Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Giardia"

Brief Communication

Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoans among Schoolchildren in Suburban Areas near Yangon, Myanmar: Min-Jae Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hyemi Song, Keon-Hoon Lee, Seon Cho, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):345-348.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.345

Abstract
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Although intestinal protozoans are common etiologies of diarrhea, few studies have been conducted in Myanmar. This study planned to investigate the prevalence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, and Endolimax nana among schoolchildren and their guardians in suburban areas near Yangon, Myanmar. We performed a cross-sectional survey among schoolchildren and their guardians from 7 primary schools in South Dagon and Hlaing Thar Yar districts, Yangon, Myanmar. Stool samples were observed with a microscope after concentration technique and iodine staining. Total 821 stool samples, including 556 from schoolchildren and 265 from guardians, were examined. The median age was 6 years old for schoolchildren and 36 years old for guardians. A 53.1% of the school children and 14.6 % of the guardians were males. The overall prevalence of each intestinal protozoan species was as follows: 3.4% (28/821) for G. lamblia; 3.5% (29/821) for E. coli; 1.2% (10/821) for E. histoytica, and 3.0% for E. nana. This study showed that intestinal protozoans are common in primary schoolchildren and their guardians in suburban areas near Yangon, Myanmar. Health interventions, such as hand washing education, improvement of sanitation, and establishment of water purification systems are urgently needed in this area.

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Identification of Uncommon Cryptosporidiumviatorum (a Novel Subtype XVcA2G1c) and Cryptosporidium andersoni as Well as Common Giardia duodenalis Assemblages A and B in Humans in Myanmar
Yanchen Wu, Baiyan Gong, Xiaohua Liu, Yanyan Jiang, Jianping Cao, Lan Yao, He Li, Aiqin Liu, Yujuan Shen
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Haiju Dong, Junqiang Li, Meng Qi, Rongjun Wang, Fuchang Yu, Fuchun Jian, Changshen Ning, Longxian Zhang
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 523. CrossRef

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Original Article

An Improved PCR-RFLP Assay for Detection and Genotyping of Asymptomatic Giardia lamblia Infection in a Resource-Poor Setting: Yoursry Hawash, M. M. Ghonaim, S. S. Al-Shehri; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):1-8.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.1

Abstract
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Laboratory workers, in resource-poor countries, still consider PCR detection of Giardia lamblia more costly and more time-consuming than the classical parasitological techniques. Based on 2 published primers, an in-house one-round touchdown PCR-RFLP assay was developed. The assay was validated with an internal amplification control included in reactions. Performance of the assay was assessed with DNA samples of various purities, 91 control fecal samples with various parasite load, and 472 samples of unknown results. Two cysts per reaction were enough for PCR detection by the assay with exhibited specificity (Sp) and sensitivity (Se) of 100% and 93%, respectively. Taking a published small subunit rRNA reference PCR test results (6%; 29/472) as a nominated gold standard, G. lamblia was identified in 5.9% (28/472), 5.2%, (25/472), and 3.6% (17/472) by PCR assay, RIDA^® Quick Giardia antigen detection test (R-Biopharm, Darmstadt, Germany), and iodine-stained smear microscopy, respectively. The percent agreements (kappa values) of 99.7% (0.745), 98.9% (0.900), and 97.7% (0.981) were exhibited between the assay results and that of the reference PCR, immunoassay, and microscopy, respectively. Restriction digestion of the 28 Giardia-positive samples revealed genotype A pattern in 12 and genotype B profile in 16 samples. The PCR assay with the described format and exhibited performance has a great potential to be adopted in basic clinical laboratories as a detection tool for G. lamblia especially in asymptomatic infections. This potential is increased more in particular situations where identification of the parasite genotype represents a major requirement as in epidemiological studies and infection outbreaks.

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A rapid economical multiplex PCR-RFLP method for molecular detection and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis clinical isolates
Ajanta Ghosal, Sanjib K. Sardar, Tapas Haldar, Akash Prasad, Koushik Das, Seiki Kobayashi, Yumiko Saito-Nakano, Shanta Dutta, Tomoyoshi Nozaki, Sandipan Ganguly
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease.2024; 110(4): 116548. CrossRef
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Nawal Hijjawi, Rongchang Yang, Ma'mon Hatmal, Yasmeen Yassin, Taghrid Mharib, Rami Mukbel, Sameer Alhaj Mahmoud, Abdel-Ellah Al-Shudifat, Una Ryan
Experimental Parasitology.2018; 185: 23. CrossRef
Methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia: From microscopy to nucleic acid based tools in clinical and environmental regimes
Folasade Esther Adeyemo, Gulshan Singh, Poovendhree Reddy, Thor Axel Stenström
Acta Tropica.2018; 184: 15. CrossRef
High Frequency of Enteric Protozoan, Viral, and Bacterial Potential Pathogens in Community-Acquired Acute Diarrheal Episodes: Evidence Based on Results of Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel Assay
Yousry A. Hawash, Khadiga A. Ismail, Mazen Almehmadi
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 513. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Molecular Detection of Giardia intestinalis from Stray Dogs in Animal Shelters of Gyeongsangbuk-do (Province) and Daejeon, Korea: Jin-Cheol Shin, Alisha Wehdnesday Bernardo Reyes, Sang-Hun Kim, Suk Kim, Hyung-Jin Park, Kyoung-Won Seo, Kun-Ho Song; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):477-481.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.477

Abstract
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Giardia is a major public health concern and considered as reemerging in industrialized countries. The present study investigated the prevalence of giardiosis in 202 sheltered dogs using PCR. The infection rate was 33.2% (67/202); Gyeongsangbuk-do and Daejeon showed 25.7% (39/152, P<0.0001) and 56% (28/50), respectively. The prevalence of infected female dogs (46.7%, P<0.001) was higher than in male dogs (21.8%). A higher prevalence (43.5%, P<0.0001) was observed in mixed breed dogs than purebred (14.1%). Although most of the fecal samples collected were from dogs of ≥1 year of age which showed only 27.4% positive rate, 61.8% (P<0.001) of the total samples collected from young animals (<1 year of age) were positive for G. intestinalis. A significantly higher prevalence in symptomatic dogs (60.8%, P<0.0001) was observed than in asymptomatic dogs (23.8%). Furthermore, the analysis of nucleotide sequences of the samples revealed that G. intestinalis Assemblages A and C were found in the feces of dogs from Gyeongsangbuk-do and Daejeon. Since G. intestinalis Assemblage A has been known to infect humans, our results suggest that dogs can act as an important reservoir of giardiosis in Korea. Hence, hygienic management should be given to prevent possible transmission to humans.

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Agnieszka Piekara-Stępińska, Jolanta Piekarska, Michał Gorczykowski, Jacek Bania
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Original Article

Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Captive Non-Human Primates in Qinling Mountains: Shuai-Zhi Du, Guang-Hui Zhao, Jun-Feng Shao, Yan-Qin Fang, Ge-Ru Tian, Long-Xian Zhang, Rong-Jun Wang, Hai-Yan Wang, Meng Qi, San-Ke Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):395-402.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.395

Abstract
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Non-human primates (NHPs) are confirmed as reservoirs of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. In this study, 197 fresh fecal samples from 8 NHP species in Qinling Mountains, northwestern China, were collected and examined using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. The results showed that 35 (17.8%) samples were positive for tested parasites, including Cryptosporidium spp. (3.0%), G. intestinalis (2.0%), and E. bieneusi (12.7%). Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 6 fecal samples of Macaca mulatta, and were identified as C. parvum (n=1) and C. andersoni (n=5). Subtyping analysis showed Cryptosporidium spp. belonged to the C. andersoni MLST subtype (A4, A4, A4, and A1) and C. parvum 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) subtype IId A15G2R1. G. intestinalis assemblage E was detected in 3 M. mulatta and 1 Saimiri sciureus. Intra-variations were observed at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), beta giardin (bg), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) loci, with 3, 1, and 2 new subtypes found in respective locus. E. bieneusi was found in Cercopithecus neglectus (25.0%), Papio hamadrayas (16.7%), M. mulatta (16.3%), S. sciureus (10%), and Rhinopithecus roxellana (9.5%), with 5 ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes: 2 known genotypes (D and BEB6) and 3 novel genotypes (MH, XH, and BSH). These findings indicated the presence of zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in NHPs in Qinling Mountains. This is the first report of C. andersoni in NHPs. The present study provided basic information for control of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidiosis in human and animals in this area.

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Brief Communications

Occurrence and Molecular Identification of Giardia duodenalis from Stray Cats in Guangzhou, Southern China: Guochao Zheng, Wei Hu, Yuanjia Liu, Qin Luo, Liping Tan, Guoqing Li; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):119-124.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.119

Abstract
PDF

The
objective
of this study was to genetically characterize isolates of Giardia duodenalis and to determine if zoonotic potential of G. duodenalis could be found in stray cats from urban and suburban environments in Guangzhou, China. Among 102 fresh fecal samples of stray cats, 30 samples were collected in Baiyun district (urban) and 72 in Conghua district (suburban). G. duodenalis specimens were examined using light microscopy, then the positive specimens were subjected to PCR amplification and subsequent sequencing at 4 loci such as glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), β-giardin (bg), and small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) genes. The phylogenetic trees were constructed using obtained sequences by MEGA5.2 software. Results show that 9.8% (10/102) feline fecal samples were found to be positive by microscopy, 10% (3/30) in Baiyun district and 9.7% (7/72) in Conghua district. Among the 10 positive samples, 9 were single infection (8 isolates, assemblage A; 1 isolate, assemblage F) and 1 sample was mixed infection with assemblages A and C. Based on tpi, gdh, and bg genes, all sequences of assemblage A showed complete homology with AI except for 1 isolate (CHC83). These findings not only confirmed the occurrence of G. duodenalis in stray cats, but also showed that zoonotic assemblage A was found for the first time in stray cats living in urban and suburban environments in China.

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Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Isolates from Dogs in Guangdong, China Based on Multi-Locus Sequence: Guochao Zheng, Muhamd Alsarakibi, Yuanjia Liu, Wei Hu, Qin Luo, Liping Tan, Guoqing Li; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):299-304.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.299

Abstract
PDF

This study aimed to identify the assemblages (or subassemblages) of Giardia duodenalis by using normal or nested PCR based on 4 genetic loci: glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), β-giardin (bg), and small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rRNA) genes. For this work, a total of 216 dogs' fecal samples were collected in Guangdong, China. The phylogenetic trees were constructed with MEGA5.2 by using the neighbor-joining method. Results showed that 9.7% (21/216) samples were found to be positive; moreover, 10 samples were single infection (7 isolates assemblage A, 2 isolates assemblage C, and 1 isolate assemblage D) and 11 samples were mixed infections where assemblage A was predominant, which was potentially zoonotic. These findings showed that most of the dogs in Guangdong were infected or mixed-infected with assemblage A, and multi-locus sequence typing could be the best selection for the genotype analysis of dog-derived Giardia isolates.

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Original Articles

DNA Extraction from Protozoan Oocysts/Cysts in Feces for Diagnostic PCR: Yousry Hawash; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):263-271.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.263

Abstract
PDF

PCR detection of intestinal protozoa is often restrained by a poor DNA recovery or by inhibitors present in feces. The need for an extraction protocol that can overcome these obstacles is therefore clear. QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen) was evaluated for its ability to recover DNA from oocysts/cysts directly from feces. Twenty-five Giardia-positive, 15 Cryptosporidium-positive, 15 Entamoeba histolytica-positive, and 45 protozoa-free samples were processed as control by microscopy and immunoassay tests. DNA extracts were amplified using 3 sets of published primers. Following the manufacturer's protocol, the kit showed sensitivity and specificity of 100% towards Giardia and Entamoeba. However, for Cryptosporidium, the sensitivity and specificity were 60% (9/15) and 100%, respectively. A series of optimization experiments involving various steps of the kit's protocol were conducted using Cryptosporidium-positive samples. The best DNA recoveries were gained by raising the lysis temperature to the boiling point for 10 min and the incubation time of the InhibitEX tablet to 5 min. Also, using a pre-cooled ethanol for nucleic acid precipitation and small elution volume (50-100 ?l) were valuable. The sensitivity of the amended protocol to Cryptosporidium was raised to 100%. Cryptosporidium DNA was successfully amplified by either the first or the second primer set. When applied on parasite-free feces spiked with variable oocysts/cysts counts, ? 2 oocysts/cysts were theoretically enough for detection by PCR. To conclude, the Qiagen kit with the amended protocol was proved to be suitable for protozoan DNA extraction directly from feces and support PCR diagnosis.

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Breast-Feeding Protects Infantile Diarrhea Caused by Intestinal Protozoan Infections: Ekhlas Hamed Abdel-Hafeez, Usama Salah Belal, Manal Zaki Mohamed Abdellatif, Koji Naoi, Kazumi Norose; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):519-524.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.519

Abstract
PDF

This study investigated the effect of breast-feeding in protection against protozoan infection in infants with persistent diarrhea. Infants were classified into 2 groups; 161 breast-fed infants and the same number of non-breast-fed infants. Microscopic examinations of stool were done for detection of parasites and measuring the intensity of infection. Moreover, serum levels of IgE and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis sp. were demonstrated in infants with persistent diarrhea. The percentage of protozoan infections was significantly lower in breast-fed infants than that in the non-breast-fed infants. The levels of IgE and TNF-α were significantly lower in the breast-fed group than in the non-breast-fed group. There were significant positive associations between the serum levels of IgE and TNF-α and the intensity of parasite infection in the breast-fed group. It is suggested that breast-feeding has an attenuating effect on the rate and intensity of parasite infection.

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Brief Communication

Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Giardia lamblia Infection in Pet Dogs using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification: Jie Li, Peiyuan Wang, Aiguo Zhang, Ping Zhang, Muhamd Alsarakibi, Guoqing Li; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):237-241.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.237

Abstract
PDF

Giardia lamblia is recognized as one of the most prevalent parasites in dogs. The present study aimed to establish a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid and specific detection of G. lamblia from dogs. The fecal samples were collected and prepared for microscopic analysis, and then the genomic DNA was extracted directly from purified cysts. The concentration of DNA samples of G. lamblia were diluted by 10-fold serially ranging from 10^-1 to 10^-5 ng/?l for LAMP and PCR assays. The LAMP assay allows the amplification to be finished within 60 min under isothermal conditions of 63℃ by employing 6 oligonucleotide primers designed based on G. lamblia elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α) gene sequence. Our tests showed that the specific amplification products were obtained only with G. lamblia, while no amplification products were detected with DNA of other related protozoans. Sensitivity evaluation indicated that the LAMP assay was sensitive 10 times more than PCR. It is concluded that LAMP is a rapid, highly sensitive and specific DNA amplification technique for detection of G. lamblia, which has implications for effective control and prevention of giardiasis.

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Original Articles

A Ten-year Survey of Giardia Cysts in Drinking Water Supplies of Seoul, the Republic of Korea: Mok-Young Lee, Eun-Joo Cho, Jin-Hyo Lee, Sun-Hee Han, Yong-Sang Park; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):9-15.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.9

Abstract
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To understand the distribution of Giardia cysts in drinking water supplies in Seoul, Korea, we collected water samples quarterly at 6 intakes in the Han River, its largest stream and 6 conventional water treatment plants (WTPs) serving drinking water, from 2000 to 2009. Giardia cysts in each of 10 L water were confirmed in 35.0% of intake water samples and the arithmetic mean was 1.65 cysts/10 L (range 0-35 cysts/10 L). The lowest cyst density was observed at Paldang and Kangbuk intakes, and the pollution level was higher at 4 intakes downstream. It seemed that these 4 intakes were under influence of Wangsuk stream at the end of which cysts were found in all samples with the mean of 140 cysts/10 L. The annual mean number of cysts was 0.21-4.21 cysts/10 L, and the cyst level at the second half of the 10 years was about 1/5 of that at first half on average. The cysts were more frequently found in winter, and their mean density was 3.74 cysts/10 L in winter and 0.80-1.08 cysts/10 L in other seasons. All finished water samples collected at 6 WTPs were negative for Giardia in each of 100 L sample for 10 years and cyst removal by physical process was average 2.9-log. It was concluded that conventional water treatment at 6 WTPs of Seoul appears to remove the cysts effectively under the present level of their source water. Domestic wastewater from the urban region could be an important source of Giardia pollution in the river.

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Eun-Sook Lee, Ji-Yeon Lee, Young-Ae Baek, Seok-Ju Cho
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Haeseung Lee, Dongmi Kwak
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Occurrence of Giardia duodenalis in selected stations and tributary rivers of Laguna Lake, Philippines
Mark Raymond A. Vejano, Laurice Beatrice Raphaelle O. dela Peña, Windell L. Rivera
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Multilocus genotyping of Giardia duodenalis from pigs in Korea
Haeseung Lee, ByeongYeal Jung, Jun-Sik Lim, Min-Goo Seo, Seung-Hun Lee, Kwang-Ho Choi, Mi-Hye Hwang, Tae-Hwan Kim, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak
Parasitology International.2020; 78: 102154. CrossRef
Multilocus genotyping and risk factor analysis of Giardia duodenalis in dogs in Korea
Ha-Young Kim, Haeseung Lee, Seung-Hun Lee, Min-Goo Seo, Seonju Yi, Jong Wan Kim, Chung Hyun Kim, Yu-Ran Lee, ByungJae So, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(2): 205. CrossRef
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S. H. Lee, D. VanBik, H. Y. Kim, A. Cho, J. W. Kim, J. W. Byun, J. K. Oem, S. I. Oh, D. Kwak
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Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(3): 146. CrossRef

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Biological and Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis Isolates from Five Hydrographical Basins in Northern Portugal: Andr? Almeida, Maria Jo?o Moreira, S?nia Soares, Maria de Lurdes Delgado, Jo?o Figueiredo, Elisabete Silva Magalh?es, Ant?nio Castro, Alexandra Viana Da Costa, Jos? Manuel Correia da Costa; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):105-111.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.105

Abstract
PDF

To understand the situation of water contamination with Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in the northern region of Portugal, we have established a long-term program aimed at pinpointing the sources of surface water and environmental contamination, working with the water-supply industry. Here, we describe the results obtained with raw water samples collected in rivers of the 5 hydrographical basins. A total of 283 samples were analyzed using the Method 1623 EPA, USA. Genetic characterization was performed by PCR and sequencing of genes 18S rRNA of Cryptosporidium spp. and β-giardin of Giardia spp. Infectious stages of the protozoa were detected in 72.8% (206 of 283) of the water samples, with 15.2% (43 of 283) positive for Giardia duodenalis cysts, 9.5% (27 of 283) positive for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, and 48.1% (136 of 283) samples positive for both parasites. The most common zoonotic species found were G. duodenalis assemblages A-I, A-II, B, and E genotypes, and Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium andersoni, Cryptosporidium hominis, and Cryptosporidium muris. These results suggest that cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are important public health issues in northern Portugal. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report evaluating the concentration of environmental stages of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in raw water samples in the northern region of Portugal.

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Brief Communications

A Survey of Intestinal Protozoan Infections among Gastroenteritis Patients during a 3-Year Period (2004-2006) in Gyeonggi-do (Province), South Korea: Jeong-Weon Huh, Su-Gyeong Moon, Young-Hee Lim; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):303-305.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.303

Abstract
PDF

The incidence and etiology of parasite-associated gastroenteritis during 2004-2006 in Gyeonggi-do (province), South Korea was determined by means of antigen detection ELISA on 6,071 stool specimens collected from 6 general hospitals. At least 1 parasitic agent was detected in 3.4% (208/6,071) of the stool samples. Among these, Giardia lamblia was the most numerous (152 cases; 2.5%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica (25 cases; 0.4%), Cryptosporidium parvum (23 cases; 0.4%), and mixed infections (8 cases; 0.1%). Patients aged 1-5 years had the largest proportion (69.2%; 144/208) of parasite-positive stool specimens. Parasite-mediated gastroenteritis was most common from June to September. The detection rate gradually increased from 2004 to 2006. This study shows that parasite-mediated gastroenteritis may be significant among children in Korea and that parasite infection surveillance should be constantly performed.

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Evaluation of α-Tubulin as an Antigenic and Molecular Probe to Detect Giardia lamblia: Juri Kim, Myeong Heon Shin, Kyoung-Ju Song, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):287-291.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.287

Abstract
PDF

The α/β-tubulin heterodimer is the basic subunit of microtubules in eukaryotes. Polyclonal antibodies specific to recombinant α-tubulin of Giardia lamblia were made, and found effective as a probe to specifically detect G. lamblia by immunofluorescence assays. Nucleotide sequences of α-tubulin genes were compared between G. lamblia WB and GS strains, prototypes of assemblage A and assemblage B, respectively. A set of primers was designed and used to amplify a portion of the α-tubulin gene from G. lamblia. PCR-RFLP analysis of this α-tubulin PCR product successfully differentiated G. lamblia into 2 distinct groups, assemblages A and B. The results indicate that α-tubulin can be used as a molecular probe to detect G. lamblia.

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Original Articles

Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Inhabitants of Karaj City, Tehran Province, Iran in 2006-2008: Vahid Nasiri, Kasra Esmailnia, Gholamreza Karim, Mehdi Nasir, Omid Akhavan; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):265-268.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.265

Abstract
PDF

Karaj is an area with large influx of refugee people in Iran. To increase knowledge about parasitic infections, we carried out this research during 2006-2008. We recorded the stool examination results and some of their personal characteristics. A total of 13,915 human stools were examined, and 649 (4.7%) were positive for intestinal parasites. Among them, 13 (0.09%) had worm and 636 (4.6%) had protozoan infections. Maximum infections belonged to Giardia intestinalis, and 534 (3.8%) samples had this infection. Other parasitic infections included Entamoeba coli (0.39%), Entamoeba histolytica (0.021%), Blastocystis hominis (0.08%), Trichomonas hominis (0.1%), Iodamoeba butschlii (0.06%), Chilomastix mesnili (0.007%), Endolimax nana (0.05%), Enterobius spp. eggs (0.028%), Taenia proglottids (0.028%), and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (0.03%). The maximum numbers of referred people to laboratories were in July and the maximum percentage of infections was in August. There is a point that all 5 Strongyloides stercoralis infections were pertained to 2008. With attention to the rate of parasitic infections (4.7%), it seems that we should take additional educational information to wide spectrum of people living in this city.

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Detection and genotyping of Giardia intestinalis isolates using intergenic spacer (IGS)-based PCR: Jong-Ho Lee, Jongweon Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong, Ui-Wook Hwang; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(4):343-353.
Published online December 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.4.343

Abstract
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Giardia intestinalis infections arise primarily from contaminated food or water. Zoonotic transmission is possible, and at least 7 major assemblages including 2 assemblages recovered from humans have been identified. The determination of the genotype of G. intestinalis is useful not only for assessing the correlation of clinical symptoms and genotypes, but also for finding the infection route and its causative agent in epidemiological studies. In this study, methods to identify the genotypes more specifically than the known 2 genotypes recovered from humans have been developed using the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of rDNA. The IGS region contains varying sequences and is thus suitable for comparing isolates once they are classified as the same strain. Genomic DNA was extracted from cysts isolated from the feces of 5 Chinese, 2 Laotians and 2 Koreans infected with G. intestinalis and the trophozoites of WB, K1, and GS strains cultured in the laboratory, respectively. The rDNA containing the IGS region was amplified by PCR and cloned. The nucleotide sequence of the 3' end of IGS region was determined and examined by multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the IGS region, 13 G. intestinalis isolates were classified to assemblages A and B, and assemblage A was subdivided into A1 and A2. Then, the primers specific to each assemblage were designed, and PCR was performed using those primers. It detected as little as 10 pg of DNA, and the PCR amplified products with the specific length to each assemblage (A1, 176 bp; A2, 261 bp; B, 319 bp) were found. The PCR specific to 3 assemblages of G. intestinalis did not react with other bacteria or protozoans, and it did not react with G. intestinalis isolates obtained from dogs and rats. It was thus confirmed that by applying this PCR method amplifying the IGS region, the detection of G. intestinalis and its genotyping can be determined simultaneously.

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Brief Communication

Intestinal protozoan infections and echinococcosis in the inhabitants of Dornod and Selenge, Mongolia (2003): Sun Huh, Jae-Ran Yu, Jong-Il Kim, Choijamts Gotov, Radnaabazar Janchiv, Jeong-Sun Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(2):171-174.
Published online June 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.2.171

Abstract
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The status of intestinal parasitic infections and seroprevalence of cystic echinococcosis in the inhabitants in Dornod and Selenge, Mongolia, was observed with stool and serum samples from 165 and 683 residents from August 9 to August 15, 2003. A total of 10 inhabitants (6.1%) were found to be infected with protozoan cysts or oocysts by stool examinations; 7, 1 and 2 cases with Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum, respectively. A total of 62 people (9.1%) revealed significantly high levels of specific antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The surveyed areas are rural areas and the sanitized tab water is not available. There is a possibility of endemic transmission of water-borne protozoan diseases in these areas. The clinical echinococcosis is needed to be searched from the seropositive inhabitants.

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Original Articles

In vivo determination of the gap2 gene promoter activity in Giardia lamblia: Hye-Won Yang, Juri Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Soon-Jung Park; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):21-26.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.21

Abstract
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A shuttle vector for Escherichia coli and Giardia lamblia was modified to produce a reporter plasmid, which monitors the expression of prescribed gene in G. lamblia by measuring its luciferase activity. Promoter regions of the gap2 gene, one of the genes induced during encystation, were cloned into this plasmid, and the resultant constructs were then transfected into trophozoites of G. lamblia. Transgenic trophozoites containing one of the 3 gap2-luc reporters were induced to encystation, and characterized with respect to gap2 gene expression by measuring their luciferase activities. Giardia containing a gap2-luc fusion of 112-bp upstream region showed full induction of luciferase activity during encystation.

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Samantha J. Emery-Corbin, Joshua J. Hamey, Balu Balan, Laura Rojas-López, Staffan G. Svärd, Aaron R. Jex
International Journal for Parasitology.2021; 51(4): 225. CrossRef
Trans-spliced Heat Shock Protein 90 Modulates Encystation in Giardia lamblia
Rishi Kumar Nageshan, Nainita Roy, Shatakshi Ranade, Utpal Tatu, Rhoel Ramos Dinglasan
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Epidemiological survey of Giardia spp. and Blastocystis hominis in an Argentinian rural community: Marta Cecilia Minvielle, Betina Cecilia Pezzani, Mar?a Alejandra Cordoba, Mar?a Marta De Luca, Mar?a Carmen Apezteguia, Juan Angel Basualdo; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(3):121-127.
Published online September 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.3.121

Abstract
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The aim of this study was to relate personal data, socio-cultural and environmental characteristics, and the presence of symptoms/signs with the frequencies of Giardia spp. and Blastocystis hominis among a rural population in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Of the surveyed population (350), 3.7% were infected with only Giardia spp. or 22.9% with B. hominis, and 2.3% were infected with both protozoa. The frequency of infection according to sex; 6.1% of males were infected and 1.6% of females by Giardia spp., 26.7% and 19.5% by B. hominis, and 2.4% and 2.2% by both parasites, respectively. Giardia spp. was detected in only three adults (over 14 years), but B. hominis was more frequent in adults than in children. The prevalences of these protozoa in this community are lower than those reported by other Argentinean studies, which is probably associated with the low density of the studied population (5.95 inhab/km²). Statistical analysis revealed that a male sex, flooding of the home, the use of a latrine, and an abdominal pain were correlated with the presence of these parasites, which indicate the importance of these factors in rural communities.

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Case Report

Strongyloidiasis associated with amebiasis and giardiaisis in an immunocompetent boy presented with acute abdomen: Ener Cagr? Dinleyici, Nihal Dogan, Birsen Ucar, Huseyin Ilhan; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(4):239-242.
Published online December 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.239

Abstract
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Strongyloides stercoralis (SS) is an intestinal nematode that is mainly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions and sporadic in temperate zones. SS infection frequently occurs in people who have hematologic malignancies, HIV infection and in individuals undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. In this study, we report a 12-year-old immunocompetent boy who was admitted to our hospital with acute abdomen. Laboratory evaluation showed strongyloidiasis, amebiasis and giardiasis. Clinical and laboratory findings immediately improved with albendazole therapy. Therefore, when diarrhea with signs of acute abdomen is observed, stool examinations should be done for enteroparasitosis. This approach will prevent misdiagnosis as acute abdomen. Complete clinical improvement is possible by medical therapy without surgical intervention.

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Original Articles

Cloning and characterization of Giardia intestinalis cyclophilin: Hak-Sun Yu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(3):131-138.
Published online September 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.3.131

Abstract
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The cyclophilins (Cyps) are family members of proteins that exhibit peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase, EC 5.2.1.8) activity and bind the immunosuppressive agent cyclosprin A (CsA) in varying degrees. During the process of random sequencing of a cDNA library made from Giardia intestinalis WB strain, the cyclophilin gene (gicyp1) was isolated. An open reading frame of gicyp1 gene was 576 nucleotides, which corresponded to a translation product of 176 amino acids (Gicyp1). The identity with other Cyps was about 58-71%. The 13 residues that constituted the CsA binding site of human cyclophilin were also detected in the amino acid sequence of Gicyp1, including tryptophan residue essential for the drug binding. The single copy of the gicyp1 gene was detected in the G. intestinalis chromosome by southern hybridization analysis. Recombinant Gicyp1 protein clearly accelerated the rate of cis → trans isomerization of the peptide substrate and the catalysis was completely inhibited by the addition of 0.5 ?M CsA.

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Reza Mansouri, Enrique Granado-Aparicio, Claudia Alcedo, Julio López-Abán, Reza Shafiei, Antonio Muro, Raúl Manzano-Román, Sajad Rashidi
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Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Drinking Water Samples in the North of Portugal: Almeida, Andre , Moreira, Maria Joao , Soares, Sonia , Delgado, Maria de Lurdes , Figueiredo, Joao , Silva, Elisabete , Castro, Antonio , Cosa, Jose Manuel Correida Da; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(1):43-48.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.1.43

Abstract
PDF

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are 2 protozoan parasites responsible for waterborne diseases outbreaks worldwide. In order to assess the prevalence of these protozoans in drinking water samples in the northern part of Portugal and the risk of human infection, we have established a long term program aiming at pinpointing the sources of surface water, drinking water, and environmental contamination, working with the water-supply industry. Total 43 sources of drinking water samples were selected, and a total of 167 samples were analyzed using the Method 1623. Sensitivity assays regarding the genetic characterization by PCR and sequencing of the genes, 18S SSU rRNA, for Cryptosporidium spp. and beta,-giardin for G. duodenalis were set in the laboratory. According to the defined criteria, molecular analysis was performed over 4 samples. Environmental stages of the protozoa were detected in 25.7% (43 out of 167) of the water samples, 8.4% (14 out of 167) with cysts of Giardia, 10.2% (17 out of 167) with oocysts of Cryptosporidium and 7.2% (12 out of 167) for both species. The mean concentrations were 0.1-12.7 oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. per 10 L and 0.1-108.3 cysts of Giardia duodenalis per 10 L. Our results suggest that the efficiency in drinking water plants must be ameliorated in their efficiency in reducing the levels of contamination. We suggest the implementation of systematic monitoring programs for both protozoa. To authors' knowledge, this is the first report evaluating the concentration of environmental stages of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in drinking water samples in the northern part of Portugal.

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