Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"Jaeeun Cho"

Original Article

Failure of Repeated MDA with Albendazole for Trichuriasis Control in Schoolchildren of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: Sooji Hong, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyun-Seung Kim, Mun-Hyoo Jeong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):607-613.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.607

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are still a considerable challenge in Myanmar. We undertook a control program for STH infections (especially Trichuris trichiura) among schoolchildren in Myanmar using mass drug administration (MDA) and health education. Around 1,700 schoolchildren from 15 primary schools in 3 suburban districts (Shwe Pyi Thar, Twantay, and Kyauktan) of the Yangon Region were subjected in this study during 2017-2019. All of the schoolchildren in each school were orally administered albendazole (400 mg in a single dose) 2, 3, and 4 times a year in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. The results revealed that the egg positive rate of any intestinal helminths (including STH) was reduced from 37.6% (649/1,724) in 2017 to 22.8% (352/1,542) in 2019. The egg positive rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was decreased remarkably from 23.3% (402/1,724) in 2017 to 3.6% (56/1,542) in 2019. However, that of T. trichiura was only slightly reduced from 26.9% (464/1,724) in 2017 to 20.2% (312/1,542) in 2019. The intensity of infection with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura was both more or less reduced, and the proportion of light infection cases with A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura increased from 35.6% in 2017 to 64.3% in 2019 and from 70.3% in 2017 to 81.7% in 2019, respectively. The results indicated that repeated MDAs (2-4 times a year for 3 years) using albendazole on schoolchildren in Myanmar failed to control T. trichiura infection. For a successful control of trichuriasis in Myanmar, new MDA strategies, using a modified albendazole regimen (multiple daily doses for 2 or 3 days) or an alternative anthelmintic drug, such as oxantel pamoate, is strongly recommended.

Citations

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Assessing soil-transmitted helminths and Schistosoma mansoni infections using parasitological indicators after seven years of preventive chemotherapy among school-age children in Mizan-Aman town
Mitiku Abera, Tariku Belay, Daniel Emana, Zeleke Mekonnen, Uwem Friday Ekpo
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(5): e0013058. CrossRef
Standard- and large-sized eggs of Trichuris trichiura in the feces of schoolchildren in the Yangon Region, Myanmar: Morphological and molecular analyses
Seungwan Ryoo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Hyemi Song, Hyun-Seung Kim, Jin-Youp Ryu, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Jong-Yil Chai
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 317. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Parvatrema duboisi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) Life Cycle Stages in Manila Clams, Ruditapes philippinarum, from Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea: Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Hyejoo Shin, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hojong Jun, Min-Jae Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Eun-Taek Han, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):83-88.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.83

Abstract
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Life cycle stages, including daughter sporocysts, cercariae, and metacercariae, of Parvatrema duboisi (Dollfus, 1923) Bartoli, 1974 (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) have been found in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum from Aphaedo (Island), Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Korea. The daughter sporocysts were elongated sac-like and 307-570 (av. 395) μm long and 101-213 (av. 157) μm wide. Most of the daughter sporocysts contained 15-20 furcocercous cercariae each. The cercariae measured 112-146 (av. 134) μm in total length and 35-46 (av. 40) μm in width, with 69-92 (av. 85) μm long body and 39-54 (av. 49) μm long tail. The metacercariae were 210-250 (av. 231) μm in length and 170-195 (av. 185) μm in width, and characterized by having a large oral sucker, genital pore some distance anterior to the ventral sucker, no ventral pit, and 1 compact or slightly lobed vitellarium, strongly suggesting P. duboisi. The metacercariae were experimentally infected to ICR mice, and adults were recovered at day 7 post-infection. The adult flukes were morphologically similar to the metacercariae except in the presence of up to 20 eggs in the uterus. The daughter sporocysts and metacercariae were molecularly (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2) analyzed to confirm the species, and the results showed 99.8-99.9% identity with P. duboisi reported from Kyushu, Japan and Gochang, Korea. These results confirmed the presence of various life cycle stages of P. duboisi in the Manila clam, R. philippinarum, playing the role of the first as well as the second intermediate host, on Aphae-do (Island), Shinan-gun, Korea.

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Alexis Rojas, John Warren Huntley, Monica Caffara, Daniele Scarponi
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Pearl formation associated with gymnophallid metacercariae in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Northwestern Adriatic coast: Preliminary observations
Erica Marchiori, Francesco Quaglio, Giovanni Franzo, Ginevra Brocca, Sonja Aleksi, Pietrogiovanni Cerchier, Rudi Cassini, Federica Marcer
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology.2023; 196: 107854. CrossRef
Molecular phylogeny, distribution, and pathogenicity of a novel thraustochytrid protist in the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, on the west and south coasts of Korea
Biyun Zhao, Seung-Hyeon Kim, Dae-Woong Koh, S.D.N.K. Bathige, Kwang-Sik Choi, Kyung-Il Park
Aquaculture.2023; 575: 739779. CrossRef
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C. Bommarito, M. Wahl, D.W. Thieltges, C. Pansch, M. Zucchetta, F. Pranovi
Parasitology.2022; 149(1): 15. CrossRef
Effects of larval trematode parasitism on the reproductive capacity of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in a sandy-mud tidal flat on the west coast of Korea
Young-Ghan Cho, Hye-Mi Lee, Jeong-Hwa Kim, Jong-Seop Shin, Hee-Do Jeung, Kwang-Sik Choi
Frontiers in Marine Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Negative Impacts of Perkinsus olseni Infection in Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum Observed from Tidal Flats in Anmyeondo Island on the West Coast of Korea During Post-Spawning Period
Hye-Mi Lee, Kyung-Il Park, Hyun-Sung Yang, Kwang-Sik Choi
Ocean Science Journal.2021; 56(3): 307. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Echinostoma mekongi: Discovery of Its Metacercarial Stage in Snails, Filopaludina martensi cambodjensis, in Pursat Province, Cambodia: Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Rekol Huy; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):47-53.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.47

Abstract
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Echinostoma mekongi was reported as a new species in 2020 based on specimens collected from humans in Kratie and Takeo Province, Cambodia. In the present study, its metacercarial stage has been discovered in Filopaludina martensi cambodjensis snails purchased from a local market nearby the Tonle Sap Lake, Pursat Province, Cambodia. The metacercariae were fed orally to an experimental hamster, and adult flukes were recovered at day 20 post-infection. They were morphologically examined using light and scanning electron microscopes and molecularly analyzed by sequencing of their mitochondrial cox1 and nad1 genes. A total of 115 metacercariae (1-8 per snail) were detected in 60 (60.0%) out of 100 Filopaludina snails examined. The metacercariae were round, 174 ?m in average diameter (163-190 ?m in range), having a thin cyst wall, a head collar armed with 37 collar spines, and characteristic excretory granules. The adult flukes were elongated, ventrally curved, 7.3 (6.4-8.2)×1.4 (1.1-1.7) mm in size, and equipped with 37 collar spines on the head collar (dorsal spines in 2 alternating rows), being consistent with E. mekongi. In phylogenetic analyses, the adult flukes showed 99.0-100% homology based on cox1 sequences and 98.9-99.7% homology based on nad1 sequences with E. mekongi. The results evidenced that F. martensi cambodjensis snails act as the second intermediate host of E. mekongi, and hamsters can be used as a suitable experimental definitive host. As local people favor to eat undercooked snails, these snails seem to be an important source of human infection with E. mekongi in Cambodia.

Citations

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High Prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi Infection in Schoolchildren and Adults, Kandal Province, Cambodia
Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Virak Khieu, Rekol Huy, Jong-Yil Chai
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Biological Hazards and Indicators Found in Products of Animal Origin in Cambodia from 2000 to 2022: A Systematic Review
Shwe Phue San, Rortana Chea, Delia Grace, Kristina Roesel, Sothyra Tum, Stephen Young, Tumnoon Charaslertrangsi, Nazanin Zand, Shetty Seetharama Thombathu, Ra Thorng, Leab Kong, Kuok Fidero, Linda Nicolaides
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2024; 21(12): 1621. CrossRef
High diversity of trematode metacercariae that parasitize freshwater gastropods in Bangkok, Thailand, and their infective situations, morphologies and phylogenetic relationships
Pichit Wiroonpan, Thapana Chontananarth, Jong-Yil Chai, Watchariya Purivirojkul
Parasitology.2022; 149(7): 913. CrossRef
General overview of the current status of human foodborne trematodiasis
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1262. CrossRef

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Echinostoma miyagawai Ishii, 1932 (Echinostomatidae) from Ducks in Aceh Province, Indonesia with Special Reference to Its Synonymy with Echinostoma robustum Yamaguti, 1935: Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Hyejoo Shin, Jaeeun Cho, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyun-Seung Kim, Kwanghoon Park, Mun-Hyoo Jeong, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Marzuki Bin Muhammad Abdullah; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):35-45.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.35

Abstract
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Adult echinostomes having 37 collar spines collected from the intestine of Pitalah ducks in Aceh Province, Indonesia in 2018 were morphologically and molecularly determined to be Echinostoma miyagawai Ishii, 1932 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). Among 20 ducks examined, 7 (35.0%) were found to be infected with this echinostome, and the number of flukes collected was 48 in total with average 6.9 (1-17) worms per duck. The adult flukes were 7.2 (6.1-8.5) mm in length and 1.2 (1.0-1.4) mm in width (pre-ovarian or testicular level) and characterized by having a head collar armed with 37 collar spines (dorsal spines arranged in 2 alternating rows), including 5 end group spines, and variable morphology of the testes, irregularly or deeply lobed (3-5 lobes) at times with horizontal extension. The eggs within the worm uterus were 93 (79-105) ?m long and 62 (56-70) ?m wide. These morphological features were consistent with both E. miyagawai and Echinostoma robustum, for which synonymy to each other has been raised. Sequencing of 2 mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad1, revealed high homology with E. miyagawai (98.6-100% for cox1 and 99.0-99.8% for nad1) and also with E. robustum (99.3-99.8% for nad1) deposited in GenBank. We accepted the synonymy between the 2 species and diagnosed our flukes as E. miyagawai (syn. E. robustum) with redescription of its morphology. Further studies are required to determine the biological characteristics of E. miyagawai in Aceh Province, Indonesia, including the intermediate host and larval stage information.

Citations

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Development of a duplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification together with lateral flow dipstick assay for the detection and discrimination of parasitic infections in chickens between cestodes belonging to genus Raillietina and trematodes in family Echi
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Catatropis indicus (Digenea: Notocotylidae) from ducks in Indonesia with a brief review of the genus Catatropis
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Development and utilization of a visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LAMP-LFD) assay for rapid detection of Echinostomatidae metacercaria in edible snail samples
Wasin Panich, Phonkawin Jaruboonyakorn, Awika Raksaman, Thanawan Tejangkura, Thapana Chontananarth
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2024; 418: 110732. CrossRef
Molecular epidemiological analyses reveal extensive connectivity between Echinostoma revolutum (sensu stricto) populations across Eurasia and species richness of zoonotic echinostomatids in England
Egie E. Enabulele, Scott P. Lawton, Anthony J. Walker, Ruth S. Kirk, Hudson Alves Pinto
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Marisa C. Valadão, Philippe V. Alves, Danimar López-Hernández, Jordana C. A. Assis, Paulo R. S. Coelho, Stefan M. Geiger, Hudson A. Pinto
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A new species ofEchinostoma(Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) from the ‘revolutum’ group found in Brazil: refuting the occurrence ofEchinostoma miyagawai(=E. robustum) in the Americas
Marisa C. Valadão, Danimar López-Hernández, Philippe V. Alves, Hudson A. Pinto
Parasitology.2022; 149(3): 325. CrossRef
Echinostoma mekongi: Discovery of Its Metacercarial Stage in Snails, Filopaludina martensi cambodjensis, in Pursat Province, Cambodia
Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Keon Hoon Lee, Virak Khieu, Rekol Huy
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 47. CrossRef

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Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from Riparian People along the Mekong River in Cambodia: Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Woon-Mok Sohn, Muth Sinuon, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):431-443.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.431

Abstract
PDF

Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) is described based on adult flukes collected from humans residing along the Mekong River in Cambodia. Total 256 flukes were collected from the diarrheic stool of 6 echinostome egg positive villagers in Kratie and Takeo Province after praziquantel treatment and purging. Adults of the new species were 9.0-13.1 (av. 11.3) mm in length and 1.3-2.5 (1.9) mm in maximum width and characterized by having a head collar armed with 37 collar spines (dorsal spines arranged in 2 alternative rows), including 5 end group spines. The eggs in feces and worm uterus were 98-132 (117) μm long and 62-90 (75) μm wide. These morphological features closely resembled those of Echinostoma revolutum, E. miyagawai, and several other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma species. However, sequencing of the nuclear ITS (ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2) and 2 mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad1, revealed unique features distinct from E. revolutum and also from other 37-collar-spined Echinostoma group available in GenBank (E. bolschewense, E. caproni, E. cinetorchis, E. deserticum, E. miyagawai, E. nasincovae, E. novaezealandense, E. paraensei, E. paraulum, E. robustum, E. trivolvis, and Echinostoma sp. IG). Thus, we assigned our flukes as a new species, E. mekongi. The new species revealed marked variation in the morphology of testes (globular or lobulated), and smaller head collar, collar spines, oral and ventral suckers, and cirrus sac compared to E. revolutum and E. miyagawai. Epidemiological studies regarding the geographical distribution and its life history, including the source of human infections, remain to be performed.

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The Nuclear Ribosomal Transcription Units of Two Echinostomes and Their Taxonomic Implications for the Family Echinostomatidae
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High Prevalence of Echinostoma mekongi Infection in Schoolchildren and Adults, Kandal Province, Cambodia
Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Jeonggyu Lee, Sung-Jong Hong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Virak Khieu, Rekol Huy, Jong-Yil Chai
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Development and utilization of a visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LAMP-LFD) assay for rapid detection of Echinostomatidae metacercaria in edible snail samples
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International Journal of Food Microbiology.2024; 418: 110732. CrossRef
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Madeleine Ray, Michael Trinidad, Nidhish Francis, Shokoofeh Shamsi
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Nithinan Chomchoei, Chalobol Wongsawad, Preeyaporn Butboonchoo, Nattawadee Nantarat
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2024; 17(12): 536. CrossRef
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Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Taehee Chang, Jaeeun Cho, Seungwan Ryoo, Keon Hoon Lee, Jeonggyu Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, Virak Khieu, Rekol Huy, Jong-Yil Chai
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
High diversity of trematode metacercariae that parasitize freshwater gastropods in Bangkok, Thailand, and their infective situations, morphologies and phylogenetic relationships
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Parasitology.2022; 149(7): 913. CrossRef
Neglected food-borne trematodiases: echinostomiasis and gastrodiscoidiasis
Rafael Toledo, María Álvarez-Izquierdo, J. Guillermo Esteban, Carla Muñoz-Antoli
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Echinostoma mekongi: Discovery of Its Metacercarial Stage in Snails, Filopaludina martensi cambodjensis, in Pursat Province, Cambodia
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 47. CrossRef
Echinostoma miyagawai Ishii, 1932 (Echinostomatidae) from Ducks in Aceh Province, Indonesia with Special Reference to Its Synonymy with Echinostoma robustum Yamaguti, 1935
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Hyejoo Shin, Jaeeun Cho, Jin-Youp Ryu, Hyun-Seung Kim, Kwanghoon Park, Mun-Hyoo Jeong, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Marzuki Bin Muhammad Abdullah
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(1): 35. CrossRef
Acanthoparyphium shinanense n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from Experimental Chicks Infected with Metacercariae Encysted in Brackish Water Clams in the Republic of Korea
Seungwan Ryoo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(4): 341. CrossRef
Taxonomy of Echinostoma revolutum and 37-Collar-Spined Echinostoma spp.: A Historical Review
Jong-Yil Chai, Jaeeun Cho, Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Woon-Mok Sohn
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 343. CrossRef

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Invited Review

Taxonomy of Echinostoma revolutum and 37-Collar-Spined Echinostoma spp.: A Historical Review: Jong-Yil Chai, Jaeeun Cho, Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(4):343-371.
Published online August 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.4.343

Abstract
PDF

Echinostoma flukes armed with 37 collar spines on their head collar are called as 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. (group) or ‘Echinostoma revolutum group’. At least 56 nominal species have been described in this group. However, many of them were morphologically close to and difficult to distinguish from the other, thus synonymized with the others. However, some of the synonymies were disagreed by other researchers, and taxonomic debates have been continued. Fortunately, recent development of molecular techniques, in particular, sequencing of the mitochondrial (nad1 and cox1) and nuclear genes (ITS region; ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), has enabled us to obtain highly useful data on phylogenetic relationships of these 37-collar-spined Echinostoma spp. Thus, 16 different species are currently acknowledged to be valid worldwide, which include E. revolutum, E. bolschewense, E. caproni, E. cinetorchis, E. deserticum, E. lindoense, E. luisreyi, E. mekongi, E. miyagawai, E. nasincovae, E. novaezealandense, E. paraensei, E. paraulum, E. robustum, E. trivolvis, and Echinostoma sp. IG of Georgieva et al., 2013. The validity of the other 10 species is retained until further evaluation, including molecular analyses; E. acuticauda, E. barbosai, E. chloephagae, E. echinatum, E. jurini, E. nudicaudatum, E. parvocirrus, E. pinnicaudatum, E. ralli, and E. rodriguesi. In this review, the history of discovery and taxonomic debates on these 26 valid or validity-retained species are briefly reviewed.

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Development of a duplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification together with lateral flow dipstick assay for the detection and discrimination of parasitic infections in chickens between cestodes belonging to genus Raillietina and trematodes in family Echi
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The ribosomal transcription units of five echinostomes and their taxonomic implications for the suborder Echinostomata (Trematoda: Platyhelminthes)
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Development and utilization of a visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LAMP-LFD) assay for rapid detection of Echinostomatidae metacercaria in edible snail samples
Wasin Panich, Phonkawin Jaruboonyakorn, Awika Raksaman, Thanawan Tejangkura, Thapana Chontananarth
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2024; 418: 110732. CrossRef
First molecular insights into gastrointestinal helminths of domestic birds in the Caspian Sea Littoral of Iran with an emphasis on the One Health concern
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Molecular epidemiological analyses reveal extensive connectivity between Echinostoma revolutum (sensu stricto) populations across Eurasia and species richness of zoonotic echinostomatids in England
Egie E. Enabulele, Scott P. Lawton, Anthony J. Walker, Ruth S. Kirk, Hudson Alves Pinto
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(2): e0270672. CrossRef
A new cryptic species of Echinostoma (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) closely related to Echinostoma paraensei found in Brazil
Marisa C. Valadão, Philippe V. Alves, Danimar López-Hernández, Jordana C. A. Assis, Paulo R. S. Coelho, Stefan M. Geiger, Hudson A. Pinto
Parasitology.2023; 150(4): 337. CrossRef
A new species ofEchinostoma(Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) from the ‘revolutum’ group found in Brazil: refuting the occurrence ofEchinostoma miyagawai(=E. robustum) in the Americas
Marisa C. Valadão, Danimar López-Hernández, Philippe V. Alves, Hudson A. Pinto
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Pichit Wiroonpan, Thapana Chontananarth, Jong-Yil Chai, Watchariya Purivirojkul
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Neglected food-borne trematodiases: echinostomiasis and gastrodiscoidiasis
Rafael Toledo, María Álvarez-Izquierdo, J. Guillermo Esteban, Carla Muñoz-Antoli
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General overview of the current status of human foodborne trematodiasis
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
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N. Chomchoei, T. Backeljau, B. Segers, C. Wongsawad, P. Butboonchoo, N. Nantarat
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Brief Communications

Survey of Gymnophalloides seoi Metacercariae in Natural and Cultured Oysters from Several Western Coastal Areas, Korea: Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Jaeeun Cho, Sooji Hong, Keon-Hoon Lee, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Jisu Kang, Jini Lim, Hana Lee, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):705-708.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.705

Abstract
PDF

Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) is a human intestinal trematode contracted by eating raw oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in the Republic of Korea (=Korea). It has been known to be highly endemic in Aphae Island, Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do (Province). However, recent epidemiological status of G. seoi has not been reported since the 1990s. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of G. seoi metacercariae in natural and cultured oysters collected from 3 islands and 2 coastal areas in western parts of Korea. The oysters were examined using the artificial digestion method followed by stereomicroscopy. The overall positive rate of G. seoi metacercariae in natural oysters was 66.0% (99/150), and the oysters collected from Yubu Island showed the highest infection rate (74.0%). However, the metacercarial density per oyster was relatively low (1.5-2.4 per oyster). By contrast, no metacercaria was found in cultured oysters purchased from 2 coastal areas in Chungcheongnam-do. Thus, we could confirm that natural oysters produced from 3 western coastal islands are infected with G. seoi metacercariae, whereas cultured oysters purchased from 2 coastal areas were free from infection.

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High sensitivity detection of Clonorchis sinensis and Gymnophalloides seoi in food by new real-time gene amplification method
Min Ji Hong, Mi-Gyeong Kim, Doo Won Seo, Hyun Mi Jung, Hyun-Ja Han, Seung Hwan Kim, Insun Joo
Food Science and Biotechnology.2025; 34(14): 3417. CrossRef

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Molecular Identification of Anisakis Larvae Extracted by Gastrointestinal Endoscopy from Health Check-up Patients in Korea: Hyemi Song, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jaeeun Cho, Taehee Chang, Sun Huh, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):207-211.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.207

Anisakiasis is a zoonotic disease induced by anisakid nematodes, and endoscopic inspection is used for a diagnosis or remedy for it. Anisakis simplex, Anisakis physeteris, and Pseudoterranova decipiens had been reported to be the major species causing human infections, particularly, in Japan. However, in Korea, recent studies strongly suggested that Anisakis pegreffii is the major species of human infections. To support this suggestion, we collected anisakid larvae (n=20) from 20 human patients who were undergone gastrointestinal endoscopy at a health check-up center in Korea, and molecular identification was performed on the larvae using PCR-RFLP analysis and gene sequencing of rDNA ITS regions and mtDNA cox2. In addition, anisakid larvae (n=53) collected from the sea eel (Astroconger myriaster) were also examined for comparison with those extracted from humans. The results showed that all human samples (100%) were identified as A. pegreffii, whereas 90.7% of the samples from the sea eel were A. pegreffii with the remaining 9.3% being Hysterothylacium aduncum. Our study confirmed that A. pegreffii is the predominant species causing human anisakiasis in Korea, and this seems to be due to the predominance of this larval type in the fish (sea eels) popularly consumed by the Korean people. The possibility of human infection with H. aduncum in Korea is also suggested.

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Risk Factors of Anisakidosis at the Global Level: A Review
Yosuke Fujisawa, Diane P. Barton, Shokoofeh Shamsi
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Alterations in immunized antigens of Anisakis pegreffii by ampicillin-induced gut microbiome changes in mice
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Genetic analyses of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from the East Asian finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sunameri (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) in Korean waters
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Sunmin Kim, Bom Sok Lee, Seongjun Choe
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Sensitivity of candling as routine method for the detection and recovery of ascaridoids in commercial fish fillets
E. Mercken, I. Van Damme, B. Šoba, S. Vangeenberghe, A. Serradell, T. De Sterck, J. P. L. Lumain, S. Gabriël
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Tanawat Chaiphongpachara, Poom Adisakwattana, Nantana Suwandittakul, Daiji Endoh
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Hiromu Sugiyama, Mitsuko Shiroyama, Ikuyo Yamamoto, Takashi Ishikawa, Yasuyuki Morishima
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Anisakis pegreffii Extract Induces Airway Inflammation with Airway Remodeling in a Murine Model System
Jun Ho Choi, Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, Myungjun Kim, Tai-Soon Yong, Kalman Imre
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Vipavinee Cheypanya, Pheravut Wongsawad, Chalobol Wongsawad, Nattawadee Nantarat
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Presence of Anisakidae in commercial fish species imported into the Belgian food markets: A systematic review and meta-analyses
E. Mercken, I. Van Damme, A. Serradell, S. Gabriël
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2020; 318: 108456. CrossRef
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Eman Mostafa, Marwa Omar, Shimaa. S. Hassan, Mohamed Samir
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2020; 44(3): 536. CrossRef
Ascaridoids in commercial fish: Occurrence, intensity and localization in whole fish and fillets destined for the Belgian market
E. Mercken, I. Van Damme, S. Vangeenberghe, A. Serradell, T. De Sterck, J.P.L. Lumain, S. Gabriël
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2020; 327: 108657. CrossRef
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Stefano D’Amelio, Fabrizio Lombardo, Antonella Pizzarelli, Ilaria Bellini, Serena Cavallero
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Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef
Parasitic infections and medical expenses according to Health Insurance Review Assessment claims data in South Korea, 2011–2018
Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, Tai-Soon Yong, Guilherme L. Werneck
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Anisakid Larvae from Anchovies in the South Coast of Korea
Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Jeonggyu Lee, Laddawan Patarwut, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(6): 699. CrossRef

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Echinostoma ilocanum Infection in Two Residents of Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR: Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jaeeun Cho, Keeseon S. Eom, Tai-Soon Yong, Duk-Young Min, Eui-Hyug Hoang, Bounlay Phommasack, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Han-Jong Rim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(1):75-79.
Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.75

Abstract
PDF

Adult specimens of Echinostoma ilocanum (Garrison, 1908) Odhner, 1911 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) were recovered from 2 riparian people who resided along the Mekong River in Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR. In fecal examinations done by the Kato-Katz technique, they revealed echinostome eggs together with eggs of Opisthorchis viverrini (and minute intestinal fluke eggs) and hookworms. To recover the adult flukes, they were treated with praziquantel 30-40 mg/kg in a single dose and purged with magnesium salts. A total of 658 adult fluke specimens were recovered from the 2 people; 456 from case 1 and 202 from case 2. Specimens from case 1 consisted of 335 echinostomes (301 E. ilocanum and 34 species undetermined), 120 O. viverrini, and 1 Haplorchis taichui, and those from case 2 consisted of 36 E. ilocanum, 134 O. viverrini, and 32 H. taichui. Thus, the number of E. ilocanum specimens was 337 in total (average per person, 168.5). From this study, it is suggested that foodborne intestinal flukes and liver flukes are highly prevalent along the Mekong River in Savannakhet Province. The present report describes for the first time human infections with E. ilocanum in Lao PDR.

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Development and utilization of a visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LAMP-LFD) assay for rapid detection of Echinostomatidae metacercaria in edible snail samples
Wasin Panich, Phonkawin Jaruboonyakorn, Awika Raksaman, Thanawan Tejangkura, Thapana Chontananarth
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2024; 418: 110732. CrossRef
Neglected food-borne trematodiases: echinostomiasis and gastrodiscoidiasis
Rafael Toledo, María Álvarez-Izquierdo, J. Guillermo Esteban, Carla Muñoz-Antoli
Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1319. CrossRef
General overview of the current status of human foodborne trematodiasis
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1262. CrossRef
Foodborne intestinal flukes: A brief review of epidemiology and geographical distribution
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Acta Tropica.2020; 201: 105210. CrossRef
Echinostoma aegyptica (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) Infection in Five Riparian People in Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Hyejoo Shin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Keeseon S. Eom, Tai-Soon Yong, Duk-Young Min, Bounlay Phammasack, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Han-Jong Rim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(1): 67. CrossRef
Echinostoma mekongi n. sp. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from Riparian People along the Mekong River in Cambodia
Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Taehee Chang, Woon-Mok Sohn, Muth Sinuon, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 431. CrossRef
Echinochasmus caninus n. comb. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) Infection in Eleven Riparian People in Khammouane Province, Lao PDR
Jong-Yil Chai, Taehee Chang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyejoo Shin, Woon-Mok Sohn, Keeseon S. Eom, Tai-Soon Yong, Duk-Young Min, Bounlay Phammasack, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Han-Jong Rim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(4): 451. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Case of Ectopic Peritoneal Paragonimiasis Mimicking Diverticulitis or Abdominal Abscess: Min Jae Kim, Sung-Han Kim, Sang-Oh Lee, Sang-Ho Choi, Yang Soo Kim, Jun Hee Woo, Yong Sik Yoon, Kyung Won Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Jong-Yil Chai, Yong Pil Chong; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):313-317.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.313

Abstract
PDF

Paragonimiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Paragnonimus species. The primary site of infection is the lung, and extrapulmonary involvement is also reported. When infected with Paragonimus westermani, which is the dominant species in Korea, the central nervous system is frequently involved along with the liver, intestine, peritoneal cavity, retroperitoneum, and abdominal wall. Ectopic paragonimiasis raises diagnostic challenge since it is uncommon and may be confused with malignancy or other inflammatory diseases. Here, we report an ectopic paragonimiasis case initially presented with recurrent abdominal pain. The patient developed abdominal pain 3 times for the previous 3 years and the computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen revealed fluid collection with wall enhancement. Recurrent diverticulitis was initially suspected and part of the ascending colon was resected. However, the specimen showed intact colon wall without evidence of diverticulitis and multiple parasite eggs and granulomas were found instead. The size of about 70 μm, the presence of an operculum and relatively thick egg shell suggested eggs of Paragonimus species. With appropriate exposure history and a positive antibody test, the definitive diagnosis was made as peritoneal paragonimiasis.

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World Journal of Clinical Cases.2022; 10(16): 5359. CrossRef
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Parasitology.2022; 149(10): 1262. CrossRef
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Luxia Kong, Lijuan Hua, Qian Liu, Chen Bao, Jiannan Hu, Shuyun Xu
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Wei-qi Chen, Yan Deng, Ya-lan Zhang, Lin Ai, Jia-xu Chen, Xi-meng Lin, Xiao-bo Du, Peng Li, Rui-min Zhou, Cheng-yun Yang, Ying Liu, Hong-wei Zhang, Bian-li Xu, Yu-ling Zhao
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Yong Shik Kwon, Hye Won Lee, Hyun Jung Kim
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy.2019; 25(3): 200. CrossRef
A Paragonimiasis Mimicking Gastric Submucosal Tumor
Hyeri Seok, Tae Sung Sohn, Kyong Ran Peck
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Moon Young Oh, Ajung Chu, Jeong Hwan Park, Jong Yoon Lee, Eun Youn Roh, Young Jun Chai, Ki-Tae Hwang
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2019; 7(24): 4292. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Cat Sitters in Korea: Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Sang-Eun Lee, Min-Jae Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):203-206.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.203

Abstract
PDF

The seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis has been increasing in Korea, and it is controversial whether cats are an important infection source or not. This study was performed to evaluate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in a high risk group (cat sitters) and to determine the possible importance of cats as an infection source in Korea. Risk factors, including the age, sex, and diet of cat sitters, their contact experience and contact frequency with stray cats, and origin, number, and outdoor activity of their pet cats, were analyzed using structured questionnaires. A total of 673 serum samples from people who have frequent contact with cats (high risk group) and 1,114 samples from general people (low risk group) were examined for specific IgG antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA. The results revealed that the overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 7.4% (n=1,787). The seroprevalence among low risk group was 8.0% (89/1,114), whereas that among high risk group was rather lower 6.4% (43/673), though this difference was statistically not significant (P=0.211). Among the risk factors, only the outdoor activity of pet cats was important; people having cats with outdoor activities revealed 2 times higher seroprevalence than people having cats with only indoor activities (P=0.027). In conclusion, the seroprevalence of T. gondii was not significantly different between the high risk group and low risk group, and the importance of cats as a source of infection in Korea is questionable.

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Seung Hak Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Han Gil Seo, Jong-Yil Chai, Byung-Mo Oh
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(4): 461. CrossRef
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Prevalence of Intestinal Protozoans among Schoolchildren in Suburban Areas near Yangon, Myanmar: Min-Jae Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hyemi Song, Keon-Hoon Lee, Seon Cho, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):345-348.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.345

Abstract
PDF

Although intestinal protozoans are common etiologies of diarrhea, few studies have been conducted in Myanmar. This study planned to investigate the prevalence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, and Endolimax nana among schoolchildren and their guardians in suburban areas near Yangon, Myanmar. We performed a cross-sectional survey among schoolchildren and their guardians from 7 primary schools in South Dagon and Hlaing Thar Yar districts, Yangon, Myanmar. Stool samples were observed with a microscope after concentration technique and iodine staining. Total 821 stool samples, including 556 from schoolchildren and 265 from guardians, were examined. The median age was 6 years old for schoolchildren and 36 years old for guardians. A 53.1% of the school children and 14.6 % of the guardians were males. The overall prevalence of each intestinal protozoan species was as follows: 3.4% (28/821) for G. lamblia; 3.5% (29/821) for E. coli; 1.2% (10/821) for E. histoytica, and 3.0% for E. nana. This study showed that intestinal protozoans are common in primary schoolchildren and their guardians in suburban areas near Yangon, Myanmar. Health interventions, such as hand washing education, improvement of sanitation, and establishment of water purification systems are urgently needed in this area.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 523. CrossRef

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High Toxoplasma gondii Seropositivity among Brain Tumor Patients in Korea: Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Min-Jae Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):201-204.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.201

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan that can modulate the environment of the infected host. An unfavorable environment modulated by T. gondii in the brain includes tumor microenvironment. Literature has suggested that T. gondii infection is associated with development of brain tumors. However, in Korea, epidemiological data regarding this correlation have been scarce. In this study, in order to investigate the relationship between T. gondii infection and brain tumor development, we investigated the seroprevalence of T. gondii among 93 confirmed brain tumor patients (various histological types, including meningioma and astrocytoma) in Korea using ELISA. The results revealed that T. gondii seropositivity among brain tumor patients (18.3%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared with that of healthy controls (8.6%). The seropositivity of brain tumor patients showed a significant age-tendency, i.e., higher in younger age group, compared with age-matched healthy controls (P<0.05). In conclusion, this study supports the close relationship between T. gondii infection and incidence of brain tumors.

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ERIC FAURE
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Original Article

Exosomes Secreted by Toxoplasma gondii-Infected L6 Cells: Their Effects on Host Cell Proliferation and Cell Cycle Changes: Min Jae Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jaeeun Cho, Hyemi Song, Kyung-Ho Pyo, Ji Min Lee, Min-Kyung Kim, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):147-154.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.147

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii infection induces alteration of the host cell cycle and cell proliferation. These changes are not only seen in directly invaded host cells but also in neighboring cells. We tried to identify whether this alteration can be mediated by exosomes secreted by T. gondii-infected host cells. L6 cells, a rat myoblast cell line, and RH strain of T. gondii were selected for this study. L6 cells were infected with or without T. gondii to isolate exosomes. The cellular growth patterns were identified by cell counting with trypan blue under confocal microscopy, and cell cycle changes were investigated by flow cytometry. L6 cells infected with T. gondii showed decreased proliferation compared to uninfected L6 cells and revealed a tendency to stay at S or G2/M cell phase. The treatment of exosomes isolated from T. gondii-infected cells showed attenuation of cell proliferation and slight enhancement of S phase in L6 cells. The cell cycle alteration was not as obvious as reduction of the cell proliferation by the exosome treatment. These changes were transient and disappeared at 48 hr after the exosome treatment. Microarray analysis and web-based tools indicated that various exosomal miRNAs were crucial for the regulation of target genes related to cell proliferation. Collectively, our study demonstrated that the exosomes originating from T. gondii could change the host cell proliferation and alter the host cell cycle.

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Brief Communications

Molecular Description of Macroorchis spinulosus (Digenea: Nanophyetidae) Based on ITS1 Sequences: Eun Jeong Won, Deok-Gyu Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Min-Jae Kim, Yong Woon Yun, Jong-Yil Chai, Dong Wook Ryang; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):109-112.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.109

Abstract
PDF

We performed a molecular genetic study on the sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA (ITS1 region) gene in 4-day-old adult worms of Macroorchis spinulosus recovered in mice experimentally infected with metacercariae from crayfish in Jeollanam-do Province, Korea. The metacercariae were round, 180 μm in average diameter, encysted with 2 layers of thick walls, but the stylet on the oral sucker was not clearly seen. The adult flukes were oval shape, and 760-820 μm long and 320-450 μm wide, with anterolateral location of 2 large testes. The phylogenetic tree based on ITS1 sequences of 6 M. spinulosus samples showed their distinguished position from other trematode species in GenBank. The most closely resembled group was Paragonimus spp. which also take crayfish or crabs as the second intermediate host. The present study is the first molecular characterization of M. spinulosus and provided a basis for further phylogenetic studies to compare with other trematode fauna in Korea.

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Konstantin S. Vainutis, Anastasia N. Voronova, Georg G. Duscher, Egor M. Shchelkanov, Mikhail Yu. Shchelkanov
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Parasitology International.2017; 66(1): 982. CrossRef

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High Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis Infection among Schoolchildren in Three Townships around Yangon, Myanmar: Jong-Yil Chai, Seung Koo Yang, Jae Won Kim, Soo-Lyoen Choi, Gyu-Young Song, Bong-Kwang Jung, Min-Jae Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Seon Cho, Jong-Bok Park, Sooji Hong, Thi Thi Htoon, Htay Htay Tin; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):771-775.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.771

Abstract
PDF

In order to determine the status of Enterobius vermicularis infection among schoolchildren in suburban areas of Myanmar, 761 primary schoolchildren in 3 different townships around Yangon City were subjected to a survey using cello-tape anal swabs. The subjected schoolchildren were 383 boys and 378 girls who were 5-7 years of age. Only 1 anal swab was obtained from each child. The overall egg positive rate of E. vermicularis was 47.2% (359 positives), and sex difference was not remarkable (48.6% in boys and 45.8% in girls). However, the positive rate was the highest in South Dagon (54.6%) followed by Hlaing Thayar (43.8%) and North Dagon (34.8%). This difference was highly correlated with the living standards of the people in each township. Nucleotide sequence of the 5S rDNA from the eggs on the cello-tape (2 children) revealed 99.7% identity with that of E. vermicularis reported in GenBank. The results indicated that E. vermicularis infection is highly prevalent among primary schoolchildren around Yangon, Myanmar.

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Anisakis pegreffii Larvae in Sea Eels (Astroconger myriaster) from the South Sea, Republic of Korea: Jaeeun Cho, Hyemi Lim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):349-353.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.349

Abstract
PDF

Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.), Anisakis pegreffii, Anisakis berlandi (=A. simplex sp. C), and Anisakis typica are the 4 major species of Anisakis type I larvae. In the Republic of Korea (Korea), A. pegreffii, A. berlandi, and A. typica larvae in fish hosts has seldom been documented. In this study, molecular analysis was performed on Anisakis larvae from the sea eels (Astroconger myriaster), the major source of human anisakiasis in Korea, collected from Tongyeong City, a southern coastal area of Korea. All 20 sea eels examined were infected with Anisakis type I larvae (160 larvae; 8 per fish). Their species were analyzed using PCR-RFLP patterns and nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, 5.8 subunit gene, and ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 2 (cox2). Most (86.8%; 112/129) of the Anisakis type I larvae were A. pegreffii, and 7.8% (10/129) were A. typica. The remaining 5.4% (7/129) was not identified. Thus, A. pegreffii is the major species of anisakid larvae in sea eels of the southern coast of Korea.

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Original Article

Toxoplasma gondii B1 Gene Detection in Feces of Stray Cats around Seoul, Korea and Genotype Analysis of Two Laboratory-Passaged Isolates: Bong-Kwang Jung, Sang-Eun Lee, Hyemi Lim, Jaeeun Cho, Deok-Gyu Kim, Hyemi Song, Min-Jae Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(3):259-263.
Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.3.259

Abstract
PDF

The increasing prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the human population in the Republic of Korea (= Korea) is due to various reasons such as an increase in meat consumption. However, the importance of cats in transmitting T. gondii infection through oocysts to humans has seldom been assessed. A total of 300 fecal samples of stray cats captured around Seoul from June to August 2013 were examined for T. gondii B1 gene (indicating the presence of oocysts) using nested-PCR. Fourteen (4.7%) of 300 cats examined were positive for B1 gene. Female cats (7.5%) showed a higher prevalence than male cats (1.4%). Cats younger than 3 months (5.5%) showed a higher prevalence than cats (1.5%) older than 3 months. For laboratory passage of the positive samples, the fecal suspension (0.2 ml) of B1 gene positive cats was orally inoculated into experimental mice. Brain tissues of the mice were obtained after 40 days and examined for the presence of tissue cysts. Two isolates were successfully passaged (designated KNIH-1 and KNIH-2) and were molecularly analyzed using the SAG5D and SAG5E gene sequences. The SAG5D and SAG5E gene sequences showed high homologies with the ME49 strain (less virulent strain). The results indicated the importance of stray cats in transmitting T. gondii to humans in Korea, as revealed by detection of B1 gene in fecal samples. T. gondii isolates from cats were successfully passaged in the laboratory for the first time in Korea.

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Case Reports

Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense Infections in a Family: Young Bin Go, Eun Hye Lee, Jaeeun Cho, Seoyun Choi, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(1):109-112.
Published online February 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.1.109

Abstract
PDF

Diphyllobothrium latum and Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense are morphologically similar to each other, and only genetic method can differentiate clearly between the 2 species. A strobila of diphyllobothriid tapeworm discharged from a 7-year-old boy was analyzed to identify the species by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene sequencing. He and his family (total 4 persons) ate slices of 3 kinds of raw fish 16 days before visiting our outpatient clinic. All family members complained of abdominal pain and watery diarrhea. They all expelled tapeworm strobilae in their stools. They were treated with a single oral dose of praziquantel and then complained of no more symptoms. The cox1 gene sequencing of the strobila from the boy revealed 99.9% (687/688 bp) similarity with D. nihonkaiense and only 93.2% (641/688 bp) similarity with D. latum. Thus, we assigned this tapeworm as D. nihonkaiense. This is the first report of D. nihonkaiense infection in a family in Korea, and this report includes the 8th pediatric case in Korea. The current report is meaningful because D. nihonkaiense infection within a family is rare.

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Jusun Hwang, Kyunglee Lee, Young-Jun Kim, Jonathan M. Sleeman, Hang Lee
Journal of Wildlife Diseases.2017; 53(1): 5. CrossRef

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A Case of Fasciola hepatica Infection Mimicking Cholangiocarcinoma and ITS-1 Sequencing of the Worm: Bong Kyun Kang, Bong-Kwang Jung, Yoon Suk Lee, In Kyeom Hwang, Hyemi Lim, Jaeeun Cho, Jin-Hyeok Hwang, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):193-196.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.193

Abstract
PDF

Fascioliasis is a zoonotic infection caused by Fasciola hepatica or Fasciola gigantica. We report an 87-year-old Korean male patient with postprandial abdominal pain and discomfort due to F. hepatica infection who was diagnosed and managed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with extraction of 2 worms. At his first visit to the hospital, a gallbladder stone was suspected. CT and magnetic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) showed an intraductal mass in the common bile duct (CBD) without proximal duct dilatation. Based on radiological findings, the presumed diagnosis was intraductal cholangiocarcinoma. However, in ERCP which was performed for biliary decompression and tissue diagnosis, movable materials were detected in the CBD. Using a basket, 2 living leaf-like parasites were removed. The worms were morphologically compatible with F. hepatica. To rule out the possibility of the worms to be another morphologically close species, in particular F. gigantica, 1 specimen was processed for genetic analysis of its ITS-1 region. The results showed that the present worms were genetically identical (100%) with F. hepatica but different from F. gigantica.

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Nuno Vale, Maria João Gouveia, Fátima Gärtner, Paul J Brindley
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Four Cases of Taenia saginata Infection with an Analysis of COX1 Gene: Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Lim, Min-Jae Kim, Thanapon Yooyen, Dongmin Lee, Keeseon S. Eom, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(1):79-83.
Published online February 19, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.1.79

Abstract
PDF

Human taeniases had been not uncommon in the Republic of Korea (=Korea) until the 1980s. The prevalence decreased and a national survey in 2004 revealed no Taenia egg positive cases. However, a subsequent national survey in 2012 showed 0.04% (10 cases) prevalence of Taenia spp. eggs suggesting its resurgence in Korea. We recently encountered 4 cases of Taenia saginata infection who had symptoms of taeniasis that included discharge of proglottids. We obtained several proglottids from each case. Because the morphological features of T. saginata are almost indistinguishable from those of Taenia asiatica, molecular analyses using the PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) were performed to identify the species. The PCR-RFLP patterns of all of the 4 specimens were consistent with T. saginata, and the cox1 gene sequence showed 99.8-100% identity with that of T. saginata reported previously from Korea, Japan, China, and Cambodia. All of the 4 patients had the history of travel abroad but its relation with contracting taeniasis was unclear. Our findings may suggest resurgence of T. saginata infection among people in Korea.

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