Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Brief Communications

Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics: Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(4):349-353.
Published online November 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25032

The leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) is a wild felid species that serves as a reservoir of zoonotic parasites. In this study, we investigated intestinal parasite taxa by reanalyzing previously published shotgun metagenomic sequencing data from fecal samples of wild leopard cats using a custom 18S rRNA gene reference database constructed from the NCBI nucleotide database. Among 11 metagenomic samples, 5 parasite species were identified: Toxoplasma gondii, Clonorchis sinensis, Strongyloides planiceps, Cylicospirura petrowi, and Pharyngostomum cordatum. These findings demonstrate that shotgun metagenomic analysis of fecal samples can be a useful tool for monitoring zoonotic parasite infections in this species and for investigating parasite life cycles. However, this approach is limited by its dependence on existing reference databases and requires experimental validation of the findings.

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Identification and confirmation of SUMOylation-modified proteins in Giardia trophozoites: Hye Rim Yeo, Mee Young Shin, Juri Kim, Soon-Jung Park; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):264-271.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25023

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Posttranslational modification by the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is one of the crucial cellular processes in Giardia lamblia, a protozoan pathogen. In this study, 5 candidate SUMO substrate proteins of G. lamblia trophozoites were chosen based on their enrichment through affinity chromatography using a SUMO-interaction motif: never in mitosis A-related kinase (NEK), aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidase (AHD), protein disulfide isomerase 2 (PDI2), alcohol dehydrogenase 3, and ornithine carbamoyltransferase. Transgenic Giardia trophozoites expressing 1 of the 5 candidate SUMO substrate proteins were constructed, and their expression was confirmed by western blot using hemagglutinin-tag. Arginine deiminase (ADI) protein was expressed in Giardia trophozoites as a positive control. Cell extracts were processed for affinity chromatography using SUMO-interaction motif resin. As expected, the SUMOylated form of ADI was detected in the affinity chromatography extracts of ADI-expressing cells. Among the 5 candidate proteins, SUMOylated forms of NEK, AHD, and PDI2 were identified in the affinity chromatography extracts. These results suggest that NEK, AHD, and PDI2 activity is modulated via SUMOylation in Giardia trophozoites.

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Distribution and genotypic analysis of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from cats in Korea: Heon-Moo Park, Haeseung Lee, So-Young Sung, Kaifa Nazim, Bo-Yoon Jang, Ki-Chang Sung, Seung-Hun Lee, Min-Goo Seo, Man Hee Rhee, Dongmi Kwak; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):188-194.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25019

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Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an opportunistic microsporidian parasite with zoonotic potential that causes gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate the presence and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi from cats in Korea and to assess the potential public health risks associated with zoonotic genotypes. Among the 137 feline fecal samples, 4 (2.9%) were PCR-positive for E. bieneusi. In addition, 2 E. bieneusi genotypes were identified: Type IV, a known zoonotic genotype belonging to Group 1, and KCAT1, a novel genotype with zoonotic potential belonging to Group 1. This study is the first to report on these genotypes from cats in Korea, most of which were companion cats visiting veterinary clinics. Despite the low detection rate, the presence of zoonotic genotypes in companion cats is a potential public health concern because of the close physical interaction between cats and their human caregivers. These findings indicate the importance of routine monitoring and the molecular characterization of E. bieneusi in companion animals to comprehensively understand their zoonotic transmission patterns and to guide future risk assessments and preventive strategies.

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Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Environmental Sources near Cattle Farms in Korea
Haeseung Lee, Myungji Jo, Hyeyeon Kim, Kaifa Nazim, Seung-Hun Lee, Min-Goo Seo, Sang-Joon Park, Man Hee Rhee, Dongmi Kwak
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(15): 7270. CrossRef
Distribution and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raccoon dogs in Korea
Heon-Moo Park, Haeseung Lee, Su-Jin Chae, Kidong Son, Sanghyun Lee, Kaifa Nazim, Seung-Hun Lee, Yoonhoi Koo, Jinsu Kang, Min-Goo Seo, Sang Joon Park, Man Hee Rhee, Dongmi Kwak
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 258. CrossRef

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Prevalence of parasitic infections in stray cats from Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea: Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Seungwan Ryoo, Chung-Won Lee, Jae-Young Park, Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):182-187.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24061

Stray cats serve as reservoir hosts for various zoonotic parasites, posing a significant risk of transmission to humans. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of parasitic infections in stray cats from Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. A total of 101 fecal and 237 blood (serum) samples were collected from 237 stray cats captured through the trapneuter-return program in 2021. The samples were analyzed using microscopy, nested-PCR, and ELISA to detect parasitic infections. Fecal examination revealed that Toxocara cati eggs were present in 26.7% (27/101) of samples, while eggs of Spirometra sp. (2%), Clonorchis sinensis (1%), and Trichuris sp. (1%) were also detected. PCR analysis identified Toxoplasma gondii DNA in 17 (16.8%) fecal samples, while genetic markers of Cryptosporidium felis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were each detected in 4 (4%) samples. Positive rates of IgM and IgG were 21.9% (52/237) and 21.1% (50/237) in serological tests for T. gondii-specific antibodies. This study confirms the widespread presence of zoonotic parasites in stray cats from Gimpo-si, highlighting the potential public health risks associated with these infections. Continuous surveillance and control measures are essential from a One Health perspective to reduce the risk of zoonotic transmission.

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Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in wild oysters and seawater on the southeast coast of South Korea
Hyejoo Shin, Sooji Hong, Seungwan Ryoo, Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Food Microbiology.2026; 134: 104925. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Impact of self-efficacy–based health education programs on behavior modification for Opisthorchis viverrini and cholangiocarcinoma prevention in Thailand: A systematic review and meta-analysis: Worathon Busabong, Somkiattiyos Woradet, Nopparat Songserm; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):1-11.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24074

Abstract
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Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) infection, which can progress to cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), poses a critical public health challenge. While numerous studies have investigated behavior modification programs aimed at preventing OV and CCA, the effectiveness of these interventions remains inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to synthesize evidence on the efficacy of behavior modification programs, particularly those based on self-efficacy, in preventing OV and CCA. We reviewed experimental and quasi-experimental studies, comprising 2-group comparisons or 1-group pretest-posttest designs, that evaluated health education interventions focused on behavior modification for OV and CCA prevention. Relevant literatures was systematically retrieved from the PubMed, Google Scholar, ThaiJo, and ThaiLis databases. Of 702 identified studies, 13 met the systematic review and meta-analysis inclusion criteria. The analysis assessed the quality of the studies, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias. Standardized mean differences were calculated to determine the impact of self-efficacy– based programs on knowledge, self-efficacy, and behavior modification. The results indicated significant post-intervention improvements in all outcomes (P<0.001) despite high heterogeneity in knowledge (I²=76%), self-efficacy (I²=77%), and behavior modification (I²=93%). The experimental group demonstrated significantly more significant improvements in knowledge (mean difference=1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.36–1.68), self-efficacy (mean difference=1.08, 95% CI=0.90–1.26), and behavior modification (mean difference=1.78, 95% CI=1.63–1.92) compared to the comparison group, with I² values of 74%, 84%, and 92%, respectively. In conclusion, health education programs grounded in self-efficacy principles effectively enhance knowledge, selfefficacy, and behavior modification to prevent OV and CCA. These findings suggest that self-efficacy–based behavior modification programs may also apply to the prevention of other diseases.

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Re: Impact of self-efficacy–based health education programs on behavior modification for Opisthorchis viverrini and cholangiocarcinoma prevention in Thailand: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Nathkapach Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon, Chutharat Thanchonnang, Schawanya Kaewpitoon Rattanapitoon
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 378. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Identification of the protease inhibitory domain of Trichinella spiralis novel cystatin (TsCstN): Thassanee Yuthithum, Orawan Phuphisut, Onrapak Reamtong, Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat, Salisa Chaimon, Porntida Kobpornchai, Charin Thawornkuno, Preeyarat Malaithong, Orathai Sawatdichaikul, Poom Adisakwattana; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):330-341.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24026

The Trichinella spiralis novel cystatin (TsCstN) inhibits cathepsin L (CatL) activity and inflammation of macrophages during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction. To identify the protease inhibitory region, this study applied an in silico modeling approach to simulate truncation sites of TsCstN (Ts01), which created four truncated forms, including TsCstN^∆1-39 (Ts02), TsCstN^∆1-71 (Ts03), TsCstN^{∆1-20, ∆73-117} (Ts04), and TsCstN^{∆1-20, ∆42-117} (Ts05). The superimposition of these truncates modeled with AlphaFold Colab indicated that their structures were more akin to Ts01 than those modeled with I-TASSER. Moreover, Ts04 exhibited the closest resemblance to the structure of Ts01. The recombinant Ts01 (rTs01) and truncated proteins (rTs02, rTs03, and rTs04) were successfully expressed in a prokaryotic expression system while Ts05 was synthesized, with sizes of approximately 14, 12, 8, 10, and 2.5 kDa, respectively. When determining the inhibition of CatL activity, both rTs01 and rTs04 effectively reduced CatL activity in vitro. Thus, the combination of the α1 and L1 regions may be sufficient to inhibit CatL. This study provides comprehensive insights into TsCstN, particularly regarding its protein function and inhibitory domains against CatL.

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Systems biology of Haemonchus contortus – Advancing biotechnology for parasitic nematode control
Yuanting Zheng, Neil D. Young, Tao Wang, Bill C.H. Chang, Jiangning Song, Robin B. Gasser
Biotechnology Advances.2025; 81: 108567. CrossRef
Therapeutic potentials of Trichinella spiralis in immune disorders: From allergy to autoimmunity
Minkyoung Cho, Hak Sun Yu
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(2): 123. CrossRef

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Presence and diversity of free-living amoebae and their potential application as water quality indicators: Areum Choi, Ji Won Seong, Jeong Hyun Kim, Jun Young Lee, Hyun Jae Cho, Shin Ae Kang, Mi Kyung Park, Mi Jin Jeong, Seo Yeong Choi, Yu Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):180-192.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24020

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are found in diverse environments, such as soils, rivers, and seas. Hence, they can be used as bioindicators to assess the water quality based solely on their presence. In this study, we determined the presence of FLA in river water by filtering water samples collected from various sites and culturing the resulting filtrates. FLA were detected in all the water samples with varying quality grades (Grades Ι-V). The significant increase in the size of the amoebae population with the deterioration in the water quality. Monoxenic cultures of the amoebae were performed, and genomic DNAs were isolated, among which 18S rDNAs were sequenced to identify the amoeba species. Of the 12 species identified, 10 belonged to the Acanthamoeba genus; of the remaining 2 species, one was identified as Vannella croatica and the other as a species of Vermamoeba. Acanthamoeba was detected in samples with Grades Ι to VI quality, whereas the Vermamoeba species was present only in Grade Ι water. V. croatica was found exclusively in water with Grade ΙΙ quality. Following morphological observations, genomic DNA was sequenced using 16S rDNA to determine whether the species of Acanthamoeba harbored endosymbionts. Most of the isolated Acanthamoeba contained endosymbionts, among which 4 species of endogenous bacteria were identified and examined using transmission electron microscopy. This study provides evidence that the distribution of amoebae other than Acanthamoeba may be associated with water quality. However, further confirmation will be required based on accurate water quality ratings and assessments using a more diverse range of FLA.

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Isolation of Acanthamoeba Species and Bacterial Symbiont Variability in Puna Salt Plains, Argentina
Ronnie Mooney, Kiri Rodgers, Sandro Carnicelli, Matías E. Carnevale, Maria Eugenia Farias, Fiona L. Henriquez
Environmental Microbiology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identifying Promising Novel Compounds Against Free-Living Amoebae: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque, Thaisla Cristiane Borella da Silva, Luiza Bernardes Chagas, Letícia F. G. Kinape, Paula Eliete Rodrigues Bitencourt, Custódio José Gaspar, Alexandre Coelho Borges Cheinquer, Marilise Brittes Rott, Régis Adriel Zanette, Jo
Parasitologia.2025; 5(4): 56. CrossRef
The Microbial Trojan Horse and Antimicrobial Resistance: Acanthamoeba as an Environmental Reservoir for Multidrug Resistant Bacteria
Ronnie Mooney, Erin Corbett, Elisa Giammarini, Kiri Rodgers, Carla Donet, Ernest Mui, Arhama T. A. Ansari, Ayush Ransingh, Pradnya S. Vernekar, Harleen K. Walia, Jyoti Sharma, John Connolly, Andrew Hursthouse, Suparna Mukherji, Soumyo Mukherji, Fiona L. H
Environmental Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Le monde fascinant des amibes libres, des protistes aux multiples facettes
Aurélie Delumeau, Nina Allouch, Isaure Quétel, Virginie Nerrière, Isabel Marcelino
médecine/sciences.2025; 41(10): 743. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Molecular detection of Borrelia theileri in cattle in Korea: Hyeon-Ji Hyung, Yun-Sil Choi, Jinho Park, Kwang-Jun Lee, Jun-Gu Kang; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):151-156.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23105

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Bovine borreliosis, caused by Borrelia theileri which is transmitted via hard tick bites, is associated with mild clinical symptoms, such as fever, lethargy, hemoglobinuria, anorexia, and anemia. Borrelia theileri infects various animals, such as cattle, deer, horses, goats, sheep, and wild ruminants, in Africa, Australia, and South America. Notably, no case of B. theileri infection has been reported in Korean cattle to date. In this study, 101 blood samples were collected from a Korean indigenous cattle breed, among which 1.98% tested positive for B. theileri via nested PCR. The obtained sequences exhibited high homology with B. theileri strains identified in other regions. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA confirmed the B. theileri group affiliation; however, flagellin B sequences exhibited divergence, potentially due to regional evolutionary differences. This study provides the first molecular confirmation of B. theileri infection in Korean livestock. Further isolation and nucleotide sequence analyses are necessary to better understand the presence of B. theileri strains in cows in Korea.

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Nationwide Geographical and Temporal Distribution of Tick-Borne Diseases in Korean Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus)
Beoul Kim, Su-Jin Chae, You-Jeong Lee, Haksub Shin, Sunmin Kwak, Hyesung Jeong, Suwoong Lee, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Animals.2025; 15(10): 1499. CrossRef
Circulation of tick-borne pathogens in wildlife of the Republic of Korea
Hye-ryung Byun, Seong-Ryeong Ji, Jun-Gu Kang, Chang-Yong Choi, Ki-Jeong Na, Jong-Taek Kim, Joon-Seok Chae
One Health.2024; 19: 100913. CrossRef

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Original Article

Latitude and seasons influence the prevalence of Theileria orientalis and affect the hematology of non-grazed dairy cows in Korea: Hector Espiritu, Hee-Woon Lee, Md Shohel Al Faruk, Su-Jeong Jin, Sang-Suk Lee, Yong-Il Cho; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):64-74.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23087

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This pilot study aimed to investigate the effects of regional and seasonal variations on the prevalence of Theileria orientalis and the hematological profile of non-grazed dairy cows in Korea. A total of 365 clinically healthy lactating Holstein Friesian cows from 26 dairy farms in 7 provinces that were categorized into northern, central, and southern regions were sampled during the warm period from July to August and the cold period from October to December. The detection of T. orientalis major piroplasm surface protein gene and the hematology non-grazed dairy cows were analyzed using peripheral blood samples. The T. orientalis prevalence was 20.0% (73/365). The prevalence in the southern region was 35.9%, which was significantly higher than that in the central (21.6%) and northern (12.9%) regions (P < 0.05). The prevalence during warm period was higher (43.0%) than that during the cold season (13.5%). The infected cows showed significantly lower erythrocyte counts in the southern region (5.8 ± 0.6 M/µl) and during the warm period (5.8 ± 0.7 M/µl) compared with those in the central and northern regions and during the cold season, which affected the extended RBC parameters, including hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations. Our findings revealed the prevalence of T. orientalis in Korea, highlighting its high occurrence during warm periods and in certain geographical regions. Climatic factors could contribute to the health and productivity of cattle, as evidenced by the prevalence of T. orientalis and its negative impact on animals.

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Characterization and identification of novel polymorphisms in the OR51H1 gene associated with resistance/tolerance to natural Theileria infection in Vechur (Bos indicus) and crossbred (B. taurus × B. indicus) cattle in a Theileria-endemic region
K. Kalaiyarasi, Muhammed Elayadeth-Meethal
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2025; 60: 101242. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of tick genera Haemaphysalis, Ixodes, and Amblyomma in Korea
Subin Lee, Badriah Alkathiri, Kyu-Sung Ahn, Jiwon Kim, So Youn Youn, Mi-Sun Yoo, Hyang-Sim Lee, Jae-Myung Kim, Dongmi Kwak, Sung Shik Shin, Seung-Hun Lee
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(3): 272. CrossRef

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Case Report

Pathological fracture induced by Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda: Rhabditida) in a horse limb: Ticiana Meireles Sousa, Hugo Shisei Toma, Antonio de Pádua Lima, Antonio Carlos Cunha Lacreta Junior, Maira Meira Nunes, Ana Paula Cassiano da Silva, Daniel Wouters, Adriana Silva Albuquerque, Mary Suzan Varaschin, Djeison Lutier Raymundo, Claudia Dias Monteiro Toma, Fernando Arévalo Batista; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):131-138.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23066

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Halicephalobus gingivalis is a free-living nematode that occasionally causes infections in horses. We report a rare case of limb fracture of horse caused by infection with H. gingivalis. An 8-year-old mare was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Lavras with claudication grade 5 of the right hind limb, that had been started 3 months ago. The patient had aseptic arthritis in the tarsal joint and edema that extended to the quartile. The radiographic examination showed punctate osteolysis with exacerbation of bone trabeculation along the calcaneus, talus, proximal epiphysis of the third metatarsal and distal epiphysis of the tibia. Treatment for arthritis was initiated, and the animal showed a slight improvement in limb function. However, 21 days after hospitalization, due to a comminuted fracture of the tibia, it was euthanized. At necropsy, yellowish masses were found from the metatarsal to the tibia, and around the tarsal bones and joint. Similar masses were also found in the left kidney. Numerous nematodes compatible with H. gingivalis were identified. This is the first description of a pathological fracture caused by H. gingivalis infection in an equine limb.

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Halicephalobus gingivalis infection in equids
Simone Peletto
UK-Vet Equine.2024; 8(6): 286. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Molecular epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle in Korea: Kyoo-Tae Kim, Min-Goo Seo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(2):210-215.
Published online May 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23016

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Toxoplasmosis is a major public health concern, with raw or undercooked meat being the primary source of human infection. Knowledge regarding the molecular epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle destined for human consumption in Korea is lacking. The present study aimed to genetically characterize the infectious strains of T. gondii. Overall, 455 cattle blood samples from 84 farms in the Gyeongnam-do (Province) were randomly collected in 2017. Nested PCR analysis revealed that only 3 (0.7%) samples were infected with T. gondii. The B1 gene sequence of T. gondii was observed to be similar (97.3–99.6%) to that of other T. gondii isolates. This is the first study to perform the molecular detection of T. gondii in cattle in Korea. Although the prevalence of infection was low, our findings suggest that cattle present a potential public health issue. It may be crucial to recognize the importance of T. gondii infection in cattle meat.

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Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in ticks and their respective host dogs
Min-Goo Seo, Dongmi Kwak
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(1): 66. CrossRef
Prevalence and molecular characterization of intestinal parasites in shelter dogs from South Korea
You-Jeong Lee, Beoul Kim, Gyeonghyeon Lee, Yong-Myung Kang, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Research in Veterinary Science.2025; 188: 105620. CrossRef
Antileishmanial and Antitoxoplasmal Activities of 1,4-Dihydropyridines
Thaís A. S. Oliveira, Yan R. Robles, Ibrahim S. Al Nasr, Waleed S. Koko, Tariq A. Khan, Ismail Daoud, Seyfeddine Rahali, Noureddine Amdouni, Ridha B. Said, Antônio E. M. Crotti
ACS Omega.2025; 10(28): 31066. CrossRef
Tick-borne pathogens in Mongolian ticks: The high prevalence of Rickettsia raoultii and its public health implications
You-Jeong Lee, Beoul Kim, Dongmi Kwak, Ochirkhuu Nyamsuren, Nyamdavaa Guugandaa, Min-Goo Seo
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107412. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Molecular epidemiological survey of pathogenic trypanosomes in naturally infected cattle in northern Côte d’ivoire: Jean-Yves Ekra, Edouard K. N’Goran, Leonard E.G. Mboera, Biégo Guillaume Gragnon, Koco Rita Nadège Assovié, Eliakunda Michael Mafie; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(2):127-137.
Published online May 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22170

Bovine trypanosomiasis is a significant health concern for livestock intensification in Côte d’Ivoire. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of pathogenic trypanosomes and identify the most infected cattle breed in northern Côte d'Ivoire. We examined 700 cattle and found that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was more sensitive (12.3%) than microscopic observation (5.6%). Among the trypanosome species detected in naturally infected cattle, Trypanosoma vivax was 7.3%, Trypanosoma simiae tsavo was 6.7%, and Trypanosoma congolense was 0.4%. The overall prevalence of trypanosome infection in all cattle breeds was 12.3%, while the prevalence in individual breeds was 14.8%, 7.3%, 10.6%, and 12.3% for N’Dama, Baoule, Zebu, and Mere breed, respectively. The infected animals had low packed cell volume, influencing the prevalence. Our findings indicate that bovine trypanosomes are prevalent in Côte d’Ivoire, and their prevalence varies by region and breed. These pathogens include T. vivax, T. simiae tsavo, and T. congolense.

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Prediction of the molecular action of Trypanosoma vivax on bovine reproductive parameters and risk factors associated with trypanosomiasis in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil
Amanda Cristielly Nunes De Lima, Joely Ferreira Figueiredo Bittar, Otaviano de Souza Pires Neto, Eliane Macedo Sobrinho Santos, Priscilla Elias Ferreira da Silva, Hércules Otacílio Santos, Cintya Neves de Souza, Franciane Gabrielle dos Santos, Anna Christ
Veterinary World.2025; : 837. CrossRef
Genetic Diversity of Trypanosomes Infesting Cattle from Savannah District in North of Côte d’Ivoire Using Conserved Genomic Signatures: rRNA, ITS1 and gGAPDH
Jean-Yves Ekra, Eliakunda Michael Mafie, Edouard K. N’Goran, Dramane Kaba, Biégo Guillaume Gragnon, Jagan Srinivasan
Pathogens.2024; 13(3): 262. CrossRef
Trypanocide Use and Molecular Characterization of Trypanosomes Resistant to Diminazene Aceturate in Cattle in Northern Côte D’Ivoire
Jean-Yves Ekra, Eliakunda Michael Mafie, Henri Sonan, Michael Kanh, Biégo Guillaume Gragnon, Edouard K. N’Goran, Jagan Srinivasan
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2024; 9(9): 192. CrossRef

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Morphological Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Laelapin Mite Species (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) from China: Huijuan Yang, Zhihua Yang, Wenge Dong; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(4):273-279.
Published online August 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.273

Laelapinae mites are involved in transmission of microbial diseases between wildlife and humans, with an impact on public health. In this study, 5 mite members in the subfamily Laelapinae (laelapin mites; LM) were morphologically identified by light microscopy, and the phylogenetic relationship of LM was analyzed in combination with the sequence information of part of the LM cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene. The morphological identification revealed that 5 mites belonged to the genera Laelaps and Haemolaelaps, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that the ratio of non-synonymous mutation rate to synonymous mutation rate of LM was less than 1, indicating that the LM cox1 gene had undergone purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Laelapinae is a monophyletic group. The genera Haemolaelaps and Hyperlaelaps did not separated into distinct clades but clustered together with species of the genus Laelaps. Our morphological and molecular analyses to describe the phylogenetic relationships among different genera and species of Laelapinae provide a reference for the improvement and revision of the LM taxonomy system.

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First Record of Phoretic Mite from Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugiuneus (Olivier,1790) from Basrah, Southern Iraq
Shurooq Abdullah Najim, Hussain Ali Jabbar, Basil Yousuf Mahdi
Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences.2024; 37(1): 94. CrossRef
The first complete mitochondrial genome of the genus Laelaps with novel gene arrangement reveals extensive rearrangement and phylogenetics in the superfamily Dermanyssoidea
Bili Yuan, Gangxian He, Wenge Dong
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2024; 93(3): 515. CrossRef
Comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genome of Dermacentor steini from different regions in China
Huijuan Yang, Ting Chen, Wenge Dong
Parasitology.2023; 150(2): 195. CrossRef
Complete mitochondrial genome of Penicillidia jenynsii (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea: Nycteribiidae) and phylogenetic relationship
Jinting Yang, Xiaobin Huang, Yujuan Wang, Huijuan Yang, Xianzheng Zhang, Xiaoyan Zheng
Parasitology.2023; 150(7): 623. CrossRef
The first complete mitochondrial genome of the genus Echinolaelaps reveals mitochondrial genome rearrangement type and evolution of Gamasida
Bili Yuan, Gangxian He, Wenge Dong
Parasitology.2023; 150(7): 644. CrossRef
The complete mitochondrial genome of Eulaelaps huzhuensis (Mesostigmata: Haemogamasidae)
Hui-Juan Yang, Zhi-Hua Yang, Tian-Guang Ren, Wen-Ge Dong
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2023; 90(3-4): 301. CrossRef
Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Laelapidae Mites (Acari: Mesostigmata)
Evelina Kaminskienė, Jana Radzijevskaja, Loreta Griciuvienė, Michal Stanko, Justina Snegiriovaitė, Dalytė Mardosaitė-Busaitienė, Algimantas Paulauskas
Animals.2023; 13(13): 2185. CrossRef

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Development of Toxoplasma gondii Chinese I genotype Wh6 Strain in Cat Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Guihua Zhao, Lixin Zhang, Lisha Dai, Haozhi Xu, Chao Xu, Ting Xiao, Jun Li, Hui Sun, Beibei Zhou, Kun Yin; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(4):241-246.
Published online August 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.241

Felids are the unique definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii. The intestine of felid is the only site for initiating Toxoplasma gondii sexual reproduction. T. gondii excretes millions of infectious oocysts from the intestine, which are the primary source of infection. There are many difficulties in developing vaccines and drugs to control oocyst excretion due to the lack of an appropriate experimental model. Here, we established an in vitro feline intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) infection system and an efficient animal model of T. gondii Chinese 1 genotype, Wh6 strain (TgCtwh6). The Kunming mice brain tissues containing TgCtwh6 cysts were harvested 42-day post-infection. The bradyzoites were co-cultured with cat IECs in vitro at a ratio of 1:10. Five 3-month-old domestic cats were orally inoculated with 600 cysts each. The oocysts were detected by daily observation of cat feces by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction. We found that the parasite adhered and invaded cat IECs in vitro, transformed into tachyzoites, and then divided to form rose-like structures. These parasites eventually destroyed host cells, escaped, and finished the asexual reproduction process. Schizonts associated with sexual reproduction have not been observed during development in vitro cultured cells. However, schizonts were detected in all infected cat intestinal epithelial cells, and oocysts were presented in all cat feces. Our study provides a feasible cell model and an efficient infection system for the following studies of T. gondii sexual reproduction, and also lays a foundation to develop drugs and vaccines for blocking excretion and transmission of oocysts.

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Detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples in Gaza, Palestine: A combined parasitological and molecular approach
Zuhair Dardona, Adnan Al Hindi, Mohamed Hafidi, Ali Boumezzough, Fadel Sharif, Samia Boussaa
One Health Bulletin.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The development and excretion of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst manipulate the gut microbiota in its definitive host
Gui-Hua Zhao, Bei-Bei Zhou, Zhi-Heng Cao, Ting Xiao, Ya-Nan Li, Wen-Ju Zhu, Hang Sun, Huan-Huan Xie, Xiao-Man Xie, Jun-Mei Zhang, Qi Wang, Xin Zhang, Jin-Jing Xie, Hong-Jie Dong, Chao Xu, Kun Yin
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii alters gut microbiota and systemic metabolism in cats: A multi-omics approach
Ji-Xin Zhao, Xue-Yao Wang, Xuancheng Zhang, Lu-Yao Tang, Shi-Chen Xie, Yi-Han Lv, Zhi Zheng, Ying-Qian Gao, Jing Jiang, Xiao-Xuan Zhang, He Ma
The Veterinary Journal.2025; 314: 106455. CrossRef
Proteomics analysis of Toxoplasma gondii merozoites reveals regulatory proteins involved in sexual reproduction
Guihua Zhao, Hongjie Dong, Lisha Dai, Huanhuan Xie, Hang Sun, Junmei Zhang, Qi Wang, Chao Xu, Kun Yin
Microbial Pathogenesis.2024; 186: 106484. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

A Fluorescent Recombinase Aided Amplification Assay for Detection of Babesia microti: Hong Lin, Song Zhao, Yuying Ye, Lei Shao, Nizhen Jiang, Kun Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(3):201-205.
Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.3.201

Babesia microti is one of the most common causative agents of babesiosis. A sensitive and rapid detection is necessary for screening potentially infected individuals. In this study, B. microti cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) was selected as the target gene, multiple primers were designed, and optimized by a recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) assay. The optimal primers and probe were labeled with fluorescein. The sensitivity of fluorescent RAA (fRAA) was evaluated using gradient diluents of the cox1 recombinant plasmid and genomic DNA extracted from whole blood of B. microti infected mice. The specificity of fRAA was assessed by other transfusion transmitted parasites. The analytical sensitivity of the fRAA assay was 10 copies of recombinant plasmid per reaction and 10 fg/µl B. microti genomic DNA. No cross-reaction with any other blood-transmitted parasites was observed. Our results demonstrated that the fRAA assay would be rapid, sensitive, and specific for the detection of B. microti.

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Research progress on diagnostic techniques for different Babesia species in persistent infections
Zelin Jia, Yuliang Zhang, Donghui Zhao, Haifeng Wang, Ming Yu, Zhilin Liu, Xin Zhang, Jiayu Cui, Xueli Wang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Qingshang Bi, Mengru Liu, Li Yan, Jun Cheng, Qingyang Sun, Yuzhu Dai, Lingli Zou
Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Yuchen Dong, Dandan Zhou, Binzhe Zhang, Xiaoying Xu, Jian Zhang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of food matrix on rapid detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquatic products based on toxR gene
Darong Li, Jiayi Zhao, Weiqing Lan, Yong Zhao, Xiaohong Sun
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Awareness and Opinions of Inhabitants on Vivax Malaria in Two Endemic Areas, Gyeonggi-do, Korea: Young Yil Bahk, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung Jong Hong, Sung-Keun Lee, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):513-518.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.513

Abstract
PDF

The incidence of vivax malaria in Korea was reduced to a low plateau. For successful elimination of vivax malaria, socio-behavioral changes in the communities are essential. This study aimed to figure out awareness of the inhabitants on the vivax malaria endemicity. The 407 participants including vivax malaria patients and uninfected inhabitants in Gimpo- and Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do, known as high-risk areas in Korea. We used a community-based study design and non-probability sampling method using primary data. Except for the perception about the public health facilities’ capability to cope with anti-malaria programs, the 2 groups of participants shared the same level of awareness about public promotional and educational measures and opinions for malaria elimination from the community. Thus, our future goals for malaria prevention and elimination are to develop more active and well-organized community-based education and evaluation programs collaborating with the community healthcare authorities and local governments.

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Original Articles

Genotypes of Echinococcus Species from Cattle in Tanzania: Mohammed Mebarek Bia, Seongjun Choe, Barakaeli Abdieli Ndosi, Hansol Park, Yeseul Kang, Chatanun Eamudomkarn, Tilak Chandra Nath, Sunmin Kim, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Dongmin Lee, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):457-464.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.457

Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus species. Tanzania is one of the endemic countries with cystic echinococcosis. This study focussed on identifying genotypes of Echinococcus spp. in Tanzania. We collected 7 cysts from cattle in Mwanza municipal (n=4) and Loliondo district (n=3). The cysts from Mwanza were all E. ortleppi and fertile. In contrast, the cysts from Loliondo were all E. granulosus sensu stricto and sterile. Two from the 4 cysts were a new haplotype of E. ortleppi (G5). These results can improve the preventive and control programs for humans and livestock in Tanzania. To our knowledge, this study is considered the first to identify the genotype and haplotype of Echinococcus spp. in Tanzania.

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Occurrence of Echinococcus felidis in Apex Predators and Warthogs in Tanzania: First Molecular Evidence of Leopards as a New, Definitive Host and Implications for Ecosystem Health
Barakaeli Abdieli Ndossi, Eblate Ernest Mjingo, Mary Wokusima Zebedayo, Seongjun Choe, Hansol Park, Lee Dongmin, Keeseon S. Eom, Mohammed Mebarek Bia
Pathogens.2025; 14(5): 443. CrossRef

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Electrophysiological Properties of Ion Channels in Ascaris suum Tissue Incorporated into Planar Lipid Bilayers: Kwon Moo Park, Sun-Don Kim, Jin Bong Park, Sung-Jong Hong, Pan Dong Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(4):329-339.
Published online August 18, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.4.329

Abstract
PDF

Ion channels are important targets of anthelmintic agents. In this study, we identified 3 types of ion channels in Ascaris suum tissue incorporated into planar lipid bilayers using an electrophysiological technique. The most frequent channel was a large-conductance cation channel (209 pS), which accounted for 64.5% of channels incorporated (n=60). Its open-state probability (P_o) was ~0.3 in the voltage range of –60~+60 mV. A substate was observed at 55% of the main-state. The permeability ratio of Cl^- to K⁺ (P_Cl/P_K) was ~0.5 and P_Na/P_K was 0.81 in both states. Another type of cation channel was recorded in 7.5% of channels incorporated (n=7) and discriminated from the large-conductance cation channel by its smaller conductance (55.3 pS). Its Po was low at all voltages tested (~0.1). The third type was an anion channel recorded in 27.9% of channels incorporated (n=26). Its conductance was 39.0 pS and P_Cl/P_K was 8.6±0.8. P_o was ~1.0 at all tested potentials. In summary, we identified 2 types of cation and 1 type of anion channels in Ascaris suum. Gating of these channels did not much vary with voltage and their ionic selectivity is rather low. Their molecular nature, functions, and potentials as anthelmintic drug targets remain to be studied further.

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Brief Communication

Development of a Lateral Flow Strip-Based Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for the Detection of Haemonchus contortus in Goat Feces: Yao-Dong Wu, Qi-Qi Wang, Meng Wang, Hany M. Elsheikha, Xin Yang, Min Hu, Xing-Quan Zhu, Min-Jun Xu; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(2):167-171.
Published online April 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.2.167

Haemonchosis remains a significant problem in small ruminants. In this study, the assay of recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with the lateral flow strip (LFS-RPA) was established for the rapid detection of Haemonchus contortus in goat feces. The assay used primers and a probe targeting a specific sequence in the ITS-2 gene. We compared the performance of the LFS-RPA assay to a PCR assay. The LFS-RPA had a detection limit of 10 fg DNA, which was 10 times less compared to the lowest detection limit obtained by PCR. Out of 24 goat fecal samples, LFS-RPA assay detected H. contortus DNA with 95.8% sensitivity, compared to PCR, 79.1% sensitivity. LFS-RPA assay did not detect DNA from other related helminth species and demonstrated an adequate tolerance to inhibitors present in the goat feces. Taken together, our results suggest that LFS-RPA assay had a high diagnostic accuracy for the rapid detection of H. contortus and merits further evaluation.

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An RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted method for nucleic acid detection of Haemonchus contortus in sheep
Yutong Cao, Qiankun Yang, Yanbing Guo, Xiaocen Wang, Xin Li, Nan Zhang, Wenxue Lu, Jianhua Li, Xichen Zhang, Lili Cao, Pengtao Gong
Veterinary Parasitology.2025; 334: 110421. CrossRef
Rapid visual detection of Moniezia spp. in sheep feces via Recombinase Polymerase Amplification-Lateral Flow Dipstick (RPA-LFD) assay
Shaohua Zhang, Yeping Zhao, Weijia Liang, Shuai Wang, Xiu Cui, Haohan Zhu, Yueyue Zhang, Xiaolei Liu, Huimin Li, Wenjie Mu, Aijiang Guo
Veterinary Parasitology.2025; 339: 110582. CrossRef
Preliminary results of the recombinase polymerase amplification technique for the detection of Haemonchus contortus from Hungarian field samples
Rojesh Khangembam, Nóra Vass, Alison Morrison, Lynsey A. Melville, Alistair Antonopoulos, Levente Czeglédi
Veterinary Parasitology.2023; 320: 109974. CrossRef

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Case Report

First Clinical Cases of Spirometrosis in Two Cats in Korea: Joohyung Kim, Younsung Ock, Kihwan Yang, Seongjun Choe, Kyung-Mee Park, Wan-Kyu Lee, Kyung-Chul Choi, Soochong Kim, Dongmi Kwak, Seung-Hun Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(2):153-157.
Published online April 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.2.153

This study reports the first two clinical cases of spirometrosis caused by Spirometra sp. in cats in Korea. In these two cases, the cats vomited, and long proglottids of tapeworm were recovered. The sick cats presented with anorexia and lethargy. However, they unexpectedly showed no diarrhea, which is the main symptom of spirometrosis. Based on a fecal floatation test as well as morphological and molecular analyses, the parasite was diagnosed as Spirometra sp. The 2 cases were treated with praziquantel. This study suggests regular monitoring of health and deworming in companion animals, even when animals are well cared for, with regular preventive medication. Additionally, spirometrosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis in cases of gastrointestinal symptoms in Spirometra endemic areas.

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First morphological and molecular characterisation of Spirometra mansoni (Cestoda, Diphyllobothriidae) in a domestic cat from Veracruz, Mexico
Enrique Salazar-Grosskelwing, Roger I. Rodriguez-Vivas, Manuel E. Bolio-González, Dora Romero-Salas, Rodolfo Ramos-Beltrán, Alberto Solano-Barquero, Alicia Rojas
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2025; 57: 101189. CrossRef
Description of Spirometra asiana sp. nov. (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) found in wild boars and hound dogs in Japan
Hiroshi Yamasaki, Hiromu Sugiyama, Yasuyuki Morishima, Hirotaka Kobayashi
Parasitology International.2024; 98: 102798. CrossRef
Molecular identification of Spirometra infections in companion animals and wildlife in Japan
Hiroshi YAMASAKI, Hiromu SUGIYAMA, Yasuyuki MORISHIMA, Yasuhito SAKO
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science.2024; 86(4): 409. CrossRef
WITHDRAWN: First morphological and molecular characterisation of Spirometra mansoni (Cestoda, Diphyllobothriidae) in a domestic cat from Veracruz, Mexico
Enrique Salazar-Grosskelwing, Roger I. Rodriguez-Vivas, Manuel E. Bolio-González, Dora Romero-Salas, Rodolfo Ramos-Beltrán, Alberto Solano-Barquero, Alicia Rojas
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2024; 56: 101127. CrossRef

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5 Web of Science
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Brief Communications

Prevalence and Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia lamblia in Cattle in Jiangxi Province, China: Novel Assemblage E Subtypes Identified: Sen Li, Yang Zou, Xue-Liang Zhang, Ping Wang, Xiao-Qing Chen, Xing-Quan Zhu; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):681-687.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.681

Giardia lamblia is a common enteric pathogen associated with diarrheal diseases. There are some reports of G. lamblia infection among different breeds of cattle in recent years worldwide. However, it is yet to know whether cattle in Jiangxi province, southeastern China is infected with G. lamblia. The
objective
s of the present study were to investigate the prevalence and examine the multilocus genotypes of G. lamblia in cattle in Jiangxi province. A total of 556 fecal samples were collected from 3 cattle breeds (dairy cattle, beef cattle, and buffalo) in Jiangxi province, and the prevalence and genotypes of G. lamblia were determined by the nested PCR amplification of the beta-giardin (bg) gene. A total of 52 samples (9.2%) were positive for G. lamblia. The highest prevalence of G. lamblia was detected in dairy cattle (20.0%), followed by that in beef cattle (6.4%), and meat buffalo (0.9%). Multilocus sequence typing of G. lamblia was performed based on sequences of the bg, triose phosphate isomerase and glutamate dehydrogenase loci, and 22, 42, and 52 samples were amplifiable, respectively, forming 15 MLGs. Moreover, one mixed G. lamblia infection (assemblages A and E) was found in the present study. Altogether, 6 novel assemblage E subtypes (E41*-E46*) were identified for the first time. These results not only provided baseline data for the control of G. lamblia infection in cattle in this southeastern province of China, but also enriched the molecular epidemiological data and genetic diversity of G. lamblia in cattle.

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Kareem Hatam-Nahavandi, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Milad Badri, Aida Vafae Eslahi, Davood Anvari, David Carmena, Lihua Xiao, Aysegul Taylan Ozkan
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(4): e0013021. CrossRef
Investigation of Infection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Beef Cattle in Yunnan, China
Fan Yang, Wenjie Cheng, Jianfa Yang, Junjun He, Liujia Li, Fengcai Zou, Fanfan Shu
Veterinary Sciences.2025; 12(6): 552. CrossRef
An Epidemiology Study on Distribution of Giardia lamblia in Incheon City
Su Jin Park, Ju Hee Kim, Hyeon-Jeong Go, Nam Yee Kim, Sung Suck Oh, Young Woo Gong, MunJu Kwon, Jeong-An Gim, Soo-Son Lim
Biomedical Science Letters.2025; 31(2): 218. CrossRef
Genetic Characterization and Zoonotic Potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Cattle From Northeast China
Qile Yu, Sining Chen, Xichen Zhang, Qi Zhao, Mengfei Xu, Jianhua Li, Pengtao Gong, Xiaocen Wang, Xin Li, Xu Zhang, Nan Zhang, Xiangrui Li
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Guizhou Angus Calves: Dominance of Angus Cattle-Adapted Genotypes and Zoonotic Potential of E. bieneusi
Peixi Qin, Zhuolin Tao, Kaizhi Shi, Jiaxian Zhao, Bingyan Huang, Hui Liu, Chunqun Wang, Jigang Yin, Guan Zhu, Simone M. Cacciò, Min Hu
Microorganisms.2025; 13(8): 1735. CrossRef
First report of Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle and beef cattle in Shanxi, China
Li Zhao, Yan Wang, Mingyuan Wang, Shan Zhang, Lifeng Wang, Zhansheng Zhang, Hailiang Chai, Chao Yi, Wenjun Fan, Yonghong Liu
Molecular Biology Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Central Inner Mongolia, Northern China
Li Zhao, Zhan-Sheng Zhang, Wen-Xiong Han, Bo Yang, Hai-Liang Chai, Ming-Yuan Wang, Yan Wang, Shan Zhang, Wei-Hong Zhao, Yi-Min Ma, Yong-Jie Zhan, Li-Feng Wang, Yu-Lin Ding, Jin-Ling Wang, Yong-Hong Liu
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in Cattle in China
Xiang-Zhu Meng, Chao Kang, Jiaqi Wei, He Ma, Gang Liu, Jin-Ping Zhao, Hong-Shun Zhang, Xin-Bo Yang, Xiang-Yu Wang, Li-Hua Yang, Hong-Li Geng, Hongwei Cao
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2023; 20(1): 17. CrossRef
Giardia duodenalis in Hu sheep: occurrence and environmental contamination on large-scale housing farms
Qianming Zhao, Chenyang Lu, Zhiyang Pei, Pihong Gong, Junqiang Li, Fuchun Jian, Bo Jing, Meng Qi, Changshen Ning
Parasite.2023; 30: 2. CrossRef
Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Diarrheic and Non-Diarrheic Calves from Ningxia, Northwestern China
Haihui Gao, Gaoxing Liang, Na Su, Qirui Li, Dong Wang, Jiandong Wang, Long Zhao, Xiaodong Kang, Kangkang Guo
Animals.2023; 13(12): 1983. CrossRef
Microbial Risks Caused by Livestock Excrement: Current Research Status and Prospects
Rashidin Abdugheni, Li Li, Zhen-Ni Yang, Yin Huang, Bao-Zhu Fang, Vyacheslav Shurigin, Osama Abdalla Abdelshafy Mohamad, Yong-Hong Liu, Wen-Jun Li
Microorganisms.2023; 11(8): 1897. CrossRef
Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Occurring in Korean Native Calves
Sang-Ik Oh, Suk-Han Jung, Han-Kyoung Lee, Changyong Choe, Tai-Young Hur, Kyoung-Min So
Veterinary Sciences.2021; 8(7): 118. CrossRef

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Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Viability of Kudoa septempunctata: Sang Phil Shin, Hyun Ki Hong, Chang Nam Jin, Hanchang Sohn, Kwang Sik Choi, Jehee Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):593-597.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.593

Abstract
PDF

Kudoa septempunctata have been reported as a causative agent for acute transient gastrointestinal troubles after eating raw olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). It raised public health concerns and quarantine control in several countries. Quantitative evaluation on viability of K. septempunctata is crucial to develop effective chemotherapeutics against it. A cytometry using fluorescent stains was employed to assess effect of three compounds on viability of K. septempunctata. Epigallocatechin gallate reduced markedly viability of K. septempunctata at 0.5 mM or more, and damaged K. septempunctata spores by producing cracks.

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Original Articles

Morphology and Molecular Identification of Echinostoma revolutum and Echinostoma macrorchis in Freshwater Snails and Experimental Hamsters in Upper Northern Thailand: Preeyaporn Butboonchoo, Chalobol Wongsawad, Pheravut Wongsawad, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):499-511.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.499

Abstract
PDF

Echinostome metacercariae were investigated in freshwater snails from 26 districts in 7 provinces of upper northern Thailand. The species identification was carried out based on the morphologies of the metacercariae and adult flukes harvested from experimental hamsters, and on nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Twenty-four out of 26 districts were found to be infected with echinostome metacercariae in freshwater snails with the prevalence of 40.4%. The metacercariae were found in all 6 species of snails, including Filopaludina martensi martensi (21.9%), Filopaludina doliaris (50.8%), F. sumatrensis polygramma (61.3%), Bithynia siamensis siamensis (14.5%), Bithynia pulchella (38.0%), and Anenthome helena (4.9%). The echinostome metacercariae found in these snails were identified as Echinostoma revolutum (37-collar-spined) and Echinostoma macrorchis (45-collar-spined) morphologically and molecularly. The 2-week-old adult flukes of E. revolutum revealed unique features of the cirrus sac extending to middle of the ventral sucker and smooth testes. E. macrorchis adults revealed the cirrus sac close to the right lateral margin of the ventral sucker and 2 large and elliptical testes with slight indentations and pointed posterior end of the posterior testis. The ITS2 and nad1 sequences confirmed the species identification of E. revolutum, and the sequences of E. macrorchis have been deposited for the first time in Gen-Bank. The presence of the life cycle of E. macrorchis is a new record in Thailand and the snail F. doliaris as their second intermediate host seems to be new among the literature.

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Nada A. Ibrahim, Ismail M. Shalaby, Mahi A. Ghobashy, Azza A. Taeleb, Elham A. Elkhawass
Parasitology International.2025; 104: 102972. CrossRef
The Nuclear Ribosomal Transcription Units of Two Echinostomes and Their Taxonomic Implications for the Family Echinostomatidae
Yu Cao, Ye Li, Zhong-Yan Gao, Bo-Tao Jiang
Biology.2025; 14(8): 1101. CrossRef
Prevalence of Foodborne Trematodes in Small Indigenous Fish Species in Local Markets of Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Domenico Caruso, Lin Kong, Samnang Keo, Sreyni Yoeurn, Samphal Seng
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2024; 24(3): 141. CrossRef
Morphological and molecular characteristics of Paralecithodendrium longiforme (Digenea: Lecithodendriidae) adults and cercariae from Chinese pipistrelle bats and viviparid snails in Thailand
Thitichai Arttra, Pheravut Wongsawad, Chalobol Wongsawad, Nattawadee Nantarat, Preeyaporn Butboonchoo, Jong-Yil Chai
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(1): 85. CrossRef
Development and utilization of a visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification coupled with a lateral flow dipstick (LAMP-LFD) assay for rapid detection of Echinostomatidae metacercaria in edible snail samples
Wasin Panich, Phonkawin Jaruboonyakorn, Awika Raksaman, Thanawan Tejangkura, Thapana Chontananarth
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2024; 418: 110732. CrossRef
Genetic diversity and population structure of the helminths intermediate host Anentome helena (von dem Busch, 1847) in northern Thailand
Nithinan Chomchoei, Chalobol Wongsawad, Preeyaporn Butboonchoo, Nattawadee Nantarat
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2024; 17(12): 536. CrossRef
Morphological and DNA analyses reveal cryptic diversity in Anentome wykoffi (Brandt, 1974) (Gastropoda: Nassariidae), with descriptions of two new species from Thailand
Nithinan Chomchoei, Thierry Backeljau, Piyatida Pimvichai, Ting Hui Ng, Nattawadee Nantarat, Gonzalo Giribet
Invertebrate Systematics.2023; 37(11): 755. CrossRef
High diversity of trematode metacercariae that parasitize freshwater gastropods in Bangkok, Thailand, and their infective situations, morphologies and phylogenetic relationships
Pichit Wiroonpan, Thapana Chontananarth, Jong-Yil Chai, Watchariya Purivirojkul
Parasitology.2022; 149(7): 913. CrossRef
Unwanted ‘hitchhikers’ of ornamental snails: a case report of digeneans transported via the international pet trade
A. Stanicka, R. Maciaszek, A. Cichy, J. Templin, W. Świderek, E. Żbikowska, A. M. Labecka
The European Zoological Journal.2022; 89(1): 601. CrossRef
Morphological and molecular characterization of larval trematodes infecting the assassin snail genusAnentomein Thailand
N. Chomchoei, T. Backeljau, B. Segers, C. Wongsawad, P. Butboonchoo, N. Nantarat
Journal of Helminthology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

10,032 View
234 Download
10 Web of Science
Crossref

Partial Characterization of Two Cathepsin D Family Aspartic Peptidases of Clonorchis sinensis: Jung-Mi Kang, Won-Gi Yoo, H??ng Giang L?, Th? Lam Th?i, Sung-Jong Hong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Byoung-Kuk Na; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):671-680.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.671

Cathepsin D (CatD, EC 3.4.23.5) is a member belonging to the subfamily of aspartic endopeptidases, which are classified into the MEROPS clan AA, family A1. Helminth parasites express a large set of different peptidases that play pivotal roles in parasite biology and pathophysiology. However, CatD is less well known than the other classes of peptidases in terms of biochemical properties and biological functions. In this study, we identified 2 novel CatDs (CsCatD1 and CsCatD2) of Clonorchis sinensis and partially characterized their properties. Both CsCatDs represent typical enzymes sharing amino acid residues and motifs that are tightly conserved in the CatD superfamily of proteins. Both CsCatDs showed similar patterns of expression in different developmental stages of C. sinensis, but CsCatD2 was also expressed in metacercariae. CsCatD2 was mainly expressed in the intestines and eggs of C. sinensis. Sera obtained from rats experimentally infected with C. sinensis reacted with recombinant CsCatD2 beginning 2 weeks after infection and the antibody titers were gradually increased by maturation of the parasite. Structural analysis of CsCatD2 revealed a bilobed enzyme structure consisting of 2 antiparallel β-sheet domains packed against each other forming a homodimeric structure. These results suggested a plausible biological role of CsCatD2 in the nutrition and reproduction of parasite and its potential utility as a serodiagnostic antigen in clonorchiasis.

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Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory proteins ameliorate inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis
Moon-Ju Kim, Hee Min Yoo, Yu Jeong Lee, Hyun Hee Jang, Seung Cheol Shim, Eun Jeong Won, Tae-Jong Kim
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Jiří Vorel, Nikol Kmentová, Christoph Hahn, Petr Bureš, Martin Kašný
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pH-Dependent Structural Dynamics of Cathepsin D-Family Aspartic Peptidase of Clonorchis sinensis
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Dopaminergic antagonists inhibit bile chemotaxis of adult Clonorchis sinensis and its egg production
Fuhong Dai, Jin-Ho Song, Yeon Pyo Hong, Xuelian Bai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Sung-Jong Hong, jong-Yil Chai
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Identification and Analysis of the Tegument Protein and Excretory-Secretory Products of the Carcinogenic Liver Fluke Clonorchis sinensis
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Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Excretion of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts from Feral Cats in Korea: Kyu-Sung Ahn, Ah-Jin Ahn, Sang-ik Park, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jae-han Shim, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):665-670.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.665

Abstract
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Sporulated oocysts from the feces of infected cats with Toxoplasma gondii can cause detrimental disease in both humans and animals. To investigate the prevalence of feral cats that excrete T. gondii oocysts in the feces, we examined fecal samples of 563 feral cats over a 3-year period from 2009 to 2011. Oocysts of T. gondii excreted into the feces were found from 4 of 128 cats in 2009 (3.1%) and one of 228 (0.4%) in 2010 while none of the 207 cats in 2010 were found positive with oocysts in their feces, resulting in an overall prevalence rate of 0.89% (5/563) between 2009 and 2011. Among the 5 cats that tested positive with T. gondii oocysts, 4 of the cats were male and 1 was a female with an average body weight of 0.87 kg. Numerous tissue cysts of 60 ?m in diameter with thin (<0.5 ?m) cyst walls were found in the brain of one of the 5 cats on necropsy 2 months after the identification of oocysts in the feces. A PCR amplification of the T. gondii-like oocysts in the feces of the positive cats using the primer pairs Tox-5/Tox-8 and Hham34F/Hham3R confirmed the presence of T. gondii oocysts in the feces. This study provides a good indication of the risk assessment of feral cats in the transmission of T. gondii to humans in Korea.

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Toxoplasmosis, Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Parasitic in Domestic Cats in Al-Marj City - Libya
Faisal Fathalla Mohammed , Munthir Salah Alasbali
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The detection and phylogenetic characterization of Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, and Giardia duodenalis of cats in South Korea
Chi Sun Yun, Bo-Youn Moon, Kichan Lee, Su Min Kang, Bok-Kyung Ku, Mi-Hye Hwang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Measured by Western Blot, ELISA and DNA Analysis, by PCR, in Cats of Western Mexico
María de la Luz Galván-Ramírez, Claudia Charles-Niño, César Pedroza-Roldán, Carolina Salazar-Reveles, Karen Lissete Ocampo-Figueroa, Laura Roció Rodríguez-Pérez, Varinia Margarita Paez-Magallán
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Brief Communication

Kudoa ogawai (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) Infection in Cultured Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus: Sang Phil Shin, Chang Nam Jin, Han Chang Sohn, Jehee Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):439-444.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.439

Abstract
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Since Kudoa septempuntata was identified as a causative agent of food poisoning associated with raw olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, interest and concern regarding the parasite have increased. However, there have been no investigations or reports of other Kudoa species infecting the fish (except for K. paralichthys, which infects the brain) in Korea. We found cysts filled with myxospores of Kudoa species in muscles of cultured olive flounder specimens and identified these to the species level. Mature spores were quadrate, measuring 8.7±0.5 μm in length, 9.2±0.4 μm in thickness, and 12.9±0.6 μm in width. The spores containing 4 polar capsules had a length of 2.1±0.2 μm and a width of 1.8±0.3 μm. The partial 18S and 28S rDNA of isolates showed 99-100% similarities with K. ogawai. Using these morphological and molecular analyses, the species was identified as K. ogawai. This study is the first report of K. ogawai infection in cultured olive flounder in Korea.

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Case Report

Coenurosis of Yak, Bos grunniens, caused by Taenia multiceps: A Case Report with Molecular Identification in Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Area, China: Xue-Yong Zhang, Ying-Na Jian, Hong Duo, Xiu-Ying Shen, Yi-Juan Ma, Yong Fu, Zhi-Hong Guo; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(4):423-427.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.423

Abstract
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Coenurosis is an important zoonotic helminthic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia multiceps. This parasite typically infects the brain of the intermediate hosts, including sheep, goat, cattle and even humans. We report a case of T. multiceps infection in a yak confirmed by clinical symptoms, morphological characteristics, and molecular and phylogenetic analyses. The coenurus was thin-walled, whitish, and spherical in shape with a diameter of 10 cm. The parasite species was identified as T. multiceps by PCR amplification and sequencing of the 18S rRNA, cox1 and nad1 genes. Three gene sequences all showed high homology (all above 97%) with the reference sequences from different hosts. Moreover, phylogenetic reconstructions with the 3 published Taenia gene sequences confirmed that the Qinghai yak isolate was closely related to T. multiceps. Although there are advanced diagnosis and treatment methods for coenurosis, early infection is difficult to diagnose. Importantly, the findings of yak infection case should not be ignored due to its zoonotic potential.

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Treatment and management of coenurosis by Taenia multiceps: field data from outbreaks in endemic regions and literature review
I. Abbas, C. Tamponi, G. Madau, L. Cavallo, A. Varcasia, A. Scala
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Antonio Varcasia, Claudia Tamponi, Fahad Ahmed, Maria Grazia Cappai, Francesca Porcu, Naunain Mehmood, Giorgia Dessì, Antonio Scala
Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Establishment of a T_m-shift Method for Detection of Cat-Derived Hookworms: Yeqi Fu, Yunqiu Liu, Asmaa M.I. Abuzeid, Yue Huang, Xue Zhou, Long He, Qi Zhao, Xiu Li, Jumei Liu, Rongkun Ran, Guoqing Li; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):9-15.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.9

Abstract
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Melting temperature shift (T_m-shift) is a new detection method that analyze the melting curve on real-time PCR thermocycler using SYBR Green I fluorescent dye. To establish a T_m-shift method for the detection of Ancylostoma ceylanicum and A. tubaeforme in cats, specific primers, with GC tail of unequal length attached to their 5 ? end, were designed based on 2 SNP loci (ITS101 and ITS296) of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences. The standard curve of T_m-shift was established using the standard plasmids of A. ceylanicum (AceP) and A. tubaeforme (AtuP). The T_m-shift method stability, sensitivity, and accuracy were tested with reference to the standard curve, and clinical fecal samples were also examined. The results demonstrated that the 2 sets of primers based on the 2 SNPs could accurately distinguish between A. ceylanicum and A. tubaeforme. The coefficient of variation (CV) of T_m-values of AceP and AtuP was 0.07% and 0.06% in ITS101 and was 0.06% and 0.08% in ITS296, respectively. The minimum detectable DNA concentration was 5.22×10-6 and 5.28×10-6 ng/μl samples of AceP and AtuP, respectively. The accuracy of T_m-shift method reached 100% based on examination of 10 hookworm DNA samples with known species. In the clinical detection of hookworm in 69 stray cat fecal sample, the T_m-shift detection results were consistent with the microscopic examination and successfully differentiated between the 2-hookworm species. In conclusion, the developed method is a rapid, sensitive and accurate technique and can provide a promising tool for clinical detection and epidemiological investigation of cat-derived hookworms.

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Brief Communications

Molecular Detection of Coxiella burnetii in Cattle on Ulleung Island, Korea: A Population-based Study with Four Years of Follow Up: Min-Goo Seo, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):69-73.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.69

Abstract
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In a population-based study with 4 years of follow up, we evaluated the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in cattle on Ulleung Island, Korea. In this study, the rates of C. burnetii infection in cattle on Ulleung Island were determined by PCR and were found to be 0.3-1.0% in the period 2011-2014. All 17 C. burnetii partial 16S rRNA gene sequences from PCR-positive cattle were identical and 2 geographic representatives were included in our analysis. The nucleotide sequences of the 2 samples showed high (98.4-100%) identity with C. burnetii sequences obtained from the GenBank. In this long-term tracking study, the number of cattle positive for C. burnetii on Ulleung Island was low. To prevent the transmission of C. burnetii on Ulleung Island, control strategy should include biosecurity improvement in surveillance, livestock management, administering suitable tests before purchasing animals to detect C. burnetii shedders, and restricting movements between herds.

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Comprehensive Analysis of SPL Genes in Cucurbitaceae Species: Evolutionary Insights, Functional Diversity and Regulatory Mechanisms
PavanKalyan Neelam, Balakishore Lalam, Jaswanth Manavi, Ghanishtha Prusty, Suman Polaki, Pushpalatha Ganesh
Iranian Journal of Science.2025; 49(5): 1209. CrossRef

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Anaplasma marginale and A. platys Characterized from Dairy and Indigenous Cattle and Dogs in Northern Vietnam: Nguyen Thi Hong Chien, Thi Lan Nguyen, Khanh Linh Bui, Tho Van Nguyen, Thanh Hoa Le; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):43-47.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.43

Abstract
PDF

Anaplasma marginale and A. platys were detected and characterized (16S rDNA sequence analysis) from dairy and indigenous cattle, and the latter in domestic dogs in Vietnam. A phylogenetic tree was inferred from 26 representative strains/species of Anaplasma spp. including 10 new sequences from Vietnam. Seven of our Vietnamese sequences fell into the clade of A. marginale and 3 into A. platys, with strong nodal support of 99 and 90%, respectively. Low genetic distances (0.2-0.4%) within each species supported the identification. Anaplasma platys is able to infect humans. Our discovery of this species in cattle and domestic dogs raises considerable concern about zoonotic transmission in Vietnam. Further systematic investigations are needed to gain data for Anaplasma spp. and members of Anaplasmataceae in animal hosts, vectors and humans across Vietnam.

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Case Report

Necrotizing Enteritis Caused by Pharyngostomum cordatum Infection in a Stray Cat: Ji-Hyeon Kim, Kyunghyun Lee, Woon-Mok Sohn, Ha-Young Kim, Yu-Ran Lee, Eun-Jin Choi, ByungJae So, Ji-Youl Jung; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):17-20.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.17

Abstract
PDF

A stray female cat of unknown age, presenting bright red watery diarrhea, was submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency for diagnosis. In the small intestines extracted from the necropsied cat, numerous white oval-shaped organisms were firmly embedded in the mucosa and there was thickening of intestinal wall. Histopathological analysis revealed severe necrotizing enteritis, together with atrophied intestinal villi, exfoliated enterocytes, and parasitic worms. Recovered worms were identified as Pharyngostomum cordatum by morphological observation and genetic analysis. Although P. cordatum is known to occur widely in Korea, this is the first clinical description of an infection by P. cordatum causing severe feline enteritis.

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Original Articles

Analysis of Five Arboviruses and Culicoides Distribution on Cattle Farms in Jeollabuk-do, Korea: Daram Yang, Myeon-Sik Yang, Haerin Rhim, Jae-Ik Han, Jae-Ku Oem, Yeon-Hee Kim, Kyoung-Ki Lee, Chae-Woong Lim, Bumseok Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):477-485.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.477

Arthropod-borne viruses (Arboviruses) are transmitted by arthropods such as Culicoides biting midges and cause abortion, stillbirth, and congenital malformation in ruminants, apparently leading to economic losses to farmers. To monitor the distribution of Culicoides and to determine their relationship with different environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and altitude of the farms) on 5 cattle farms, Culicoides were collected during summer season (May-September) in 2016 and 2017, and analyzed for identification of species and detection of arboviruses. About 35% of the Culicoides were collected in July and the collection rate increased with increase in temperature and humidity. The higher altitude where the farms were located, the more Culicoides were collected on inside than outside. In antigen test of Culicoides against 5 arboviruses, only Chuzan virus (CHUV) (2.63%) was detected in 2016. The Akabane virus (AKAV), CHUV, Ibaraki virus and Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) had a positive rate of less than 1.8% in 2017. In antigen test of bovine whole blood, AKAV (12.96%) and BEFV (0.96%) were positive in only one of the farms. As a result of serum neutralization test, antibodies against AKAV were generally measured in all the farms. These results suggest that vaccination before the season in which the Culicoides are active is probably best to prevent arbovirus infections.

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Molecular Genetic Findings of Spirometra decipiens and S. ranarum in Korea: Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Sun Huh, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(4):359-364.
Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.359

Abstract
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The taxonomy of Spirometra species has been controversial despite the medical and veterinary importance. Currently, only a few Spirometra species are considered valid species in the genus Spirometra. In the present study, the distribution of Spirometra species obtained from animals in Korea were identified by molecular analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) gene. A total of 28 Spirometra species specimens were analyzed. These were all collected between 1973 and 2008 in the Republic of Korea. Mitochondrial cox1 sequences were examined for a total of 28 specimens comprising 14 S. decipiens and 14 S. ranarum. The difference in partial cox1 sequences (316 bp) between S. erinaceieuropaei (KJ599680) and S. ranarum (this study) was 9.3%, while that between S. decipiens (KJ599679) and S. ranarum (this study) was 2.2%. Genetic analyses identified 2 Spirometra species in animals such as cat, leopard cat, dog, duck and snake in Korea as S. decipiens and S. ranarum. S. decipiens and S. ranarum were present in Gyeongnam Province (P), Jeonnam P, Gangwon P, Chungbuk P, and Seoul. S. decipiens was found in tadpoles, snakes, ducks, cats, leopard cats and dogs, while S. ranarum was found in cats and dogs. The ratio of S. decipiens:S. ranarum calculated from the molecular data was 14:14 (or 1:1). These results indicate that S. decipiens and S. ranarum are sympatrically distributed in Korea.

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Complete Sequence of the Mitochondrial Genome of Spirometra ranarum: Comparison with S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens
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Brief Communications

Prevalence of Tick-Borne Pathogens from Ticks Collected from Cattle and Wild Animals in Tanzania in 2012: Tae Yun Kim, You Shine Kwak, Ju Yeong Kim, Sung-Hyun Nam, In-Yong Lee, Simon Mduma, Julius Keyyu, Robert Fyumagwa, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(3):305-308.
Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.305

Abstract
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This study was aimed to disclose the prevalence rate of tick-borne pathogens from ticks collected from cattle and wild animals in Tanzania in 2012. Ticks were collected from slaughtered cattle and dead wild animals from November 5 to December 23, 2012 and identified. PCR for detecting Anaplasmataceae, Piroplamidae, Rickettsiaceae, Borrelia spp., and Coxiella spp. were done. Among those tested, Rickettsiaceae, Piroplasmidae, and Anaplasmataceae, were detected in ticks from the 2 regions. Rickettsiaceae represented the major tick-borne pathogens of the 2 regions. Ticks from animals in Maswa were associated with a higher pathogen detection rate compared to that in ticks from Iringa. In addition, a higher pathogen detection rate was observed in ticks infesting cattle than in ticks infesting wild animals. All examined ticks of the genus Amblyomma were infected with diverse pathogens. Ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma were infected with 1 or 2 pathogens. Collectively, this study provides important information regarding differences in pathogen status among various regions, hosts, and tick species in Tanzania. Results in this study will affect the programs to prevent tick-borne diseases (TBD) of humans and livestock in Tanzania.

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Venance T. Msoffe, Festo K. Mwombeki, Claus A. Thomas, Charles M. Lyimo, Abdul S. Katakweba, Moses I. Olotu, Gerald Misinzo, Erick V. Komba, Ladslaus L. Mnyone
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Genevieve V. Weaver, Neil Anderson, Kayla Garrett, Alec T. Thompson, Michael J. Yabsley
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Monitoring of Noxious Protozoa for Management of Natural Water Resources: Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Sung Kyu Ahn, Sangjung Park, Won Hwa Jheong, Yun-Kyu Park, Ho-Joon Shin, Sang-Seob Lee, Okjae Rhee, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(2):205-210.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.205

Abstract
PDF

Waterborne parasitic protozoa, particularly Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp., are common causes of diarrhea and gastroenteritis worldwide. The most frequently identified source of infestation is water, and exposure involves either drinking water or recreation in swimming pools or natural bodies of water. In practice, studies on Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in surface water are challenging owing to the low concentrations of these microorganisms because of dilution. In this study, a 3-year monitoring of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, and Naegleria fowleri was conducted from August 2014 to June 2016 at 5 surface water sites including 2 lakes, 1 river, and 2 water intake plants. A total of 50 water samples of 40 L were examined. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 22% of samples and Giardia cysts in 32%. Water at the 5 sampling sites was all contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocysts (0-36/L), Giardia cysts (0-39/L), or both. The geometric mean concentrations of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were 1.14 oocysts/L and 4.62 cysts/L, respectively. Thus, effective monitoring plans must take into account the spatial and temporal parameters of contamination because they affect the prevalence and distribution of these protozoan cysts in local water resources.

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Spirometra decipiens (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) Collected in A Heavily Infected Stray Cat from the Republic of Korea: Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Hansol Park, Dongmin Lee, Seongjun Choe, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(1):87-91.
Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.87

Abstract
PDF

Morphological and molecular characteristics of spirometrid tapeworms, Spirometra decipiens, were studied, which were recovered from a heavily infected stray cat road-killed in Eumseong-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do (Province), the Republic of Korea (=Korea). A total of 134 scolices and many broken immature and mature proglottids of Spirometra tapeworms were collected from the small intestine of the cat. Morphological observations were based on 116 specimens. The scolex was 22.8-32.6 mm (27.4 mm in average) in length and small spoon-shape with 2 distinct bothria. The uterus was coiled 3-4 times, the end of the uterus was ball-shaped, and the vaginal aperture shaped as a crescent moon was closer to the cirrus aperture than to the uterine aperture. PCR amplification and direct sequencing of the cox1 target fragment (377 bp in length and corresponding to positions 769-1,146 bp of the cox1 gene) were performed using total genomic DNA extracted from 134 specimens. The cox1 sequences (377 bp) of the specimens showed 99.0% similarity to the reference sequence of S. decipiens and 89.3% similarity to the reference sequence of S. erinaceieuropaei. In the present study, we report a stray cat heavily infected with S. decipiens identified by mitochondrial cox1 sequence analysis and morphological examinations of the adult worms.

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Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Seungwan Ryoo, Chung-Won Lee, Jae-Young Park, Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
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Wei Liu, Tengfang Gong, Shuyu Chen, Quan Liu, Haoying Zhou, Junlin He, Yong Wu, Fen Li, Yisong Liu
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Joohyung Kim, Younsung Ock, Kihwan Yang, Seongjun Choe, Kyung-Mee Park, Wan-Kyu Lee, Kyung-Chul Choi, Soochong Kim, Dongmi Kwak, Seung-Hun Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(2): 153. CrossRef
Low prevalence of spargana infection in farmed frogs in the Yangtze River Delta of China
Xiaoli Zhang, Rongsheng Mi, Yehua Zhang, Shijie Zhang, Tao Sun, Haiyan Jia, Yan Huang, Haiyan Gong, Xiangan Han, Zhaoguo Chen
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 85: 104466. CrossRef
Molecular Genetic Findings of Spirometra decipiens and S. ranarum in Korea
Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Sun Huh, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Keeseon S. Eom
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(4): 359. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in Cats from Liaoning Province, Northeastern China: Honglie Hou, Lili Cao, Wenzhi Ren, Dansheng Wang, He Ding, Juan You, Xinhua Yao, Hang Dong, Yanbing Guo, Shuxian Yuan, Xichen Zhang, Pengtao Gong; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(6):673-677.
Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.673

Abstract
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The present study was performed to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors for Dirofilaria immitis infection in cats from Liaoning province, northeastern China. From October 2014 to September 2016, sera of 651 cats, including 364 domestic cats and 287 feral cats (332 females and 319 males) were assessed. They were tested for the presence of D. immitis antigen using SNAP Heartworm RT test kit. In this population, the average prevalence was 4.5%. Age and rearing conditions (feral or domestic) were found to be associated with the prevalence of D. immitis. The prevalence was significantly higher in feral cats compared with domestic cats (8.4% vs 1.4%, P<0.01). There was no significant difference between males and females (4.7% vs 4.2%, P>0.05), but older cats (≥3 years old) showed a statistically higher prevalence compared with younger cats (<3 years old) in feral populations (16.8 vs 2.4%, P<0.01), while the difference between the age groups was not statistically significant in domestic cats (2.4% vs 0.51%, P>0.05), all these results suggest that outdoor exposure time may be one of the most important factors for D. immitis prevalence in cats. Results reveal that D. immitis are prevalence in domestic and feral cats in northeastern China, which indicates that appropriate preventive measures should be taken to decrease the incidence of feline heartworm disease in Liaoning province, northeastern China.

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Thamali Manathunga, May Tse, Livia Perles, Frederic Beugnet, Vanessa Barrs, Domenico Otranto
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First Blindness Cases of Horses Infected with Setaria digitata (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in the Republic of Korea: Jihun Shin, Kyu-Sung Ahn, Hak-Sub Jeong, Byung-Su Kim, Eunsang Choi, Sung-Shik Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(6):667-671.
Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.667

Abstract
PDF

Ocular setariases of cattle were reported but those of equine hosts have never been reported in the Republic of Korea (Korea). We found motile worms in the aqueous humor of 15 horses (Equus spp.) from 12 localities in southern parts of Korea between January 2004 and November 2017. After the affected animals were properly restrained under sedation and local anesthesia, 10 ml disposable syringe with a 16-gauge needle was inserted into the anterior chamber of the affected eye to successfully remove the parasites. The male worm that was found in 7 of the cases showed a pair of lateral appendages near the posterior terminal end of the body. The papillar arrangement was 3 pairs of precloacal, a pair of adcloacal, and 3 pairs of postcloacal papillae, plus a central papilla just in front of the cloaca. The female worms found in the eyes of 8 horses were characterized by the tapering posterior terminal end of the body with a smooth knob. Worms were all identified as Setaria digitata (von Linstow, 1906) by the morphologic characteristics using light and electron microscopic observations. This is the first blindness cases of 15 horses infected with S. digitata (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in Korea.

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Original Articles

First Molecular Characterization of Hypoderma actaeon in Cattle and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Portugal: Haroon Ahmed, S?rgio Ramalho Sousa, Sami Simsek, Sofia Anast?cio, Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(6):653-658.
Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.653

Abstract
PDF

Hypoderma spp. larvae cause subcutaneous myiasis in several animal species. The
objective
of the present investigation was to identify and characterize morphologically and molecularly the larvae of Hypoderma spp. collected from cattle (Bos taurus taurus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the district of Castelo Branco, Portugal. For this purpose, a total of 8 larvae were collected from cattle (n=2) and red deer (n=6). After morphological identification of Hypoderma spp. larvae, molecular characterization was based on PCR-RFLP and mitochondrial CO1 gene sequence analysis. All larvae were morphologically characterized as the third instar larvae (L3) of H. actaeon. Two restriction enzymes were used for molecular identification of the larvae. TaqI restriction enzyme was not able to cut H. actaeon. However, MboII restriction enzyme differentiated Hypoderma species showing 210 and 450 bp bands in H. actaeon. Furthermore, according to the alignment of the mt-CO1 gene sequences of Hypoderma species and to PCR-RFLP findings, all the identified Hypoderma larvae were confirmed as H. actaeon. This is the first report of identification of Hypoderma spp. (Diptera; Oestridae) from cattle and red deer in Portugal, based on morphological and molecular analyses.

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Morphological and Molecular Identification of Obligatory Myiasis-Causing Species in Wild Cervids in Croatia
Ema Gagović, Daria Jurković Žilić, Krunoslav Pintur, Adnan Hodžić, Šimun Naletilić, Relja Beck
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Assesment of Hypoderma infestation in a wild population of Cervus elaphus from mountains Atlantic ecosystems in southwestern Europe (Spain)
Sara González, Rosario Panadero, María Luisa Del Rio, María Natividad Díez, María del Rosario Hidalgo, Angélica Martínez
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Identification of Hypoderma actaeon (Diptera: Oestridae) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from northern Spain: Microscopy study and molecular analysis
Sara González, Maria Luisa Del Rio, Maria Natividad Diez, Maria del Rosario Hidalgo, Angelica Martínez
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Temporal and spatial spread of Hypoderma actaeon infection in roe deer from peninsular Spain determined by an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
R. Panadero, C. M. López, S. Remesar, E. Cabanelas, G. Varas, F. Markina, P. Díaz, D. García‐Dios, A. Prieto, G. Fernández, P. Díez‐Baños, P. Morrondo
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Analysis of Lethality in Echinococcal Disease: Anna S. Khachatryan; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):549-553.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.549

Abstract
PDF

The information on mortality from echinococcosis is important not only for a better understanding of the severity of the disease, but also for evaluating the effectiveness of public health interventions. The aim of this research was to study the causes of mortality from echinococcosis. We have collected and analyzed the materials of 1,470 patients in 10 age - groups in the Republic of Armenia (from 2000 to 2016). To find out the causes of mortality from echinococcosis, we have analyzed the medical histories and protocols of postmortem examinations of 19 deaths from echinococcosis and 17 deaths due to other indirect causes not associated with the parasite. The average annual death rate from echinococcosis is 0.007 per 10,000 population, and the mortality is 1.29 (per 100 patients). The highest mortality occurs in people aged 70-79. Mortality from echinococcosis is also recorded among the unoperated children. The rupture of the parasitic cyst and hepatic insufficiency are major among the direct causes of mortality. Sometimes the hydatid cysts unrecognized during the life were first diagnosed at autopsy. Insufficient qualification of doctors in the field of helminthology, as well as the latent course of the disease or manifestation of minor symptoms in echinococcosis over a long period often led to medical errors. Further decline in mortality can be achieved by early diagnosis, timely hospitalization and treatment before the development of severe complications worsening the prognosis and outcomes of surgical intervention.

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Hematological Changes Associated with Theileria orientalis Infection in Korean Indigenous Cattle: Suhee Kim, Do-Hyeon Yu, Sung-Woo Kang, Jeong-Byoung Chae, Kyoung-Seong Choi, Hyeon-Cheol Kim, Bae-Keun Park, Joon-Seok Chae, Jinho Park; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):481-489.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.481

Tick-borne pathogens can cause serious problems in grazing cattle. However, little information is available on tick-mediated diseases in cattle grazing on mountains. Thus, this study aimed to understand the potential problems related to tick-borne diseases in grazing cattle through the investigation of prevalent tick-transmitted infections, and their associated hematological changes, in terms of season and grazing type in Korean indigenous cattle (=Hanwoo). Hanwoo cattle from 3 regions of the Republic of Korea (=Korea) were either maintained indoors or placed on grassy mountains from spring to fall of 2014 and 2015. Cattle that grazed in mountainous areas showed a greater prevalence of tick-borne infections with an increased Theileria orientalis infection rate (54.7%) compared to that in non-grazing cattle (16.3%) (P<0.001). Accordingly, the red blood cell (RBC) count and hematocrit (HCT) values of grazing cattle were significantly lower than those of non-grazing cattle throughout the season (P<0.05). Moreover, RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), and HCT of T. orientalis-positive group were significantly lower than those of T. orientalis-negative group (P<0.05). T. orientalis is a widespread tick-borne pathogen in Korea. Grazing of cattle in mountainous areas is closely associated with an increase in T. orientalis infection (RR=3.4, P<0.001), and with consequent decreases in RBC count and HCT. Thus, these findings suggest that the Hanwoo cattle in mountainous areas of Korea are at a high risk of infection by T. orientalis, which can lead to hematological alterations. This study highlights the necessity of preventive strategies that target T. orientalis infection.

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Veterinary Medicine and Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of hemolytic anemia in Korean indigenous cattle with a criteria value of reticulocyte count, indirect bilirubin, and L-lactate concentration
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Molecular epidemiology of Theileria species in ticks and its potential threat to livestock in the Republic of Korea
Badriah Alkathiri, KyuSung Ahn, Haeseung Lee, Yun Sang Cho, So Youn Youn, Min-Goo Seo, Dongmi Kwak, SungShik Shin, Seung-Hun Lee
Acta Tropica.2023; 238: 106780. CrossRef
Emergence of Theileria species in ticks from free-ranging domestic animals in Raymond Mhlaba local municipality, South Africa
Benson Chuks Iweriebor, Kayode Olayinka Afolabi, Ayabulela Nqoro, Larry Chikwelu Obi
Heliyon.2022; 8(3): e09085. CrossRef
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K.E. Lawrence, K. Gedye, R. Hickson, B. Wang, L. Carvalho, Y. Zhao, W.E. Pomroy
Veterinary Parasitology.2021; 291: 109391. CrossRef
A clinical case of bovine anemia due to Theileria orientalis group in a non-grazed dairy cow in the upper part of South Korea
Hector M. Espiritu, Hee-Woon Lee, Sang-Suk Lee, Yong-Il Cho
Korean Journal of Veterinary Research.2021; 61(4): e33. CrossRef
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Experimental and Applied Acarology.2020; 80(4): 569. CrossRef
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Min-Goo Seo, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak
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Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina, Mohd Rosly Shaari, Nur Mahiza Md Isa, Mokrish Ajat, Mohd Zamri-Saad, Hazilawati Hamzah
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Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
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Case Report

A Case of Furuncular Myiasis Due to Cordylobia anthropophaga in a Korean Traveler Returning from Uganda: Su-Min Song, Shin-Woo Kim, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Yeonchul Hong, Meesun Ock, Hee-Jae Cha, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):327-331.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.327

Abstract
PDF

A fly larva was recovered from a boil-like lesion on the left leg of a 33-year-old male on 21 November 2016. He has worked in an endemic area of myiasis, Uganda, for 8 months and returned to Korea on 11 November 2016. The larva was identified as Cordylobia anthropophaga by morphological features, including the body shape, size, anterior end, posterior spiracles, and pattern of spines on the body. Subsequent 28S rRNA gene sequencing showed 99.9% similarity (916/917 bp) with the partial 28S rRNA gene of C. anthropophaga. This is the first imported case of furuncular myiasis caused by C. anthropophaga in a Korean overseas traveler.

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Brief Communication

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Cat Sitters in Korea: Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Sang-Eun Lee, Min-Jae Kim, Jaeeun Cho, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):203-206.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.203

Abstract
PDF

The seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis has been increasing in Korea, and it is controversial whether cats are an important infection source or not. This study was performed to evaluate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in a high risk group (cat sitters) and to determine the possible importance of cats as an infection source in Korea. Risk factors, including the age, sex, and diet of cat sitters, their contact experience and contact frequency with stray cats, and origin, number, and outdoor activity of their pet cats, were analyzed using structured questionnaires. A total of 673 serum samples from people who have frequent contact with cats (high risk group) and 1,114 samples from general people (low risk group) were examined for specific IgG antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA. The results revealed that the overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 7.4% (n=1,787). The seroprevalence among low risk group was 8.0% (89/1,114), whereas that among high risk group was rather lower 6.4% (43/673), though this difference was statistically not significant (P=0.211). Among the risk factors, only the outdoor activity of pet cats was important; people having cats with outdoor activities revealed 2 times higher seroprevalence than people having cats with only indoor activities (P=0.027). In conclusion, the seroprevalence of T. gondii was not significantly different between the high risk group and low risk group, and the importance of cats as a source of infection in Korea is questionable.

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Original Article

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and the Relationship between Protozoa and Water Quality Indicators in Swimming Pools: Shumin Xiao, Pengna Yin, Yan Zhang, Sike Hu; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):129-135.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.129

Abstract
PDF

A total of 60 samples were collected from 35 swimming pools in Beijing, China, and the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were investigated. The results showed that 16.7% and 15.0% of samples were positive for Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cysts, respectively, with a mean concentration of 0.30 oocysts/10 L and 0.27 cysts/10 L. The oocysts and cysts were found to have higher rates of occurrence in August than in May. Genotyping confirmed the presence of Cryptosporidium hominis, C. parvum, and Giardia assemblages A and B, all of which were associated with human infections. The predominant species/assemblages were C. hominis and Giardia assemblage A. Analyses of the relationships between parasite oocysts/cysts, indicator bacteria, and physical-chemical parameters revealed that there was no correlation between 2 parasites and fecal bacterial indicators, whilst there was a significant correlation between protozoa and urea concentration, which indicates that urea concentration rather than fecal bacterial indicators might be an appropriate index for chlorine-resistant protozoa in swimming pools. This study provides useful information to improve the safety of swimming pool water and deduce the risk of protozoan infections.

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Shahira Abdelaziz Ali Ahmed, Sonia Boughattas, Mohammad Reza Mahmoudi, Huma Khan, Simuzar Mamedova, Ardra Namboodiri, Frederick R. Masangkay, Panagiotis Karanis
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2025; 8: 100311. CrossRef
Giardia and Campylobacter: Fifteen years (2010–2024) of waterborne outbreaks in Europe
Antonino Pace, Paola Pepe, Massimiliano Fabbricino, Vincenzo Mignano, Lavinia Ciuca, Laura Rinaldi, Ludovico Dipineto
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2025; 41: e00299. CrossRef
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Faika Hassanein, Inas M. Masoud, Marwa M. Fekry, Mohamed S. Abdel-Latif, Hussein Abdel-Salam, Mohamed Salem, Amany I Shehata
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Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2022; 28: e00175. CrossRef
Evaluation of the health risks linked to two swimming pools regularly frequented from the city of Yaounde in Cameroon (Central Africa)
Elvire Olivia Manezeu Tonleu, Paul-Alain Nana, Fils Mamert Onana, Nectaire Lié Nyamsi Tchatcho, Siméon Tchakonté, Moïse Nola, Télesphore Sime-Ngando, Gideon Ajeagah Aghaindum
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Occurrence of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Leisure Pools in the UK, 2017, and Modelling of Oocyst Contamination Events
Rachel M. Chalmers, Lester P. Simmonds, Martin Wood, Megan Luxford, Rob Miller, Rob Johnston
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Co-infection risk assessment of Giardia and Cryptosporidium with HIV considering synergistic effects and age sensitivity using disability-adjusted life years
Mingyi Han, Shumin Xiao, Wei An, Chenhui Sang, Hongyan Li, Jinfeng Ma, Min Yang
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A retrospective epidemiological analysis of human Cryptosporidium infection in China during the past three decades (1987-2018)
Aiqin Liu, Baiyan Gong, Xiaohua Liu, Yujuan Shen, Yanchen Wu, Weizhe Zhang, Jianping Cao, Luther A. Bartelt
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Liqing Ma, Xueyong Zhang, Yingna Jian, Xiuping Li, Geping Wang, Yong Hu, Panagiotis Karanis
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An innovative swimming pool water quality index (SPWQI) to monitor and evaluate the pools: design and compilation of computational model
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Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem.2019; 72(6): 1519. CrossRef
Presence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational lake water in Tianjin, China: a preliminary study
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Case Reports

Forensically Important Blow Flies Chrysomya pinguis, C. villeneuvi, and Lucilia porphyrina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in a Case of Human Remains in Thailand: Tawatchai Monum, Kabkaew L. Sukontason, Pongruk Sribanditmongkol, Kom Sukontason, Chutharat Samerjai, Kwankamol Limsopatham, Suttida Suwannayod, Tunwadee Klong-klaew, Anchalee Wannasan; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):71-76.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.71

Abstract
PDF

This is the first study to report Chrysomya pinguis (Walker) and Lucilia porphyrina (Walker) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) as forensically important blow fly species from human cadavers in Thailand, in addition to Chrysomya villeneuvi (Patton) already known in Thailand. In 2016, a fully decomposed body of an unknown adult male was discovered in a high mountainous forest during winter in Chiang Mai province. The remains were infested heavily with thousands of blow fly larvae feeding simultaneously on them. Morphological identification of adults reared from the larvae, and molecular analysis based on sequencing of 1,247 bp partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (CO1) of the larvae and puparia, confirmed the above mentioned 3 species. The approving forensic fly evidence by molecular approach was described for the first time in Thailand. Moreover, neighbor-joining phylogenetic analysis of the CO1 was performed to compare the relatedness of the species, thereby affirming the accuracy of identification. As species of entomofauna varies among cases in different geographic and climatic circumstances, C. pinguis and L. porphyrina were added to the list of Thai forensic entomology caseworks, including colonizers of human remains in open, high mountainous areas during winter. Further research should focus on these 3 species, for which no developmental data are currently available.

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Origins and Diversification of Myiasis Across Blowflies
Gisele Antoniazzi Cardoso, Vanessa A. S. Cunha, Bruno C. Genevcius, Tais Madeira‐Ott, Bárbara Maria de Andrade Costa, Daniela Munhoz Rossoni, Patricia Jacqueline Thyssen, Tatiana Teixeira Torres
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Nikolas P. Johnston, Nathan J. Butterworth, Kelly A. Meiklejohn, Andrzej Grzywacz, Thomas Pape, Krzysztof Szpila, James F. Wallman
Austral Entomology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Initial insights into using outline-based geometric morphometrics of the larval cephaloskeleton to identify forensically important calliphorids in Thailand
Wanida Kanta, Sangob Sanit, Kabkaew L Sukontason, Jean-Pierre Dujardin, Sebastien Dujardin, Kwankamol Limsopatham, Ian Dadour
Journal of Medical Entomology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Geometry of posterior larval spiracles to identify medically and forensically important calliphorids in Thailand
Wanida Kanta, Kwankamol Limsopatham, Kabkaew L. Sukontason, Kom Sukontason, Jean-Pierre Dujardin, Sebastien Dujardin, Sangob Sanit
Acta Tropica.2024; 252: 107126. CrossRef
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Wei-Lun Yan, Chiou-Herr Yang, Siew Hwa Tan, Chung-Yen Pai, Kan-Kun Li, Chen-Chou Chung
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Wing morphometrics as a tool for the identification of forensic important Lucilia spp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Kwankamol Limsopatham, Chatnaphat Tanajitaree, Sangob Sanit, Kom Sukontason, Pradya Somboon, Jens Amendt, Nina Feddern, Kabkaew L. Sukontason
Acta Tropica.2022; 226: 106242. CrossRef
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Debajyoti Kabiraj, Hasnahana Chetia, Adhiraj Nath, Pragya Sharma, Ponnala Vimal Mosahari, Deepika Singh, Palash Dutta, Kartik Neog, Utpal Bora
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Chrysomya pinguis (Walker) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), blow fly of forensic importance: A review of bionomics and forensic entomology appraisal
Kabkaew L. Sukontason, Sangob Sanit, Kwankamol Limsopatham, Anchalee Wannasan, Pradya Somboon, Kom Sukontason
Acta Tropica.2022; 232: 106506. CrossRef
ORIGIN OF MYIASIS
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Lena Lutz, Jens Amendt
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M Denise Gemmellaro, George C Hamilton, Jessica L Ware
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Gene expression during the intra-puparial stage of Chrysomya megacephala: Implications for postmortem interval estimation
Yu Wang, Zhiya Gu, Liangliang Li, Jiangfeng Wang
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Temperature-dependent development of the blow fly Chrysomya pinguis and its significance in estimating postmortem interval
Yingna Zhang, Yu Wang, Jian Sun, Guoliang Hu, Man Wang, Jens Amendt, Jiangfeng Wang
Royal Society Open Science.2019; 6(9): 190003. CrossRef
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Kabkaew L. Sukontason, Tanin Bhoopat, Anchalee Wannasan, Narin Sontigun, Sangob Sanit, Jens Amendt, Chutharat Samerjai, Kom Sukontason
Forensic Sciences Research.2018; 3(1): 83. CrossRef
Predicting Geographic Distribution of Forensically Significant Blow Flies of Subfamily Chrysomyinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Northern Thailand
Tunwadee Klong-klaew, Ratchadawan Ngoen-klan, Kittikhun Moophayak, Kom Sukontason, Kim N. Irvine, Jeffery K. Tomberlin, Pradya Somboon, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Hiromu Kurahashi, Kabkaew L. Sukontason
Insects.2018; 9(3): 106. CrossRef
Molecular Analysis of Forensically Important Blow Flies in Thailand
Narin Sontigun, Kabkaew L. Sukontason, Jens Amendt, Barbara K. Zajac, Richard Zehner, Kom Sukontason, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Anchalee Wannasan
Insects.2018; 9(4): 159. CrossRef
Spatial Distribution of Forensically Significant Blow Flies in Subfamily Luciliinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand: Observations and Modeling Using GIS
Tunwadee Klong-klaew, Ratchadawan Ngoen-klan, Kittikhun Moophayak, Kom Sukontason, Kim N. Irvine, Jeffery K. Tomberlin, Hiromu Kurahashi, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Pradya Somboon, Kabkaew L. Sukontason
Insects.2018; 9(4): 181. CrossRef
Morphology of immature stages of blow fly, Lucilia sinensis Aubertin (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a potential species of forensic importance
Sangob Sanit, Kom Sukontason, Hiromu Kurahashi, Jeffery K. Tomberlin, Anchalee Wannasan, Rungroj Kraisittipanit, Kabkaew L. Sukontason
Acta Tropica.2017; 176: 395. CrossRef

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Canine Wound Myiasis Caused by Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Korea: Seongjun Choe, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Hakhyun Kim, Ji-Houn Kang, Cha-Ho Jee, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):667-671.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.667

Abstract
PDF

Myiasis is a relatively common infection of animals kept as pets, although only 1 case of canine myiasis has been described so far in the Republic of Korea. In the present study, we report an additional case of canine wound myiasis with identification of its causative agent, Lucilia sericata. An 8-year-old male Siberian husky dog was referred with anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea to the Chungbuk National University Veterinary Medical Center, Cheongju-si (city), Chungcheongbuk-do (province), Korea in July 2013. Physical examination indicated the patient had a deep wound filled with a maggot swarm as a left gluteal lesion. A total of 216 maggots were removed by forceps, and the wounded area was sponged with gauzes and disinfected with 70% alcohol and a povidone-iodine solution. After daily care and suturing the wound, the patient was discharged at day 19 after admission. Recovered worms possessed morphological characteristics similar to those of L. sericata, namely, a sub-cylindrical body with 6-8 lobed anterior spiracles, round shaped with a button surrounded by a peritremal ring with no gaps, and similar distances between dorsal, median, and outer papillae of the 12th segment. Additionally, cox1 partial sequences (528 bp) obtained in the present study showed 100% identity with those of L. sericata (GenBank no. KT272854.1). L. sericata is indicated as a pathogen of myiasis infection not only in humans, but also in animals kept as pets in Korea.

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Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(4): 471. CrossRef
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Marco Pezzi, Chiara Scapoli, Milvia Chicca, Marilena Leis, Maria Gabriella Marchetti, Carlo Nicola Francesco Del Zingaro, Chiara Beatrice Vicentini, Elisabetta Mamolini, Annunziata Giangaspero, Teresa Bonacci
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Brief Communication

First Record of Paramphistomes Fischoederius cobboldi and Paramphistomum epiclitum Detected in Bovine Rumen from a Local Market of Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR: Surapol Sanguankiat, Marcello Otake Sato, Megumi Sato, Wanna Maipanich, Tippayarat Yoonuan, Tiengkham Pongvongsa, Boungnong Boupha, Yuichi Chigusa, Kazuhiko Moji, Jitra Waikagul; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):543-547.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.543

Abstract
PDF

In the present study, we report on the occurrence of paramphistomes, Fischoederius cobboldi and Paramphistomum epiclitum, in Lao PDR with the basis of molecular data. Parasite materials were collected from bovines bred in Ban Lahanam area, Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR at Lahanam public market. Morphological observations indicated 2 different species of paramphistomes. The mitochondrial gene cox1 of the specimens was successfully amplified by PCR and DNA sequencing was carried out for diagnosis of 11 specimens. Pairwise alignment of cox1 sequences were performed and confirmed F. cobboldi and P. epiclitum infecting bovines in Laos. Although there were many limiting points, as the small number of worm samples, and the restricted access of the animal host materials, we confirmed for the first time that 2 species of paramphistomes, F. cobboldi and P. epiclitum, are distributed in Lao PDR. More studies are needed to confirm the paramphistome species present in Savannakhet and its hosts to clear the natural history of these parasites of ruminants in the region and measure the impact of this parasite infection in the life and health of the local people.

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Sirapat Nak-on, Thapana Chontananarth
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Joilson Ferreira Batista, Francisco das Chagas Ribeiro Magalhães Neto, Kayo Sandro Pimentel do Prado Lopes, Marcello Otake Sato, Carlos Henrique Nery Costa, Ivete Lopes de Mendonça
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Qasim Ali, Imran Rashid, Muhammad Zubair Shabbir, Haroon Akbar, Kashif Shahzad, Kamran Ashraf, Neil Sargison, Umer Chaudhry
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Original Article

Two Echinostome Species, Pegosomum bubulcum and Nephrostomum ramosum (Digenea: Echinostomatidae), from an Eastern Cattle Egret, Bubulcus ibis coromandus, in Republic of Korea: Seongjun Choe, Dongmin Lee, Hansol Park, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Youngsun Lee, Eunju Kim, Ki-Jeong Na, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(4):485-496.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.485

Abstract
PDF

We describe 2 echinostome species recovered from an Eastern cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis coromandus, from Cheongju-si (city), Chungcheongbuk-do (province), Korea. Total 72 Pegosomum bubulcum specimens were recovered from the bile duct. They were 7,566×2,938 μm in average size and had 27 collar spines with vitelline extension from anterior 1/3 level of the esophagus to mid-level of the posterior testis as characteristic features. Total 9 specimens of Nephrostomum ramosum were recovered in the small intestines of the bird. They were ribbon-shaped, 11,378×2,124 μm in average size, and morphologically variable in some organs, i.e., the number of collar spines (47-50), the shape of ovary and testes, and the extension of vitelline follicles. These morphological variations observed in a single host indicated that these features are not critical for the classification of Nephrostomum species and thus were reconsidered taxonomically as synonym of N. ramosum. This study is the first report documenting and describing both flukes and their associated genera in Korea.

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Brief Communication

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting Actin DNA of Trichomonas vaginalis: Youn-Kyoung Goo, Won-Sik Shin, Hye-Won Yang, So-Young Joo, Su-Min Song, Jae-Sook Ryu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Won-Ki Lee, Dong-Il Chung, Yeonchul Hong; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):329-334.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.329

Abstract
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Trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted disease. Its association with several health problems, including preterm birth, pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, emphasizes the importance of improved access to early and accurate detection of T. vaginalis. In this study, a rapid and efficient loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based method for the detection of T. vaginalis was developed and validated, using vaginal swab specimens from subjects suspected to have trichomoniasis. The LAMP assay targeting the actin gene was highly sensitive with detection limits of 1 trichomonad and 1 pg of T. vaginalis DNA per reaction, and specifically amplified the target gene only from T. vaginalis. Validation of this assay showed that it had the highest sensitivity and better agreement with PCR (used as the gold standard) compared to microscopy and multiplex PCR. This study showed that the LAMP assay, targeting the actin gene, could be used to diagnose early infections of T. vaginalis. Thus, we have provided an alternative molecular diagnostic tool and a point-of-care test that may help to prevent trichomoniasis transmission and associated complications.

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Original Article

Biological Parameters of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) Fed on Rabbits, Sheep, and Cattle: Miling Ma, Ze Chen, Aihong Liu, Qiaoyun Ren, Junlong Liu, Zhijie Liu, Youquan Li, Hong Yin, Guiquan Guan, Jianxun Luo; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):301-305.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.301

Abstract
PDF

In order to determine the effect of various hosts on feeding performance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, we used 3 mammalian species as hosts, cattle (Qinchuan), sheep (T an), and rabbits (Japanese white rabbit) for infest-ing ticks. Five hundreds of R. microplus larvae were exposed to each animal (3 animals/host species). Tick recoveries were 11.0%, 0.47%, and 5.5% from cattle, sheep, and rabbits, respectively. The averages of tick feeding periods were not significantly different on cattle, sheep, and rabbits, 28.8, 25.3, and 26.7 days, respectively. The average weights of individual engorged female from cattle, sheep, and rabbits were 312.5, 219.1, and 130.2 mg, respectively and those of egg mass weights each to 85.0, 96.6, and 17.8 mg. The highest egg hatching rate was in the ticks from cattle (96.0%), fol-lowed by those from rabbits (83.0%) and sheep (19.2%). These data suggest that rabbits could be as an alternative host to cultivate R. microplus for evaluating vaccines and chemical and biological medicines against the tick in the laboratory, although the biological parameters of ticks were less than those from cattle.

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