRef
Reactive Oxygen Species-Triggered Trophoblast Apoptosis Is Initiated by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via Activation of Caspase-12, CHOP, and the JNK Pathway in Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice
Xiucai Xu, Tingting Liu, Aimei Zhang, Xingxing Huo, Qingli Luo, Zhaowu Chen, Li Yu, Qing Li, Lili Liu, Zhao-rong Lun, Jilong Shen, J. H. Adams
Infection and Immunity.2012; 80(6): 2121. CrossRef

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Suppressed CD31 Expression in Sarcoma-180 Tumors after Injection with Toxoplasma gondii Lysate Antigen in BALB/c Mice: Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):171-174.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.171

Abstract
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The anti-tumorigenic effects of Toxoplasma gondii (RH) antigens were studied in a murine sarcoma-180 tumor model. To determine the anti-tumor effects, the reduction in tumor size and expression of CD31 (an angiogenesis marker in the tumor tissue) were examined after injection of BALB/c mice with T. gondii lysate antigen (TLA) or formalin-fixed, proliferation-inhibited, T. gondii tachyzoites. Tumors were successfully produced by an intradermal injection of sarcoma-180 cells with plain Matrigel in the mid-backs of mice. After injection with TLA or formalin-fixed T. gondii tachyzoites, the increase in tumor size and weight nearly stopped while tumor growth continued in control mice that were injected with PBS. CD31 expression in TLA-treated or formalin-fixed T. gondii-injected mice was lower than the control mice. Accordingly, the present study shows that the treatment of mice with formalin-fixed T. gondii or TLA in the murine sarcoma-180 tumor model results in a decrease of both tumor size and CD31 expression.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 303. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Foodborne Intestinal Flukes in Southeast Asia: Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(Suppl):S69.
Published online October 23, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S69

Abstract
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In Southeast Asia, a total of 59 species of foodborne intestinal flukes have been known to occur in humans. The largest group is the family Heterophyidae, which constitutes 22 species belonging to 9 genera (Centrocestus, Haplorchis, Heterophyes, Heterophyopsis, Metagonimus, Procerovum, Pygidiopsis, Stellantchasmus, and Stictodora). The next is the family Echinostomatidae, which includes 20 species in 8 genera (Artyfechinostomum, Acanthoparyphium, Echinochasmus, Echinoparyphium, Echinostoma, Episthmium, Euparyphium, and Hypoderaeum). The family Plagiorchiidae follows the next containing 5 species in 1 genus (Plagiorchis). The family Lecithodendriidae includes 3 species in 2 genera (Phaneropsolus and Prosthodendrium). In 9 other families, 1 species in 1 genus each is involved; Cathaemaciidae (Cathaemacia), Fasciolidae (Fasciolopsis), Gastrodiscidae (Gastrodiscoides), Gymnophallidae (Gymnophalloides), Microphallidae (Spelotrema), Neodiplostomidae (Neodiplostomum), Paramphistomatidae (Fischoederius), Psilostomidae (Psilorchis), and Strigeidae (Cotylurus). Various types of foods are sources of human infections. They include freshwater fish, brackish water fish, fresh water snails, brackish water snails (including the oyster), amphibians, terrestrial snakes, aquatic insects, and aquatic plants. The reservoir hosts include various species of mammals or birds.The host-parasite relationships have been studied in Metagonimus yokogawai, Echinostoma hortense, Fasciolopsis buski, Neodiplostomum seoulense, and Gymnophalloides seoi; however, the pathogenicity of each parasite species and host mucosal defense mechanisms are yet poorly understood. Clinical aspects of each parasite infection need more clarification. Differential diagnosis by fecal examination is difficult because of morphological similarity of eggs. Praziquantel is effective for most intestinal fluke infections. Continued efforts to understand epidemiological significance of intestinal fluke infections, with detection of further human cases, are required.

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Brief Communication

Echinostome Infections in the Striped-Field Mouse, Apodemus agrarius, and the Ussuri White-Toothed Shrew, Crocidura lasiura, Caught Near the Demilitarized Zone, Gyeonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea: Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Hwan Park, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Lip Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Luck Ju Baek, Jin-Won Song; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):311-314.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.311

Abstract
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A total of 1,498 small mammals (rodents and insectivores), including Apodemus agrarius (n = 1,366), Crocidura lasiura (54), Mus musculus (32), Micronytus fortis (28), Eothenomys regulus (9), Micronys minutes (6), and Cricetulus triton (3), were live-trapped in Gyeonggi-do (Province) (Paju-si, Pocheon-gun, and Yeoncheon-gun) near the demilitarized zone (DMZ) from December 2004 to September 2005. A. agrarius was found to be infected with 3 species of echinostomes (Echinostoma hortense, Echinostoma cinetorchis, and Euparyphium murinum), while C. lasiura was infected with 1 species (Echinochasmus japonicas) of echinostome. Other mammals were free from echinostome infections. Total 16 E. hortense were detected in 7 (0.5%) mice, 9 E. cinetorchis from 5 (0.4%), and 3 E. murinum from 2 (0.1%) out of 1.366 A. agrarius examined. E. japonicus was found only in 1 (1.9%; total 3 specimens) C. lasiura. These results demonstrate that A. agrarius and C. lasiura, inhabiting near the DMZ of Gyeonggi-do serve as the natural definitive hosts for several species of echinostomes, although their infection rates are low. This is the first record of natural infections of A. agrarius with E. cinetorchis and C. lasiura with E. japonicus in the Republic of Korea.

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Original Article

High Prevalence of Haplorchis taichui, Phaneropsolus molenkampi, and Other Helminth Infections among People in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR: Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Duk-Young Min, Jin-Young Um, Min-Sung Park, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Bounlay Phommasack, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):243-247.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.243

Abstract
PDF

The prevalence of liver and intestinal helminth infections, including Opisthorchis, Haplorchis, Phaneropsolus, hookworms, Enterobius, and Taenia, was surveyed in Khammouane province, Lao PDR. Fecal specimens were collected from 1,242 people (590 men and 652 women) in 3 Mekong riverside villages and were examined by the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. The overall helminth egg positive rate was 81.1%. The positive rate for small trematode eggs, including Opisthorchis viverrini, heterophyids, and lecithodendriids, was 81.1% and the positive rate for hookworms was 6.7%. To obtain adult worms, 35 people who were positive for small trematode eggs were treated with 20-30 mg/kg praziquantel and 10-15 mg/kg pyrantel pamoate, and then purged. Diarrheic stools were collected from 33 of these people and searched for helminth parasites using a stereomicroscope. Mixed infections with various helminths (Haplorchis taichui, Haplorchis yokogawai, Prosthodendrium molenkampi, Phaneropsolus bonnei, echinostomes, hookworms, Trichostrongylus spp., Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, and/or Taenia saginata) were found. The total number of helminth specimens collected was 20,907 (approximately 634 per person). The most common species was H. taichui, followed by P. molenkampi, O. viverrini, P. bonnei, E. vermicularis, hookworms, and Trichostrongylus spp. These results show that diverse species of intestinal nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes are infecting humans in Khammouane province, Lao PDR.

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Brief Communications

Intestinal Helminth Infections in Feral Cats and a Raccoon Dog on Aphaedo Island, Shinan-gun, with a Special Note on Gymnophalloides seoi Infection in Cats: Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Lip Kim, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):189-191.
Published online May 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.189

Abstract
PDF

Four feral cats and a raccoon dog purchased from a local collector on Aphaedo Island, Shinan-gun, where human Gymnophalloides seoi infections are known to be prevalent, were examined for their intestinal helminth parasites. From 2 of 4 cats, a total of 310 adult G. seoi specimens were recovered. Other helminths detected in cats included Heterophyes nocens (1,527 specimens), Pygidiopsis summa (131), Stictodora fuscata (4), Acanthotrema felis (2), Spirometra erinacei (15), toxocarids (4), and a hookworm (1). A raccoon dog was found to be infected with a species of echinostome (55), hookworms (7), toxocarids (3), P. summa (3), and S. erinacei (1). No G. seoi was found in the raccoon dog. The results indicate that feral cats and raccoon dogs on Aphaedo are natural definitive hosts for intestinal trematodes and cestodes, including G. seoi, H. nocens, and S. erinacei. It has been first confirmed that cats, a mammalian species other than humans, play the role of a natural definitive host for G. seoi on Aphaedo Island.

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Decrease of Metagonimus yokogawai Endemicity along the Tamjin River Basin: Jin-Ju Lee, Hyo-Jin Kim, Min-Jae Kim, Jo Woon Yi Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Ji-Youn Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):289-291.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.289

Abstract
PDF

The Tamjin River which flows from Jangheung-gun via Gangjin-gun to the South Sea was reported to be a highly endemic area of Metagonimus yokogawai infection in 1977 and 1985. However, there were no recent studies demonstrating how much change occurred in the endemicity, in terms of prevalence and worm burden, of metagonimiasis in this river basin. Thus, a small-scale epidemiological survey was carried out on some residents along the Tamjin River basin in order to determine the current status of M. yokogawai infection. A total of 48 fecal samples were collected and examined by the Kato-Katz thick smear and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques. The egg positive rate of all helminths was 50.0%, and that of M. yokogawai was 37.5%, followed by C. sinensis 22.9% and G. seoi 4.2%. To obtain the adult flukes of M. yokogawai, 6 egg positive cases were treated with praziquantel 10 mg/kg in a single dose and purged with magnesium sulfate. A total of 5,225 adult flukes (average 871 specimens per person) of M. yokogawai were collected from their diarrheic stools. Compared with the data reported in 1977 and 1985, the individual worm burdens appeared to have decreased remarkably, although the prevalence did not decrease at all. It is suggested that the endemicity of M. yokogawai infection along the Tamjin River has been reduced. To confirm this suggestion, the status of infection in snail and fish intermediate hosts should be investigated.

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Parasitology International.2017; 66(1): 982. CrossRef
Prevalence ofClonorchis sinensisMetacercariae in Freshwater Fish from Three Latitudinal Regions of the Korean Peninsula
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(4): 385. CrossRef
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Detection of Gnathostoma spinigerum Third-Stage Larvae in Snakeheads Purchased from a Central Part of Myanmar: Bong-Kwang Jung, Jin-Ju Lee, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Hyeong-Jin Kim, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Soon-Hyung Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):285-288.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.285

Abstract
PDF

To examine the infection status of freshwater fish with Gnathostoma spp. larvae in Myanmar, we purchased 15 snakeheads, Channa striatus, from a local market in a suburban area of Naypyidaw, the new capital city. Two larval gnathostomes were collected using an artificial digestion technique, and observed by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The size of an intact larva was 2.65 mm long and 0.32 mm wide. The characteristic morphology of the larvae included the presence of a long esophagus (0.80 mm long), 2 pairs of cervical sacs (0.43 mm long), and a characteristic head bulb with 4 rows of hooklets. The number of hooklets in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th row was 45, 48, 50, and 52, respectively. Based on these morphological characters, the larvae were identified as the advanced 3rd-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum. This is the first report of detection of G. spinigerum 3rd-stage larvae in the central part of Myanmar. Our study suggests that intake of raw meat of snakehead fish in Myanmar may result in human gnathostomiasis.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 519. CrossRef
Larval Gnathostomes and Spargana in Chinese Edible Frogs, Hoplobatrachus rugulosus, from Myanmar: Potential Risk of Human Infection
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Centrocestus formosanus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) Encysted in the Freshwater Fish, Puntius brevis, from Lao PDR: Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Souvanny Phommakorn, Bounthong Sengvilaykham, Jae-Lip Kim, Han-Jong Rim, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):49-53.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.49

Abstract
PDF

The metacercariae of Centrocestus formosanus, a minute intestinal trematode of mammals and birds, were detected in the freshwater fish, Puntius brevis, from Vientiane Municipality, Lao PDR. The metacercariae were experimentally fed to mice, and adult flukes were recovered in their small intestines 7 days later. The adult flukes were morphologically characterized by having 32 (rarely 34) circumoral spines arranged in 2 alternative rows, a large bipartite seminal vesicle, an oval-shaped ovary, and an X-shaped excretory bladder. Based on these characters, the adults were identified as Centrocestus formosanus (Nishigori, 1924). The taxonomic significance of C. formosanus, in relation to a closely related species, C. caninus (Leiper, 1913), is briefly discussed. It has been first verified by adult worm recovery that C. formosanus is prevalent in Vientiane areas of Lao PDR, taking the freshwater fish, P. brevis, as a second intermediate host.

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Evaluation of the Korean Isolate-1 Tachyzoite Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis: Eun-Hee Shin, Dong-Hee Kim, Aifen Lin, Jo-Woon-Yi Lee, Hyo-Jin Kim, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):45-48.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.45

Abstract
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To evaluate the usefulness of the Korean Isolate-1 (KI-1) antigen for serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis, antigen profiles of KI-1 tachyzoites were analyzed in comparison with RH tachyzoites by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. ELISA was performed on latex agglutination (LA)-positive and negative serum samples using KI-1 and RH antigens. Immunoblotting of the KI-1 antigen showed multiple antigen bands with molecular sizes of 22-105 kDa. Among them, 1 and 6 common bands were noted against a KI-1-infected and a RH-infected human serum, respectively, which represented differences in antigenic profiles between KI-1 and RH tachyzoites. However, all 9 LA-positive human sera were found positive by ELISA, and all 12 LA-negative sera were negative by ELISA; the correlation between the ELISA titers and LA titers was high (r = 0.749). Our results suggest that tachyzoites of KI-1 may be useful for serodiagnosis of human toxoplasmosis.

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Resistance toToxoplasma gondiiInfection in Mice Treated with Silk Protein by Enhanced Immune Responses
Joung-Ho Moon, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyang Sook Chun, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2011; 49(3): 303. CrossRef

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Case Report

A case of Diphyllobothrium latum infection with a brief review of diphyllobothriasis in the Republic of Korea: Eun Bin Lee, Jung Hoon Song, Nam Seon Park, Byung Kook Kang, Hyung Suk Lee, Yoon Ju Han, Hyo-Jin Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):219-223.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.219

Abstract
PDF

A case of Diphyllobothrium latum infection in a 49-year old man is described, and diphyllobothriasis latum in the Republic of Korea is briefly reviewed. An incomplete strobila of a tapeworm, 95 cm in length, without scolex and neck, was spontaneously discharged in the feces of a patient. On the basis of morphologic characteristics of the worm and eggs, the worm was identified as D. latum. The patient was successfully treated with a single dose (15 mg/kg) of praziquantel. The most probable source of infection was salmon flesh according to the past history of the patient. The first case of D. latum infection was documented in 1971, and this is the 43rd recorded case in the Republic of Korea. The 43 cases were briefly reviewed. The patients' main complaints were gastrointestinal troubles, such as mild abdominal pain, indigestion, and diarrhea, and discharge of tapeworm segments in the feces. The suspected infection sources included raw or improperly cooked flesh of fresh or brackish water fish, including the perch, mullet, salmon, and trout.

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Original Articles

High prevalence of liver and intestinal fluke infections among residents of Savannakhet Province in Laos: Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Taek Han, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Hee Shin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Keeseon S. Eom, Keon-Hoon Lee, Hoo-Gn Jeong, Yong-Sang Ryang, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Bounlay Phommasack, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):213-218.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.213

Abstract
PDF

The prevalence of liver and intestinal fluke infections was surveyed on residents of Savannakhet Province, Laos. Fecal specimens were collected from a total of 981 residents in 4 Mekong riverside villages and examined by the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. The results revealed that the overall helminth egg positive rate was 84.2%, and the positive rate for small trematode eggs, including Opisthorchis viverrini, heterophyids, or lecithodendriids, was 67.1%. To obtain adult flukes, 38 small trematode egg positive cases were treated with a 20-30 mg/kg single dose of praziquantel and purged. Diarrheic stools were then collected from 29 people and searched for helminth parasites using stereomicroscopes. Mixed infections with O. viverrini and 6 kinds of intestinal flukes were found, namely, Haplorchis taichui, Haplorchis pumilio, Haplorchis yokogawai, Prosthodendrium molenkampi, Phaneropsolus bonnei, and echinostomes. The total number of flukes collected was 7,693 specimens (av. no. per treated person; 265.3). The most common species was O. viverrini, followed by H. taichui, P. molenkampi, echinostomes, H. pumilio, P. bonnei, and H. yokogawai. The results indicate that foodborne liver and intestinal fluke infections are prevalent among residents of Savannakhet Province, Laos.

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A survey of Heterophyes nocens and Pygidiopsis summa metacercariae in mullets and gobies along the coastal areas of the Republic of Korea: Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Kwang-Sun Hong, Cheong-Ha Yoon, Soon-Hyung Lee, Han-Jong Rim, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):205-211.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.205

Abstract
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The infection status of mullets Mugil cephalus (n = 139) and gobies (n = 35) Acanthogobius flavimanus with metacercariae of Heterophyes nocens and Pygidiopsis summa was examined in 11 western, southern, and eastern coastal areas of the Republic of Korea, using a digestion technique. Heterophyid metacercariae were highly prevalent in mullets from western and southern coastal areas; Shinan-gun (100% for H. nocens and 100% for P. summa), Muan-gun (93% and 100%), Buan-gun (42% and 75%), Seocheon-gun (73% and 53%), Ganghwa-gun (47% and 100%), Sacheon-shi (47% and 77%), and Gangjin-gun (50% and 70%, respectively). Only 1 (10%) of 10 mullets from an eastern coastal area, i.e., Donghae-shi, was positive for P. summa metacercariae. Metacercarial densities were the highest in the trunk of mullets for H. nocens and the gill for P. summa. Gobies from Muan-gun were positive for H. nocens (40%) and P. summa metacercariae (40%), and gobies from Seocheon-gun revealed H. nocens metacercariae (20%). The metacercarial density was remarkably higher in mullets than in gobies. The results revealed that H. nocens and P. summa metacercariae are prevalent in mullets and gobies from coastal areas of the Republic of Korea, and the prevalence and intensity of infection vary according to geographical locality.

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Brief Communications

Apodemus agrarius as a new definitive host for Neodiplostomum seoulense: Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Lip Kim, Hyo-Jin Kim, Won-Hee Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Jin-Won Song, Luck-Ju Baek; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):157-161.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.157

Abstract
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A total of 1,496 rodents and insectivores were live-trapped at Yeoncheon-gun (n = 351), Paju-shi (804), and Pocheon-gun (343), Gyeonggi-do (Province), and examined for intestinal helminths, including Neodiplostomum seoulense, seasonally from December 2004 to September 2005. Six species of rodents, including Apodemus agrarius (1,366), Mus musculus (32), Micronytus fortis (28), Eothenomys regulus (9), Micronys minutus (6), and Cricetulus triton (3), and 1 species of insectivores Crocidura lasiura (54) were collected. A total of 321 adult N. seoulense were collected from 19 (1.4%) A. agrarius. The worm burden ranged from 1 to 101 per A. agrarius (mean; 16.9). No N. seoulense was observed in other rodent or insectivore species examined. The infection rate during autumn (4.5%) was higher than those during spring (0.8%), summer (0.8%), and winter (0.5%). The average number of N. seoulense in infected A. agrarius was the highest in spring (66.0 specimens), followed by autumn (15.2), winter (4.5), and summer (3.3). This study first confirms that A. agrarius is a natural definitive host for N. seoulense, and demonstrates that the infection rates and intensities vary seasonally and geographically.

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Echinostome Infections in the Striped-Field Mouse, Apodemus agrarius, and the Ussuri White-Toothed Shrew, Crocidura lasiura, Caught Near the Demilitarized Zone, Gyeonggi-do (Province), Republic of Korea
Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Hwan Park, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Lip Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Luck Ju Baek, Jin-Won Song
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Plagiorchis muris infection in Apodemus agrarius from northern Gyeonggi-do (Province) near the demilitarized zone: Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Lip Kim, Hyo-Jin Kim, Won-Hee Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Jin-Won Song, Luck-Ju Baek; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):153-156.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.153

Abstract
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The small intestines of 6 species of rodents and 1 species of insectivore were examined seasonally for Plagiorchis muris infection in 3 different localities in northern Gyeonggi-do (Province), near the demilitarized zone (DMZ). A total of 1,496 animals, including 1,366 Apodemus agrarius, 54 Crocidura lasiura (insectivore), 32 Mus musculus, 28 Micronytus fortis, 9 Eothenomys regulus, 6 Micronys minutus, and 3 Cricetulus triton, were live-trapped at Yeoncheon-gun (n = 351), Paju-shi (804) and Pocheon-gun (343) at 3-mo intervals from December 2004 to September 2005. A total of 1,647 P. muris were collected from 72 (5.3%) A. agrarius. The infection rate was the highest in Pocheon-gun (8.2%), followed by Yeoncheon-gun (5.0%) and Paju-shi (4.2%). A higher infection rate was observed in A. agrarius captured during September (19.4%) than those captured during December (3.0%), June (2.6%), or April (0%). However, the worm burden was the highest in June (av. 32.1/animal), followed by September (24.7), December (4.0), and April (0). None of the other animal species were found infected with P. muris. The results reveal that A. agrarius is a natural definitive host for P. muris, and infection rates and worm burdens vary seasonally and geographically.

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Trematodes Recovered in the Small Intestine of Stray Cats in the Republic of Korea
Jong-Yil Chai, Young Yil Bahk, Woon-Mok Sohn
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Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Hwan Park, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sang-Mee Guk, Jae-Lip Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Luck Ju Baek, Jin-Won Song
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2009; 47(3): 311. CrossRef

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Original Articles

A new endemic focus of Gymnophalloides seoi infection on Aphae Island, Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do: Jae-Hwan Park, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Hee Shin, Hyo-Jin Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Min Seo, Yun-Kyu Park, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):39-44.
Published online March 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.39

Abstract
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A new endemic focus of Gymnophalloides seoi infection has been discovered on Aphae Island (Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do), Republic of Korea. This area, which is referred to as Bokyong-ri, is a small seashore village located in the northern portion of the island. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 57 residents and examined by the Kato-Katz and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques. Helminth eggs were detected in 37 samples (64.9%); 33 samples were positive for G. seoi eggs (57.9%), 4 for Pygidiopsis summa (7.0%), 13 for other heterophyids (22.8%), 1 for Clonorchis sinensis (1.7%), and 1 for Trichuris trichiura (1.7%). Women (70.4%) revealed higher rates of G. seoi infection than did men (46.7%), and individuals older than 50 years of age also evidenced higher rates of G. seoi infection than in other age groups (P< 0.05). In worm collection from 13 G. seoi egg positive cases, G. seoi (total 86,558 specimens), Heterophyes nocens (278), Stictodora sp. (10), Heterophyopsis continua (3), P. summa (3), and unidentified flukes (42) were collected. Oysters, the source of G. seoi infection, were collected from an area proximal to the village and 50 were examined for metacercariae; 47 (94%) were found infected and the observed metacercarial density was 9.5 ± 8.9 per oyster. The results of this study indicate that Bokyong-ri is a new endemic area of G. seoi infection, with high rates of infection in humans and oysters.

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Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Sooji Hong, Keon-Hoon Lee, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Jisu Kang, Jini Lim, Hana Lee, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 705. CrossRef
Pygidiopsis summa (Digenea: Heterophyidae): Status of Metacercarial Infection in Mullets from Coastal Areas in the Republic of Korea
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A new endemic focus of Heterophyes nocens and other heterophyid infections in a coastal area of Gangjin-gun, Jeollanam-do: Jae-Hwan Park, Jae-Lip Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Sang-Mee Guk, Yun-Kyu Park, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(1):33-38.
Published online March 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.1.33

Abstract
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To know the prevalence of heterophyid trematodes among inhabitants of a southern coastal village, i.e., Sacho-ri, Gangjin-gun, Jeollanam-do (Province), 82 stool samples were examined on helminth eggs and protozoan cysts using Kato-Katz and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques. Total 33 people (40.2%) were positive for trematodes (Heterophyes nocens; 15 people, Pygidiopsis summa; 3, Metagonimus sp.; 4, Clonorchis sinensis; 7, Gymnophalloides seoi; 6) and/or protozoa (Entamoeba coli; 3). Among intestinal trematode egg positive cases, 17 were treated with praziquantel and their whole diarrheic stools were collected after purgation. Adult flukes of H. nocens (number of specimens = 1,294), P. summa (386), Stellantchasmus falcatus (5), Stictodora lari (4), and Heterophyopsis continua (1) were collected using a stereomicroscope. To know the source of human H. nocens infections in this village, metacercarial infections in mullets (10) were examined and most H. nocens metacercariae (101/105, 96.2%) were found in the trunk portion. From above results, the surveyed coastal village has been newly known as an endemic focus of human H. nocens infection and consuming raw mullets was the presumable source of human heterophyid infections.

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Brief Communication

A survey of cryptosporidiosis among 2,541 residents of 25 coastal islands in Jeollanam-do (Province), Republic of Korea: Jae-Hwan Park, Hyo-Jin Kim, Sang-Mee Guk, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Han-Jong Rim, Soon-Hyung Lee, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):367-372.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.367

Abstract
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In order to determine the distribution and prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis on western and southern coastal islands of Jeollanam-do (Province), fecal samples were collected from 2,541 people residing on 25 islands, 13 in the western coasts and 12 in the southern coasts, during July and August 2000. Fecal smears were prepared following formalin-ether sedimentation of the samples and stained by a modified acid-fast procedure. The presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was determined by light microscopy. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 38 specimens (1.5%). The oocyst positive rate varied (0-6.0%) according to island; the highest was detected on Oenarodo (6.0%), followed by Naenarodo (5.6%) and Nakwoldo (5.4%). The majority (35 persons, 94.6%) of Cryptosporidium-infected individuals were older than 50 years of age. Men (22/1,159; 1.9%) were infected at a higher rate than women (16/1,382; 1.2%). The results of the present survey indicate that human Cryptosporidium infections (due to Cryptosporidium hominis and/or C. parvum) are maintained at a relatively low prevalence on coastal islands of Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.

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Original Article

Reemerging vivax malaria: changing patterns of annual incidence and control programs in the Republic of Korea: Eun-Taek Han, Duk-Hyoung Lee, Ki-Dong Park, Won-Seok Seok, Young-Soo Kim, Takafumi Tsuboi, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):285-294.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.285

Abstract
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Changing patterns of the reemerging Plasmodium vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea (South Korea) during the period 1993 to 2005 are briefly analyzed with emphasis on the control measures used and the effects of meteorological and entomological factors. Data were obtained from the Communicable Diseases Monthly Reports published by the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and webpages of World Health Organization and United Nations. Meteorological data of Kangwon-do (Province) were obtained from local weather stations. After its first reemergence in 1993, the prevalence of malaria increased exponentially, peaking in 2000, and then decreased. In total, 21,419 cases were reported between 1993 and 2005 in South Korea. In North Korea, a total of 916,225 cases were reported between 1999 and 2004. The occurrence of malaria in high risk areas of South Korea was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with the mosquito population but not with temperature and rainfall. Control programs, including early case detection and treatment, mass chemoprophylaxis of soldiers, and international financial aids to North Korea for malaria control have been instituted. The situation of the reemerging vivax malaria in the Republic of Korea is remarkably improving during the recent years, at least in part, due to the control activities undertaken in South and North Korea.

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