Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Original Articles

Vaccinia virus expressing MIC8 and AMA1 provides protection against Toxoplasma gondii ME49 infection: Hae-Ji Kang, Yan Jin, Zhao-Shou Yang, Md Atique Ahmed, Fu-Shi Quan; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(4):340-348.
Published online November 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25054

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite capable of causing chronic infection by forming persistent cysts in the brain. Despite its global burden, no approved vaccine exists. Virus-like particle vaccines expressing microneme protein 8 (MIC8) or apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) of T. gondii have previously shown efficacy. In this study, we generated recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVVs) expressing MIC8 and AMA1 and evaluated their efficacy against T. gondii ME49 infection. BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized with a combination of MIC8 and AMA1 rVVs and challenged orally with T. gondii ME49. Immunization with MIC8+AMA1 rVVs produced a significant increase in T. gondii-specific IgG. Splenocyte analysis revealed robust activation of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, as well as expansion of memory B cells. The immunized group exhibited an 89.6% reduction in brain cyst count, with significantly improved survival compared to the control group. These findings demonstrate that combining the antigens MIC8 and AMA1 using a vaccinia virus platform can effectively promote both humoral and cellular immunity, supporting its potential as a vaccine strategy against T. gondii ME49.

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Presence and diversity of free-living amoebae and their potential application as water quality indicators: Areum Choi, Ji Won Seong, Jeong Hyun Kim, Jun Young Lee, Hyun Jae Cho, Shin Ae Kang, Mi Kyung Park, Mi Jin Jeong, Seo Yeong Choi, Yu Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):180-192.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24020

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are found in diverse environments, such as soils, rivers, and seas. Hence, they can be used as bioindicators to assess the water quality based solely on their presence. In this study, we determined the presence of FLA in river water by filtering water samples collected from various sites and culturing the resulting filtrates. FLA were detected in all the water samples with varying quality grades (Grades Ι-V). The significant increase in the size of the amoebae population with the deterioration in the water quality. Monoxenic cultures of the amoebae were performed, and genomic DNAs were isolated, among which 18S rDNAs were sequenced to identify the amoeba species. Of the 12 species identified, 10 belonged to the Acanthamoeba genus; of the remaining 2 species, one was identified as Vannella croatica and the other as a species of Vermamoeba. Acanthamoeba was detected in samples with Grades Ι to VI quality, whereas the Vermamoeba species was present only in Grade Ι water. V. croatica was found exclusively in water with Grade ΙΙ quality. Following morphological observations, genomic DNA was sequenced using 16S rDNA to determine whether the species of Acanthamoeba harbored endosymbionts. Most of the isolated Acanthamoeba contained endosymbionts, among which 4 species of endogenous bacteria were identified and examined using transmission electron microscopy. This study provides evidence that the distribution of amoebae other than Acanthamoeba may be associated with water quality. However, further confirmation will be required based on accurate water quality ratings and assessments using a more diverse range of FLA.

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Isolation of Acanthamoeba Species and Bacterial Symbiont Variability in Puna Salt Plains, Argentina
Ronnie Mooney, Kiri Rodgers, Sandro Carnicelli, Matías E. Carnevale, Maria Eugenia Farias, Fiona L. Henriquez
Environmental Microbiology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identifying Promising Novel Compounds Against Free-Living Amoebae: A Systematic Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque, Thaisla Cristiane Borella da Silva, Luiza Bernardes Chagas, Letícia F. G. Kinape, Paula Eliete Rodrigues Bitencourt, Custódio José Gaspar, Alexandre Coelho Borges Cheinquer, Marilise Brittes Rott, Régis Adriel Zanette, Jo
Parasitologia.2025; 5(4): 56. CrossRef
The Microbial Trojan Horse and Antimicrobial Resistance: Acanthamoeba as an Environmental Reservoir for Multidrug Resistant Bacteria
Ronnie Mooney, Erin Corbett, Elisa Giammarini, Kiri Rodgers, Carla Donet, Ernest Mui, Arhama T. A. Ansari, Ayush Ransingh, Pradnya S. Vernekar, Harleen K. Walia, Jyoti Sharma, John Connolly, Andrew Hursthouse, Suparna Mukherji, Soumyo Mukherji, Fiona L. H
Environmental Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Le monde fascinant des amibes libres, des protistes aux multiples facettes
Aurélie Delumeau, Nina Allouch, Isaure Quétel, Virginie Nerrière, Isabel Marcelino
médecine/sciences.2025; 41(10): 743. CrossRef

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Virus-like particles expressing microneme-associated antigen of Plasmodium berghei confer better protection than those expressing apical membrane antigen 1: Min-Ju Kim, Ki Back Chu, Keon-Woong Yoon, Hae-Ji Kang, Dong-Hun Lee, Eun-Kyung Moon, Fu-Shi Quan; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):193-204.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24017

Malaria is a global disease affecting a large portion of the world’s population. Although vaccines have recently become available, their efficacies are suboptimal. We generated virus-like particles (VLPs) that expressed either apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) or microneme-associated antigen (MIC) of Plasmodium berghei and compared their efficacy in BALB/c mice. We found that immune sera acquired from AMA1 VLP- or MIC VLP-immunized mice specifically interacted with the antigen of choice and the whole P. berghei lysate antigen, indicating that the antibodies were highly parasite-specific. Both VLP vaccines significantly enhanced germinal center B cell frequencies in the inguinal lymph nodes of mice compared with the control, but only the mice that received MIC VLPs showed significantly enhanced CD4⁺ T cell responses in the blood following P. berghei challenge infection. AMA1 and MIC VLPs significantly suppressed TNF-α and interleukin-10 production but had a negligible effect on interferon-γ. Both VLPs prevented excessive parasitemia buildup in immunized mice, although parasite burden reduction induced by MIC VLPs was slightly more effective than that induced by AMA1. Both VLPs were equally effective at preventing body weight loss. Our findings demonstrated that the MIC VLP was an effective inducer of protection against murine experimental malaria and should be the focus of further development.

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Orally Dissolving Film-Based Influenza Vaccines Confer Superior Protection Compared to the Oral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus
Keon-Woong Yoon, Jie Mao, Gi-Deok Eom, Su In Heo, Ki Back Chu, Mi Suk Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
Vaccines.2025; 13(6): 600. CrossRef
Protective Efficacy Induced by Virus-like Particles Expressing Dense Granule Protein 5 of Toxoplasma gondii
Su In Heo, Hae-Ji Kang, Jie Mao, Zhao-Shou Yang, Md Atique Ahmed, Fu-Shi Quan
Vaccines.2025; 13(8): 787. CrossRef
Efficacy of Heterologous Vaccination Using Virus-Like Particles and Vaccinia Virus Containing MIC8 and AMA1 Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii
Hae-Ji Kang, Fu-Shi Quan
Vaccines.2025; 13(8): 862. CrossRef
Ivermectin Identified Using a High-Throughput Screening System Exhibits Anti-Clonorchis sinensis Activity in Rats
Soon-Ok Lee, Hyeryon Lee, Ki Back Chu, Jianhua Li, Sung-Jong Hong, Sung Soo Kim, Joo Hwan No, Fu-Shi Quan
Antibiotics.2025; 14(8): 837. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Recent progress in vaccine development targeting pre-clinical human toxoplasmosis: Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):231-239.
Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22097

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasitic organism affecting all warm-blooded vertebrates. Due to the unavailability of commercialized human T. gondii vaccine, many studies have been reported investigating the protective efficacy of pre-clinical T. gondii vaccines expressing diverse antigens. Careful antigen selection and implementing multifarious immunization strategies could enhance protection against toxoplasmosis in animal models. Although none of the available vaccines could remove the tissue-dwelling parasites from the host organism, findings from these pre-clinical toxoplasmosis vaccine studies highlighted their developmental potential and provided insights into rational vaccine design. We herein explored the progress of T. gondii vaccine development using DNA, protein subunit, and virus-like particle vaccine platforms. Specifically, we summarized the findings from the pre-clinical toxoplasmosis vaccine studies involving T. gondii challenge infection in mice published in the past 5 years.

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PLGA nanoparticles as an efficient carrier in Toxoplasma GAP45: a more effective vaccine against acute toxoplasmosis than traditional ones
Pan Zhou, YanLi Yu, WeiYu Qi, XiaoJuan Wang, YouLi Yu, JianDong Wang, Li Zhang, ZhengQing Yu, TingLi Liu
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Influenza virus-like particles presenting Toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein 7 protect mice from lethal ME49 challenge
Jie Mao, Hae-Ji Kang, Su-In Heo, Fu-Shi Quan
Nanomedicine.2025; 20(18): 2309. CrossRef
Recombinant TgDDX3X DEAD-box protein confers partial protection in murine models of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis
Shuai Wang, Jinghui Wang, Youke Fan, Haina Zhang, Junru Wu, Tingting Ying, Hangbin Ma, Qiangqiang Wang, Longkang Wang, Yuanfeng Wang, Xiaowei Tian, Xuefang Mei, Zhenchao Zhang, Zhenke Yang
Acta Tropica.2025; 270: 107780. CrossRef
Vaccinia virus expressing MIC8 and AMA1 provides protection against Toxoplasma gondii ME49 infection
Hae-Ji Kang, Yan Jin, Zhao-Shou Yang, Md Atique Ahmed, Fu-Shi Quan
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 340. CrossRef
Evaluation of protective efficacy of recombinant Toxoplasma gondii DDX39 protein vaccine against acute and chronic T. gondii infection in mice
Jinghui Wang, Yuanfeng Wang, Haina Zhang, Hangbin Ma, Qiangqiang Wang, Longkang Wang, Youke Fan, Xiaowei Tian, Xuefang Mei, Zhenchao Zhang, Shuai Wang, Zhenke Yang
Acta Tropica.2024; 260: 107442. CrossRef

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Original Article

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha Stabilization in Human Macrophages during Leishmania major Infection Is Impaired by Parasite Virulence: Ali Ben-Cheikh, Aymen Bali, Fatma Z Guerfali, Chiraz Atr, Hanène Attia, Dhafer Laouini; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(5):317-325.
Published online October 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.5.317

Abstract
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Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is one of the master regulators of immune and metabolic cellular functions. HIF-1α, a transcriptional factor whose activity is closely related to oxygen levels, is a target for understanding infectious disease control. Several studies have demonstrated that HIF-1α plays an important role during the infectious process, while its role in relation to parasite virulence has not been addressed. In this work, we studied the expression levels of HIF-1α and related angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in human macrophages infected with promastigotes of hypo- or hyper-virulent Leishmania major human isolates. L. major parasites readily subverted host macrophage functions for their survival and induced local oxygen consumption at the site of infection. In contrast to hypo-virulent parasites that induce high HIF-1α expression levels, hyper-virulent L. major reduced HIF-1α expression in macrophages under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, and consequently impeded the expression of VEGF-A mRNA. HIF-1α may play a key role during control of disease chronicity, severity, or outcome.

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Lack of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Influences on Macrophages Ability to Deal with Leishmania braziliensis In Vitro and Affects Pathology In Vivo
Rodrigo C.O. Sanches, Leonardo G. Vaz, Fabio V. Marinho, Erika S. Guimarães, Edgar M. Carvalho, Lucas P. Carvalho, Sergio C. Oliveira
JID Innovations.2025; 5(3): 100347. CrossRef
Host–parasite interactions after in vitro infection of human macrophages by Leishmania major: Dual analysis of microRNA and mRNA profiles reveals regulation of key processes through time kinetics
Chiraz Atri, Ghada Mkannez, Hanène Attia, Rabiaa Manel Sghaier, Aymen Bali, Ali Ben-Cheikh, Imen Rabhi, Béatrice Regnault, David Piquemal, Kais Ghedira, Koussay Dellagi, Dhafer Laouini, Fatma Zahra Guerfali
Microbes and Infection.2025; 27(4): 105502. CrossRef
Stub1 Acetylation by CBP/p300 Attenuates Chronic Hypoxic-Driven Pulmonary Hypertension by Suppressing HIF-2α
Amanda Czerwinski, Paul Sidlowski, Emily Mooers, Yong Liu, Ru-Jeng Teng, Kirkwood Pritchard, Xigang Jing, Suresh Kumar, Amy Y. Pan, Pengyuan Liu, Girija G. Konduri, Adeleye J. Afolayan
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology.2025; 73(3): 369. CrossRef
mTOR signaling pathway regulation HIF-1 α effects on LPS induced intestinal mucosal epithelial model damage
Zeyong Huang, Wenbin Teng, Liuxu Yao, Kai Xie, Suqin Hang, Rui He, Yuhong Li
BMC Molecular and Cell Biology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Regulatory Functions of Hypoxia in Host–Parasite Interactions: A Focus on Enteric, Tissue, and Blood Protozoa
Emily DeMichele, Olivia Sosnowski, Andre G. Buret, Thibault Allain
Microorganisms.2023; 11(6): 1598. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Ticks in the Republic of Korea: Jun-Gu Kang, Yoon-Kyoung Cho, Young-Sun Jo, Sun-Woo Han, Jeong-Byoung Chae, Jung-Eun Park, Hyesung Jeong, Weon-Hwa Jheong, Joon-Seok Chae; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(1):65-71.
Published online February 23, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.1.65

Abstract
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Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a zoonotic, tick-borne RNA virus of the genus Bandavirus (Family Phenuiviridae), mainly reported in China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (Korea). For the purpose of this study, a total of 3,898 adult and nymphal ticks of species Haemaphysalis longicornis (94.2%), Haemaphysalis flava (5.0%), Ixodes nipponensis (0.8%), and 1 specimen of Ixodes ovatus, were collected from the Deogyusan National Park, Korea, between April 2016 and June 2018. A single-step reverse transcriptase–nested PCR was performed, targeting the S segment of the SFTSV RNA. Total infection rate (IR) of SFTSV in individual ticks was found to be 6.0%. Based on developmental stages, IR was 5.3% in adults and 6.0% in nymphs. The S segment sequences obtained from PCR were divided into 17 haplotypes. All haplotypes were phylogenetically clustered into clades B-2 and B-3, with 92.7% sequences in B-2 and 7.3% in B-3. These observations indicate that the Korean SFTSV strains were closer to the Japanese than the Chinese strains. Further epidemiological studies are necessary to better understand the characteristics of the Korean SFTSV and its transmission cycle in the ecosystem.

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Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio correlates with poor prognosis and metabolic alterations in Dabie bandavirus infection
Chunxia Guo, Ruixue Li, Xia Wang, Xiulan Peng
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Establishment of a genotyping criteria for Bandavirus dabieense and confirmation of new genotypes
Bingyan Liu, Tengfei He, Changtai Wang, Guomei Xia, Shijun Zhou, Shanshan Sun, Xinlei Chen, Xiaodan Hong, Jie Zhu, Zhenhua Zhang
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular identification of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in deer ked: Implications for disease transmission
Mark Anthony B. Casel, Jeong Ho Choi, Hyunwoo Jang, Seung-gyu Jang, Juryeon Gil, Rare Rollon, So-youn Cheun, Isaac Choi, Eun-ha Kim, Young-Il Kim, Young Ki Choi
One Health.2025; 21: 101107. CrossRef
Alarming implications: severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and its biological vectors in the context of climate change
Ze Chen, Manoj Baranwal, Albert A. Rizvanov, Mohammed Okely, Svetlana F. Khaiboullina
Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative population genetic structure of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene of Haemaphysalis flava (Acari: Ixodidae) between Nantong, China, and regions along the East Asia-Australasian Flyway
Jing Su, Wei-Bing Zhang, Bin Sun, Xin Zhang, Yun-Peng Zhai, Jian-Ming Yuan
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A new record of Ixodes ovatus (Ixodida: Ixodidae) from the Kingdom of Bhutan
Satoshi Shimano, Shimpei F. Hiruta, Tsukasa Waki, Indra Prasad Acharja, Pema Khandu, Jigme Tshering, Tshering Dorji, Takeo Yamauchi
Journal of the Acarological Society of Japan.2025; 34(1): 11. CrossRef
First Report of Bandavirus dabieense in Bats and Ticks Collected from Bat Habitats
Hye-Ryung Byun, Su-Jin Chae, Seong-Ryeong Ji, Jaehyoung Chong, Chul-Un Chung, Bumseok Kim, Hyesung Jeong, Joon-Seok Chae
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2025; 25(11): 671. CrossRef
Viruses and Ticks: An Integrative Review of Virological Findings in Ticks
Lucas Henrique da Silva e Silva, Fábio Silva da Silva, Daniel Damous Dias, Sâmia Luzia Sena da Silva, Lucia Aline Moura Reis, Hanna Carolina Farias Reis, Bruna Laís Sena do Nascimento, Joaquim Pinto Nunes Neto
Arthropoda.2025; 3(4): 16. CrossRef
Molecular Prevalence and Phylogeny of Tick‐Borne Viruses in Meat and Dairy Products in the Republic of Korea
Yeeun Seo, Md. Iqbal Hossain, Zhaoqi Wang, Daseul Yeo, Soontag Jung, Seoyoung Woo, Yuan Zhang, Min Suk Rhee, Changsun Choi, Daniel Diaz
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Seok-Chan Park, Da-Eun Jeong, Sun-Woo Han, Joon-Seok Chae, Joo-Yong Lee, Hyun-Sook Kim, Bumseok Kim, Jun-Gu Kang
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(4): 327. CrossRef
Molecular surveillance of zoonotic pathogens from wild rodents in the Republic of Korea
Kyoung-Seong Choi, Sunwoo Hwang, Myung Cheol Kim, Hyung-Chul Cho, Yu-Jin Park, Min-Jeong Ji, Sun-Woo Han, Joon-Seok Chae, Colleen B. Jonsson
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2024; 18(7): e0012306. CrossRef
Double-Stranded RNA-Based Method for Diagnosing Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia
Jung Wan Park, Jaemin Jeon, Yoosik Kim, Min Hyok Jeon
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 14(1): 105. CrossRef
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Seong Yoon Kim, Choong Won Seo, Hee Il Lee
Experimental and Applied Acarology.2023; 89(2): 305. CrossRef
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Jeong Rae Yoo, Sang Taek Heo, Misun Kim, Miyeon Kim, Myeong Jin Kang, Eui Tae Kim, Su Yeon Kang, Keun Hwa Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Transcriptome analysis of Haemaphysalis flava female using Illumina HiSeq 4000 sequencing: de novo assembly, functional annotation and discovery of SSR markers
Min Kyu Sang, Hongray Howrelia Patnaik, Jie Eun Park, Dae Kwon Song, Jun Yang Jeong, Chan Eui Hong, Yong Tae Kim, Hyeon Jun Shin, Liu Ziwei, Hee Ju Hwang, So Young Park, Se Won Kang, Seung-Hwan Park, Sung-Jae Cha, Jung Ho Ko, E. Hyun Shin, Hong Seog Park,
Parasites & Vectors.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
SFTSV infection in rodents and their ectoparasitic chiggers
Xiao-Lan Gu, Wen-Qing Su, Chuan-Min Zhou, Li-Zhu Fang, Ke Zhu, Dong-Qiang Ma, Fa-Chun Jiang, Ze-Min Li, Dan Li, Shu-Hui Duan, Qiu-Ming Peng, Rui Wang, Yuan Jiang, Hui-Ju Han, Xue-Jie Yu, Masayuki Saijo
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(8): e0010698. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Infections using Virus-Like Particles Displaying T. gondii ROP4 Antigen: Min-Ju Kim, Jie Mao, Hae-Ji Kang, Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(6):565-572.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.565

Toxoplasma gondii ME49 infections are typically diagnosed by serological tests. However, serological diagnosis of RH strain-induced toxoplasmosis remains unknown. In order to develop seradiagnosis of above 2 kinds of infections, we generated recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying the T. gondii rhoptry protein 4 (ROP4) and evaluated their potential in T. gondii ME49 or RH strain infection diagnostics. Mice were orally infected with either the tachyzoites of T. gondii (RH) or cysts of T. gondii (ME49) at various dosages, and sera were collected at regular intervals. ELISA-based serological tests were performed to assess IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody responses against ROP4 VLP antigen and tissue lysate antigen (TLA). Compared to TLA, IgG, IgM, and IgA levels to ROP4 VLP antigen were significantly higher in the sera of T. gondii RH-infected mice 1 and 2 week post-infection (PI). T. gondii-specific IgG antibody was detected at 1, 2, 4, and 8 week PI in the T. gondii ME49-infected mice with infection dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that the ROP4 VLP antigen was highly sensitive antigens detecting T. gondii RH and ME49 antibodies at an early stage.

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IgM Antibody Detection as a Diagnostic Marker for Acute Toxoplasmosis: Current Status of Studies and Main Limitations
Karolina Sołowińska, Lucyna Holec-Gąsior
Antibodies.2025; 14(2): 44. CrossRef
Could metformin modulate the outcome of chronic murine toxoplasmosis?
Maha Mohamed Gomaa, Samar Nabil El Achy, Nehal Nassef Hezema
Acta Tropica.2024; 258: 107339. CrossRef
Trend in serological and molecular diagnostic methods for Toxoplasma gondii infection
Min-ju Kim, Soeun J. Park, Hyunwoo Park
European Journal of Medical Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Recombinant AMA1 Virus-like Particle Antigen for Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii Infection
Min-Ju Kim, Ki-Back Chu, Jie Mao, Hae-Ji Kang, Gi-Deok Eom, Keon-Woong Yoon, Su-Hwa Lee, Eun-Kyung Moon, Young-Ha Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
Biomedicines.2022; 10(11): 2812. CrossRef

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Monitoring Culicine Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) as a Vector of Flavivirus in Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea, during 2019: Young Yil Bahk, Seo Hye Park, Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon, Sung-Suck Oh, Haneul Jung, Hojong Jun, Kyung-Ae Kim, Jong Myong Park, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Eun-Jeong Choi, Bag-Sou Moon, Young Woo Gong, Mun Ju Kwon, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):551-558.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.551

The flaviviruses are small single-stranded RNA viruses that are typically transmitted by mosquitoes or tick vectors and are etiological agents of acute zoonotic infections. The viruses are found around the world and account for significant cases of human diseases. We investigated population of culicine mosquitoes in central region of Korean Peninsula, Incheon Metropolitan City and Hwaseong-si. Aedes vexans nipponii was the most frequently collected mosquitoes (56.5%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.6%), Anopheles spp. (10.9%), and Culex pipiens complex (5.9%). In rural regions of Hwaseong, Aedes vexans nipponii was the highest population (62.9%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (23.9%) and Anopheles spp. (12.0%). In another rural region of Incheon (habitat of migratory birds), Culex pipiens complex was the highest population (31.4%), followed by Ochlerotatus dorsalis (30.5%), and Aedes vexans vexans (27.5%). Culex pipiens complex was the predominant species in the urban region (84.7%). Culicine mosquitoes were identified at the species level, pooled up to 30 mosquitoes each, and tested for flaviviral RNA using the SYBR Green-based RT-PCR and confirmed by cDNA sequencing. Three of the assayed 2,683 pools (989 pools without Anopheles spp.) were positive for Culex flaviviruses, an insect-specific virus, from Culex pipiens pallens collected at the habitats for migratory birds in Incheon. The maximum likelihood estimation (the estimated number) for Culex pipiens pallens positive for Culex flavivirus was 25. Although viruses responsible for mosquito-borne diseases were not identified, we encourage intensified monitoring and long-term surveillance of both vector and viruses in the interest of global public health.

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Abundance, Diversity and Distribution of Mosquito Species and Molecular Detection of Its Associated Hepatitis C Virus in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
Tharwat A. Selim, Sanad H. Ragab, Saber A. Riad, Randa I. Eltaly, Shaimaa H. Mohammed, Somia Eissa Sharawi, Naser Ahmed Alkenani, Ruoa Saleh Almahallawi, Hayat S. Al-Rashidi, Mohamed A. M. El-Tabakh
Insects.2025; 16(4): 433. CrossRef
Leveraging insect-specific viruses to elucidate mosquito population structure and dynamics
Brandon D. Hollingsworth, Nathan D. Grubaugh, Brian P. Lazzaro, Courtney C. Murdock, Helen M. Lazear
PLOS Pathogens.2023; 19(8): e1011588. CrossRef
Molecular detection and identification of Culex flavivirus in mosquito species from Jeju, Republic of Korea
Shilpa Chatterjee, Choon-Mee Kim, Na Ra Yun, Dong-Min Kim, Hyeon Je Song, Kyeoung A Chung
Virology Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
National Monitoring of Mosquito Populations and Molecular Analysis of Flavivirus in the Republic of Korea in 2020
Min-Goo Seo, Hak Seon Lee, Sung-Chan Yang, Byung-Eon Noh, Tae-Kyu Kim, Wook-Gyo Lee, Hee Il Lee
Microorganisms.2021; 9(10): 2085. CrossRef
Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea
Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 585. CrossRef

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Comparative Microbiome Analysis of Three Species of Laboratory-Reared Periplaneta Cockroaches: Seogwon Lee, Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, In-Yong Lee, Won-Ja Lee, Hye Su Moon, Dongeun Yong, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(5):537-542.
Published online October 22, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.5.537

Cockroaches inhabit various habitats, which will influence their microbiome. Although the microbiome can be influenced by the diet and environmental factors, it can also differ between species. Therefore, we conducted 16S rDNAtargeted high-throughput sequencing to evaluate the overall bacterial composition of the microbiomes of 3 cockroach species, Periplaneta americana, P. japonica, and P. fuliginosa, raised in laboratory for several generations under the same conditions. The experiments were conducted using male adult cockroaches. The number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was not significantly different among the 3 species. With regard to the Shannon and Pielou indexes, higher microbiome values were noted in P. americana than in P. japonica and P. fuliginosa. Microbiome composition was also evaluated, with endosymbionts accounting for over half of all OTUs in P. japonica and P. fuliginosa. Beta diversity analysis further showed that P. japonica and P. fuliginosa had similar microbiome composition, which differed from that of P. americana. However, we also identified that P. japonica and P. fuliginosa host distinct OTUs. Thus, although microbiome compositions may vary based on multiple conditions, it is possible to identify distinct microbiome compositions among different Periplaneta cockroach species, even when the individuals are reared under the same conditions.

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The Medical Importance of Cockroaches as Vectors of Pathogens: Implications for Public Health
Dongfen Geng, Haotian Yu, Teng Zhao, Chunxiao Li
Zoonoses.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Four Year Surveillance of the Vector Hard Ticks for SFTS, Ganghwa-do, Republic of Korea: Myung-Deok Kim-Jeon, Seung Jegal, Hojong Jun, Haneul Jung, Seo Hye Park, Seong Kyu Ahn, Jinyoung Lee, Young Woo Gong, Kwangsig Joo, Mun Ju Kwon, Jong Yul Roh, Wook-Gyo Lee, Young Yil Bahk, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(6):691-698.
Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.6.691

Abstract
PDF

The seasonal abundance of hard ticks that transmit severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus was monitored with a collection trap method every April to November during 2015-2018 and with a flagging method every July and August during 2015-2018 in Ganghwa-do (island) of Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea. This monitoring was performed in a copse, a short grass field, coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest. A total of 17,457 ticks (8,277 larvae, 4,137 nymphs, 3,389 females, and 1,654 males) of the ixodid ticks comprising 3 species (Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and Ixodes nipponensis) were collected with collection traps. Of the identified ticks, H. longicornis was the most frequently collected ticks (except larval ticks) (94.26%, 8,653/9,180 ticks (nymphs and adults)), followed by H. flava (5.71%, 524/9,180) and Ix. nipponensis (less than 0.04%, 3/9,180). The ticks collected with collecting traps were pooled and assayed for the presence of SFTS virus with negative results. In addition, for monitoring the prevalence of hard ticks, a total of 7,461 ticks (5,529 larvae, 1,272 nymphs, 469 females, and 191 males) of the ixodid ticks comprising 3 species (H. longicornis, H. flava, and Ix. nipponensis) were collected with flagging method. H. longicornis was the highest collected ticks (except larval ticks) (99.53%, 1,908/1,917 ticks (nymphs and adults)), followed by H. flava (1.15%, 22/1,917).

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Brief Communication

Virus-like Particle Vaccine Containing Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Protein 13 Induces Protection against T. gondii ME49 Infection in Mice: Hae-Ji Kang, Ki-Back Chu, Su-Hwa Lee, Min-Ju Kim, Hyunwoo Park, Hui Jin, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(5):543-547.
Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.543

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii can infect humans worldwide, causing serious diseases in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. T. gondii rhoptry protein 13 (ROP13) is known as one of the key proteins involved in host cell invasion. In this study, we generated virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine expressing T. gondii rhoptry ROP13 and investigated VLPs vaccine efficacy in mice. Mice immunized with ROP13 VLPs vaccine elicited significantly higher levels of T. gondii-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA antibody responses following boost immunization and challenge infection, whereas antibody inductions were insignificant upon prime immunization. Differing immunization routes resulted in differing antibody induction, as intranasal immunization (IN) induced greater antibody responses than intramuscular immunization (IM) after boost and challenge infection. IN immunization induced significantly higher levels of IgG and IgA antibody responses from feces, antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), CD4⁺ T, CD8⁺ T cells and germinal center B cell responses in the spleen compared to IM immunization. Compared to IM immunization, IN immunization resulted in significantly reduced cyst counts in the brain as well as lesser body weight loss, which contributed to better protection. All of the mice immunized through either route survived, whereas all na?ve control mice perished. These results indicate that the ROP13 VLPs vaccine could be a potential vaccine candidate against T. gondii infection.

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Stephen J. Goodswen, Paul J. Kennedy, John T. Ellis
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Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan
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Protective immunity induced by CpG ODN‐adjuvanted virus‐like particles containing Toxoplasma gondii proteins
Hae‐Ji Kang, Ki‐Back Chu, Min‐Ju Kim, Su‐Hwa Lee, Hyunwoo Park, Hui Jin, Eun‐Kyung Moon, Fu‐Shi Quan
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Shan Li, Nan Zhang, Shaoxiong Liu, Jianhua Li, Li Liu, Xiaocen Wang, Xin Li, Pengtao Gong, Xichen Zhang
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Toxoplasma gondii virus‐like particle vaccination alleviates inflammatory response in the brain upon T gondii infection
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Evaluation of CpG-ODN-Adjuvanted Toxoplasma gondii Virus-Like Particle Vaccine upon One, Two, and Three Immunizations
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Pharmaceutics.2020; 12(10): 989. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Analysis of Five Arboviruses and Culicoides Distribution on Cattle Farms in Jeollabuk-do, Korea: Daram Yang, Myeon-Sik Yang, Haerin Rhim, Jae-Ik Han, Jae-Ku Oem, Yeon-Hee Kim, Kyoung-Ki Lee, Chae-Woong Lim, Bumseok Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):477-485.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.477

Arthropod-borne viruses (Arboviruses) are transmitted by arthropods such as Culicoides biting midges and cause abortion, stillbirth, and congenital malformation in ruminants, apparently leading to economic losses to farmers. To monitor the distribution of Culicoides and to determine their relationship with different environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and altitude of the farms) on 5 cattle farms, Culicoides were collected during summer season (May-September) in 2016 and 2017, and analyzed for identification of species and detection of arboviruses. About 35% of the Culicoides were collected in July and the collection rate increased with increase in temperature and humidity. The higher altitude where the farms were located, the more Culicoides were collected on inside than outside. In antigen test of Culicoides against 5 arboviruses, only Chuzan virus (CHUV) (2.63%) was detected in 2016. The Akabane virus (AKAV), CHUV, Ibaraki virus and Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) had a positive rate of less than 1.8% in 2017. In antigen test of bovine whole blood, AKAV (12.96%) and BEFV (0.96%) were positive in only one of the farms. As a result of serum neutralization test, antibodies against AKAV were generally measured in all the farms. These results suggest that vaccination before the season in which the Culicoides are active is probably best to prevent arbovirus infections.

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Attraction and Repellent Behaviors of Culicoides Biting Midges toward Cow Dung, Carbon Dioxide, and Essential Oils
Daram Yang, Myeon-Sik Yang, Bumseok Kim
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Virus-Like Particles Expressing Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Protein 18 Induces Better Protection Than Rhoptry Protein 4 against T. gondii Infection: Hae-Ji Kang, Su-Hwa Lee, Ki-Back Chu, Dong-Hun Lee, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):429-435.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.429

Abstract
PDF

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous protozoan parasite responsible for causing toxoplasmosis. Preventive measures for toxoplasmosis are currently lacking and as such, development of novel vaccines are of urgent need. In this study, we generated 2 virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccines expressing T. gondii rhoptry protein 4 (ROP4) or rhoptry protein 18 (ROP18) using influenza matrix protein (M1) as a core protein. Mice were intranasally immunized with VLPs vaccines and after the last immunization, mice were challenged with ME49 cysts. Protective efficacy was assessed and compared by determining serum antibody responses, body weight changes and the reduction of cyst counts in the brain. ROP18 VLPs-immunized mice induced greater levels of IgG and IgA antibody responses than those immunized with ROP4 VLPs. ROP18 VLPs immunization significantly reduced body weight loss and the number of brain cysts in mice compared to ROP4 VLPs post-challenge. These results indicate that T. gondii ROP18 VLPs elicited better protective efficacy than ROP4 VLPs, providing important insight into vaccine design strategy.

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Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan
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Orally Administrated Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Displaying ROP4 Induces Protection against Toxoplasma gondii Challenge Infection
Keon-Woong Yoon, Ki-Back Chu, Hae-Ji Kang, Min-Ju Kim, Gi-Deok Eom, Fu-Shi Quan
Vaccines.2022; 10(2): 152. CrossRef
Protective immunity induced by CpG ODN‐adjuvanted virus‐like particles containing Toxoplasma gondii proteins
Hae‐Ji Kang, Ki‐Back Chu, Min‐Ju Kim, Su‐Hwa Lee, Hyunwoo Park, Hui Jin, Eun‐Kyung Moon, Fu‐Shi Quan
Parasite Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A peptide originated from Toxoplasma gondii microneme 8 displaying serological evidence to differentiate recent from chronic human infection
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Evaluation of CpG-ODN-Adjuvanted Toxoplasma gondii Virus-Like Particle Vaccine upon One, Two, and Three Immunizations
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Previous Infection with Plasmodium berghei Confers Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice
Dong-Hun Lee, Ki-Back Chu, Hae-Ji Kang, Su-Hwa Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
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Influenza Virus-Like Particles Presenting both Toxoplasma gondii ROP4 and ROP13 Enhance Protection against T. gondii Infection
Hae-Ji Kang, Su-Hwa Lee, Min-Ju Kim, Ki-Back Chu, Dong-Hun Lee, Manika Chopra, Hyo-Jick Choi, Hyunwoo Park, Hui Jin, Fu-Shi Quan
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PLOS ONE.2019; 14(8): e0220865. CrossRef

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Development of a Rapid Diagnostic Test Kit to Detect IgG/IgM Antibody against Zika Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies to the Envelope and Non-structural Protein 1 of the Virus: Yeong Hoon Kim, Jihoo Lee, Young-Eun Kim, Chom-Kyu Chong, Yanaihara Pinchemel, Francis Reisdo?rfer, Joyce Brito Coelho, Ronaldo Ferreira Dias, Pan Kee Bae, Zuinara Pereira Maia Gusma?o, Hye-Jin Ahn, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(1):61-70.
Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.61

Abstract
PDF

We developed a Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) kit for detecting IgG/IgM antibodies against Zika virus (ZIKV) using monoclonal antibodies to the envelope (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of ZIKV. These proteins were produced using baculovirus expression vector with Sf9 cells. Monoclonal antibodies J2G7 to NS1 and J5E1 to E protein were selected and conjugated with colloidal gold to produce the Zika IgG/IgM RDT kit (Zika RDT). Comparisons with ELISA, plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), and PCR were done to investigate the analytical sensitivity of Zika RDT, which resulted in 100% identical results. Sensitivity and specificity of Zika RDT in a field test was determined using positive and negative samples from Brazil and Korea. The diagnostic accuracy of Zika RDT was fairly high; sensitivity and specificity for IgG was 99.0 and 99.3%, respectively, while for IgM it was 96.7 and 98.7%, respectively. Cross reaction with dengue virus was evaluated using anti-Dengue Mixed Titer Performance Panel (PVD201), in which the Zika RDT showed cross-reactions with DENV in 16.7% and 5.6% in IgG and IgM, respectively. Cross reactions were not observed with West Nile, yellow fever, and hepatitis C virus infected sera. Zika RDT kit is very simple to use, rapid to assay, and very sensitive, and highly specific. Therefore, it would serve as a choice of method for point-of-care diagnosis and large scale surveys of ZIKV infection under clinical or field conditions worldwide in endemic areas.

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Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Environmental Water Contamination in a Rural Village of Northern Lao PDR: Alexis Ribas, Chlo? Jollivet, Serge Morand, Boupha Thongmalayvong, Silaphet Somphavong, Chern-Chiang Siew, Pei-Jun Ting, Saipin Suputtamongkol, Viengsaene Saensombath, Surapol Sanguankiat, Boon-Huan Tan, Phimpha Paboriboune, Kongsap Akkhavong, Kittipong Chaisiri; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(5):523-532.
Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.5.523

Abstract
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A field survey studying intestinal parasites in humans and microbial pathogen contamination at environment was performed in a Laotian rural village to identify potential risks for disease outbreaks. A parasitological investigation was conducted in Ban Lak Sip village, Luang Prabang, Lao PDR involving fecal samples from 305 inhabitants as well as water samples taken from 3 sites of the local stream. Water analysis indicated the presence of several enteric pathogens, i.e., Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., E. coli H7, E. coli O157: H7, verocytotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), Shigella spp., and enteric adenovirus. The level of microbial pathogens contamination was associated with human activity, with greater levels of contamination found at the downstream site compared to the site at the village and upstream, respectively. Regarding intestinal parasites, the prevalence of helminth and protozoan infections were 68.9% and 27.2%, respectively. Eight helminth taxa were identified in fecal samples, i.e., 2 tapeworm species (Taenia sp. and Hymenolepis diminuta), 1 trematode (Opisthorchis sp.), and 5 nematodes (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, trichostrongylids, and hookworms). Six species of intestinal protists were identified, i.e., Blastocystis hominis, Cyclospora spp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, Entamoeba coli, and Giardia lamblia. Questionnaires and interviews were also conducted to determine risk factors of infection. These analyses together with a prevailing infection level suggested that most of villagers were exposed to parasites in a similar degree due to limited socio-economic differences and sharing of similar practices. Limited access to effective public health facilities is also a significant contributing factor.

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Influenza M1 Virus-Like Particles Consisting of Toxoplasma gondii Rhoptry Protein 4: Su-Hwa Lee, Dong-Hun Lee, Ying Piao, Eun-Kyung Moon, Fu-Shi Quan; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):143-148.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.143

Abstract
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Toxoplasma gondii infections occur throughout the world, and efforts are needed to develop various vaccine candidates expressing recombinant protein antigens. In this study, influenza matrix protein (M1) virus-like particles (VLPs) consisting of T. gondii rhoptry antigen 4 (ROP4 protein) were generated using baculovirus (rBV) expression system. Recombinant ROP4 protein with influenza M1 were cloned and expressed in rBV. SF9 insect cells were coinfected with recombinant rBVs expressing T. gondii ROP4 and influenza M1. As the results, influenza M1 VLPs showed spherical shapes, and T. gondii ROP4 protein exhibited as spikes on VLP surface under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The M1 VLPs resemble virions in morphology and size. We found that M1 VLPs reacted with antibody from T. gondii-infected mice by western blot and ELISA. This study demonstrated that T. gondii ROP4 protein can be expressed on the surface of influenza M1 VLPs and the M1 VLPs containing T. gondii ROP4 reacted with T. gondii-infected sera, indicating the possibility that M1 VLPs could be used as a coating antigen for diagnostic and/or vaccine candidate against T. gondii infection.

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Parasite Immunology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii Infections using Virus-Like Particles Displaying T. gondii ROP4 Antigen
Min-Ju Kim, Jie Mao, Hae-Ji Kang, Ki-Back Chu, Fu-Shi Quan
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 565. CrossRef
Virus-like particle vaccine displaying Toxoplasma gondii apical membrane antigen 1 induces protection against T. gondii ME49 infection in mice
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Previous Infection with Plasmodium berghei Confers Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice
Dong-Hun Lee, Ki-Back Chu, Hae-Ji Kang, Su-Hwa Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(2): 93. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2018; 56(5): 429. CrossRef

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Differential Protein Expressions in Virus-Infected and Uninfected Trichomonas vaginalis: Ding He, Gong Pengtao, Yang Ju Li Jianhua, Li He Zhang Guocai, Zhang Xichen; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(2):121-128.
Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.2.121

Abstract
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Protozoan viruses may influence the function and pathogenicity of the protozoa. Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan that could contain a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, T. vaginalis virus (TVV). However, there are few reports on the properties of the virus. To further determine variations in protein expression of T. vaginalis, we detected 2 strains of T. vaginalis; the virus-infected (V⁺) and uninfected (V^-) isolates to examine differentially expressed proteins upon TVV infection. Using a stable isotope N-terminal labeling strategy (iTRAQ) on soluble fractions to analyze proteomes, we identified 293 proteins, of which 50 were altered in V⁺ compared with V^- isolates. The results showed that the expression of 29 proteins was increased, and 21 proteins decreased in V⁺ isolates. These differentially expressed proteins can be classified into 4 categories: ribosomal proteins, metabolic enzymes, heat shock proteins, and putative uncharacterized proteins. Quantitative PCR was used to detect 4 metabolic processes proteins: glycogen phosphorylase, malate dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase, and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, which were differentially expressed in V⁺ and V^- isolates. Our findings suggest that mRNA levels of these genes were consistent with protein expression levels. This study was the first which analyzed protein expression variations upon TVV infection. These observations will provide a basis for future studies concerning the possible roles of these proteins in host-parasite interactions.

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ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԱՍ ՎԱԳԻՆԱԼԻՍ ՎԻՐՈՒՍԻ (TVV) ԱԶԴԵՑՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ ԿԱՆԱՆՑ ՄԻԶԱՍԵՌԱԿԱՆ ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԻԱԶԻ ՎՐԱ
G.K. Ghardyan
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PROTOZOONLARIN VİRAL ENDOSİMBİYONTLARI
Ayşegül DAMLAPINAR, Kader YILDIZ
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Cytidine nucleoside analog is an effective antiviral drug against Trichomonasvirus
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Trichomonas vaginalis virus: a review of the literature
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Trichomonas vaginalis Virus Among Women With Trichomoniasis and Associations With Demographics, Clinical Outcomes, and Metronidazole Resistance
Keonte J Graves, Arindam P Ghosh, Norine Schmidt, Peter Augostini, W Evan Secor, Jane R Schwebke, David H Martin, Patricia J Kissinger, Christina A Muzny
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2019; 69(12): 2170. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Western Blot Detection of Human Anti-Chikungunya Virus Antibody with Recombinant Envelope 2 Protein: Zhaoshou Yang, Jihoo Lee, Hye-Jin Ahn, Chom-Kyu Chong, Ronaldo F. Dias, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(2):239-241.
Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.239

Abstract
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a tropical pathogen, has re-emerged and has massive outbreaks abruptly all over the world. Containing many dominant epitopes, the envelope E2 protein of CHIKV has been explored for the vaccination or diagnosis. In the present study, the antigenicity of a recombinant expressed intrinsically disorder domain (IUD) of E2 was tested for the detection of the antibody against CHIKV through western blot method. The gene of the IUD of E2 was inserted into 2 different vectors and expressed as recombinant GST-E2 and recombinant MBP-E2 fusion protein, respectively. Two kinds of fusion proteins were tested with 30 CHIKV patient sera and 30 normal sera, respectively. Both proteins were detected by 25 patients sera (83.3%) and 1 normal serum (3.3%). This test showed a relatively high sensitivity and very high specificity of the recombinant E2 proteins to be used as diagnostic antigens against CHIKV infection.

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Rui Liu, Ping Ji, Bin Liu, Haishi Qiao, Xia Wang, Likun Zhou, Ting Deng, Yi Ba
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Environmental Contamination by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Eggs in Relation to Slaughterhouses in Urban and Rural Areas in Tunisia: Raja Cha?bane-Banaoues, Myriam Oudni-M’rad, Selim M’rad, Habib Mezhoud, Hamouda Babba; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):113-118.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.113

Abstract
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Hydatidosis has become a real concern for health care institutions and animal rearers in Tunisia. The Tunisian endemicity is aggravated by the growing number of dogs and the difficulty of getting rid of contaminated viscera because of the lack of equipment in most slaughterhouses. Therefore, microscopic and molecular tools were applied to evaluate the role of slaughterhouses in canine infection and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) egg dissemination. Exposure risk to E. granulosus s. l. eggs in urban and rural areas was explored in order to implant preventive and adapted control strategies. Microscopic examinations detected taeniid eggs in 152 amongst 553 fecal samples. The copro-PCR demonstrated that 138 of 152 taeniid samples analyzed were positive for E. granulosus s. l. DNA. PCR-RFLP demonstrated that all isolated samples belonged to E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.). An important environmental contamination index (25.0%) by E. granulosus s. l. eggs was demonstrated. The average contamination index from the regions around slaughterhouses (23.3%; 95% CI: 17.7-28.9%) was in the same range as detected in areas located far from slaughterhouses (26.0%, 95% CI: 21.3-30.8%). Echinococcosis endemic areas were extended in both rural (29.9%, 95% CI: 24.8-34.9%) and urban locations (18.1%, 95% CI: 13.0-22.9%). The pathogen dissemination is related neither to the presence/absence of slaughterhouses nor to the location in urban or rural areas, but is probably influenced by human activities (home slaughtering) and behavior towards the infected viscera.

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Original Article

Intestinal Parasitosis in Relation to Anti-Retroviral Therapy, CD4+ T-cell Count and Diarrhea in HIV Patients: Shehla Khalil, Bijay Ranjan Mirdha, Sanjeev Sinha, Ashutosh Panda, Yogita Singh, Anju Joseph, Manorama Deb; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):705-712.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.705

Abstract
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Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the major causes of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive individuals. Antiretroviral therapy has markedly reduced the incidence of many opportunistic infections, but parasite-related diarrhea still remains frequent and often underestimated especially in developing countries. The present hospital-based study was conducted to determine the spectrum of intestinal parasitosis in adult HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) patients with or without diarrhea with the levels of CD4+ T-cell counts. A total of 400 individuals were enrolled and were screened for intestinal parasitosis. Of these study population, 200 were HIV seropositives, and the remaining 200 were HIV uninfected individuals with or without diarrhea. Intestinal parasites were identified by using microscopy as well as PCR assay. A total of 130 (32.5%) out of 400 patients were positive for any kinds of intestinal parasites. The cumulative number of parasite positive patients was 152 due to multiple infections. A significant association of Cryptosporidium (P<0.001) was detected among individuals with CD4+ T-cell counts less than 200 cells/μl.

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Brief Communications

Genetic Polymorphisms in VIR Genes among Indian Plasmodium vivax Populations: Purva Gupta, Veena Pande, Aparup Das, Vineeta Singh; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(5):557-564.
Published online October 22, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.557

Abstract
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The vir genes are antigenic genes and are considered to be possible vaccine targets. Since India is highly endemic to Plasmodium vivax, we sequenced 5 different vir genes and investigated DNA sequence variations in 93 single-clonal P. vivax isolates. High variability was observed in all the 5 vir genes; the vir 1/9 gene was highly diverged across Indian populations. The patterns of genetic diversity do not follow geographical locations, as geographically distant populations were found to be genetically similar. The results in general present complex genetic diversity patterns in India, requiring further in-depth population genetic and functional studies.

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Genomic dynamics of clinical Plasmodium vivax: comparative genomic hybridization in severe malaria cases
Sampreeti Tahbildar, Pon Arunachalam Boopathi, Sanjay Kumar Kochar, Dhanpat Kumar Kochar, Mohamed Aiyaz, Raja C. Mugasimangalam, Sudha N. Rao, Ashis Das
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Population genetic analysis of Plasmodium vivax vir genes in Pakistan
Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Zin Moon, Sanghyun Lee, Sahib Gul Afridi, Hương Giang Lê, Yeonchul Hong, Byoung-Kuk Na, Youn-Kyoung Goo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(3): 313. CrossRef
Misidentification of Plasmodium Species by Cross-Reacting Primers and Cerebral Malaria Caused by Plasmodium vivax
Anoopkrishna Rai, Deepak Sebastian Pinto, Praveen Rai, Srinivas Teerthanath, Indrani Karunasagar, Rama Adiga
Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU.2023; 13(04): 563. CrossRef
Vivax Malaria and the Potential Role of the Subtelomeric Multigene vir Superfamily
Youn-Kyoung Goo
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Humoral and cellular immune response to Plasmodium vivax VIR recombinant and synthetic antigens in individuals naturally exposed to P. vivax in the Republic of Korea
Sanghyun Lee, Young-Ki Choi, Youn-Kyoung Goo
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Diversity of vir Genes in Plasmodium vivax from Endemic Regions in the Republic of Korea: an Initial Evaluation
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 149. CrossRef
Clinical manifestations and molecular mechanisms in the changing paradigm of vivax malaria in India
Purva Gupta, Rajni Sharma, Jagdish Chandra, Virender Kumar, Ruchi Singh, Veena Pande, Vineeta Singh
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Pon Arunachalam Boopathi, Amit Kumar Subudhi, Sheetal Middha, Jyoti Acharya, Raja Chinnadurai Mugasimangalam, Sanjay Kumar Kochar, Dhanpat Kumar Kochar, Ashis Das
Acta Tropica.2016; 164: 438. CrossRef

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No Detection of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus from Ixodid Ticks Collected in Seoul: Heejin Ham, Sukju Jo, Jungim Jang, Sungmin Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):221-224.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.221

Abstract
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Larvae, nymphs, and adult stages of 3 species of ixodid ticks were collected by tick drag methods in Seoul during June-October 2013, and their infection status with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus was examined using RT-PCR. During the period, 732 Haemaphysalis longicornis, 62 Haemaphysalis flava, and 2 Ixodes nipponensis specimens were collected. Among the specimens of H. longicornis, the number of female adults, male adults, nymphs, and larvae were 53, 11, 240, and 446, respectively. Ticks were grouped into 63 pools according to the collection site, species, and developmental stage, and assayed for SFTS virus. None of the pools of ticks were found to be positive for SFTS virus gene.

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Original Article

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Lymnaeid Snails and Their Potential Role in Transmission of Fasciola spp. in Vietnam: Bui Thi Dung, Pham Ngoc Doanh, Dang Tat The, Ho Thi Loan, Bertrand Losson, Yannick Caron; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):657-662.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.657

Abstract
PDF

Freshwater snails of the family Lymnaeidae play an important role in the transmission of fascioliasis worldwide. In Vietnam, 2 common lymnaeid species, Lymnaea swinhoei and Lymnaea viridis, can be recognized on the basis of morphology, and a third species, Lymnaea sp., is known to exist. Recent studies have raised controversy about their role in transmission of Fasciola spp. because of confusion in identification of the snail hosts. The aim of this study is, therefore, to clarify the identities of lymnaeid snails in Vietnam by a combination of morphological and molecular approaches. The molecular analyses using the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA clearly showed that lymnaeids in Vietnam include 3 species, Austropeplea viridis (morphologically identified as L. viridis), Radix auricularia (morphologically identified as L. swinhoei) and Radix rubiginosa (morphologically identified as Lymnaea sp.). R. rubiginosa is a new record for Vietnam. Among them, only A. viridis was found to be infected with Fasciola spp. These results provide a new insight into lymnaeid snails in Vietnam. Identification of lymnaeid snails in Vietnam and their role in the liver fluke transmission should be further investigated.

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Brief Communications

Generation and Immunity Testing of a Recombinant Adenovirus Expressing NcSRS2-NcGRA7 Fusion Protein of Bovine Neospora caninum: Li-Jun Jia, Shou-Fa Zhang, Nian-Chao Qian, Xue-Nan Xuan, Long-Zheng Yu, Xue-Mei Zhang, Ming-Ming Liu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):247-253.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.247

Abstract
PDF

Neospora caninum is the etiologic agent of bovine neosporosis, which affects the reproductive performance of cattle worldwide. The transmembrane protein, NcSRS2, and dense-granule protein, NcGRA7, were identified as protective antigens based on their ability to induce significant protective immune responses in murine neosporosis models. In the current study, NcSRS2 and NcGRA7 genes were spliced by overlap-extension PCR in a recombinant adenovirus termed Ad5-NcSRS2-NcGRA 7, expressing the NcSRS2-NcGRA7 gene, and the efficacy was evaluated in mice. The results showed that the titer of the recombinant adenovirus was 10⁹TCID₅₀/ml. Three weeks post-boost immunization (w.p.b.i.), the IgG antibody titer in sera was as high as 1:4,096. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels were significantly different from the control group (P<0.01). This research established a solid foundation for the development of a recombinant adenovirus vaccine against bovine N. caninum.

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Ahmed M ABDOU, Yoshifumi NISHIKAWA
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Parasitology.2016; 143(3): 245. CrossRef

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Environmental Factors Related to Enterobiasis in a Southeast Region of Korea: Dong-Hee Kim, Min Kyoung Cho, Mi Kyung Park, Shin Ae Kang, Bo Young Kim, Sang Kyun Park, Hak Sun Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):139-142.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.139

Abstract
PDF

Pinworm infection can occur through contact with contaminated surfaces followed by ingestion or even through inhalation of infective eggs. We have limited information regarding environmental contamination by eggs of Enterobius vermicularis. In order to determine environmental risk factors associated with the rate of E. vermicularis infection, we investigated possible environmental risk factors using a questionnaire from 46 kindergartens in 3 different cities of the southeast area of Korea. In total, using the cellotape anal swab technique, 3,422 children were examined for E. vermicularis infection. We evaluated E. vermicularis egg of books, educational materials, toys, room door handles, dusts of window edges, desks, chairs, tables, and dusts of classrooms. The overall egg-positive rate for E. vermicularis was 6.0%, and the prevalence of enterobiasis in each kindergarten ranged between 0% and 16.9%. We found that 78.9% of egg positive kindergartens were managed by private foundations, which was significantly higher, compared with kindergartens managed by public foundations or the nation. Compared with public or national kindergartens, most private kindergartens were located in residential areas and the number of children in these areas was significantly higher. In conclusion, numbers of children in kindergartens was found to be an environmental risk factor associated with transmission of enterobiasis in Korea.

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Hyejoo Shin, Bong-Kwang Jung, Seungwan Ryoo, Sooji Hong, Taehee Chang, Jiyeon Park, Keon Hoon Lee, Jeonggyu Lee, Jae Young Park, Hoo-Gn Jeoung, Jae Hyun Cho, Jong-Yil Chai
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Kuang-Yao Chen, Chuan-Min Yen, Kao-Pin Hwang, Lian-Chen Wang
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Effect of Temperature on Embryonation of Ascaris suum Eggs in an Environmental Chamber: Min-Ki Kim, Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Young-Sang Hwang, Ki Hwan Park, In Gyun Hwang, Jong-Yil Chai, Eun-Hee Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):239-242.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.239

Abstract
PDF

The influence of temperature on the development and embryonation of Ascaris suum eggs was studied using coarse sand medium in an environmental chamber with 50% humidity. The time required for development and embryonation of eggs was examined under 3 different temperature conditions, 5℃, 25℃, and 35℃. A. suum eggs did not develop over 1 month at the temperature of 5℃. However, other temperature conditions, 25℃ and 35℃, induced egg development to the 8-cell-stage at days 5-6 after incubation. All eggs examined developed to the 8-cell stage at day 6 after incubation in the sand medium at 25℃. The higher temperature, 35℃, slightly accelerated the A. suum egg development compared to 25℃, and the development to the 8-cell stage occurred within day 5 after incubation. The formation of larvae in A. suum eggs at temperatures of 35℃ and 25℃ appeared at days 17 and 19 after incubation, respectively. These findings show that 35℃ condition shortens the time for the development of A. suum eggs to the 8-cell-stage in comparison to 25℃, and suggest the possibility of accelerated transmission of this parasite, resulting from global warming and ecosystem changes.

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Expression of Exogenous Human Hepatic Nuclear Factor-1α by a Lentiviral Vector and Its Interactions with Plasmodium falciparum Subtilisin-Like Protease 2: Shunyao Liao, Yunqiang Liu, Bing Zheng, Pyo Yun Cho, Hyun Ok Song, Yun-Seok Lee, Suk-Yul Jung, Hyun Park; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):431-436.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.431

Abstract
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The onset, severity, and ultimate outcome of malaria infection are influenced by parasite-expressed virulence factors as well as by individual host responses to these determinants. In both humans and mice, liver injury follows parasite entry, persisting to the erythrocytic stage in the case of infection with the fatal strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Hepatic nuclear factor (HNF)-1α is a master regulator of not only the liver damage and adaptive responses but also diverse metabolic functions. In this study, we analyzed the expression of host HNF-1α in relation to malaria infection and evaluated its interaction with the 5'-untranslated region of subtilisin-like protease 2 (subtilase, Sub2). Recombinant human HNF-1α expressed by a lentiviral vector (LV HNF-1α) was introduced into mice. Interestingly, differences in the activity of the 5'-untranslated region of the Pf-Sub2 promoter were detected in 293T cells, and LV HNF-1α was observed to influence promoter activity, suggesting that host HNF-1α interacts with the Sub2 gene.

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Original Articles

Molecular Markers for Identification of Stellantchasmus falcatus and a Phylogenic Study using the HAT-RAPD Method: Chalobol Wongsawad, Pheravut Wongsawad; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):303-307.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.303

Abstract
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Stellantchasmus falcatus is a minute intestinal fluke in the family Heterophyidae. Metacercariae, the infective stage, were reported in a marine fish, mullet Liza subviridis, and a fresh water fish, Dermogenus pusillus, in Thailand. Adults were found in chicks, rats, cats, and humans. Morphological studies were done for comparing Stellantchasmus sp. worms found in 2 different fish hosts; their shapes and organ arrangements were very similar except for the prepharynx length. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare their DNA fingerprints using the HAT-RAPD method for both types of Stellantchasmus and several other related species. Ten arbitrarily selected primers (OPA-04, OPA-09, OPN-02, OPN-03, OPN-09, OPN-12, OPP-11, OPR-15, OPX-13, and OPAD-01) were used. It was found that OPA-09, OPN-03, and OPAD-01 were able to generate S. falcatus specific fragments in mullets which consisted of 200, 760, and 280 bp, respectively. In addition, the results of morphologic, DNA fingerprinting, and phylogenetic analyses strongly suggest that the fresh water and marine specimens of Stellantchamus may be different species.

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Infection Status of Hospitalized Diarrheal Patients with Gastrointestinal Protozoa, Bacteria, and Viruses in the Republic of Korea: Hyeng-Il Cheun, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Jin-Hee Lee, Yi-Young Lim, Ji-Hye Jeon, Jae-Ran Yu, Tong-Soo Kim, Won-Ja Lee, Seung-Hak Cho, Deog-Yong Lee, Mi-Seon Park, Hye-Sook Jeong, Doo-Sung Chen, Yeong-Mi Ji, Mi-Hwa Kwon; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(2):113-120.
Published online June 17, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.113

Abstract
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To understand protozoan, viral, and bacterial infections in diarrheal patients, we analyzed positivity and mixed-infection status with 3 protozoans, 4 viruses, and 10 bacteria in hospitalized diarrheal patients during 2004-2006 in the Republic of Korea. A total of 76,652 stool samples were collected from 96 hospitals across the nation. The positivity for protozoa, viruses, and bacteria was 129, 1,759, and 1,797 per 10,000 persons, respectively. Especially, Cryptosporidium parvum was highly mixed-infected with rotavirus among pediatric diarrheal patients (29.5 per 100 C. parvum positive cases), and Entamoeba histolytica was mixed-infected with Clostridium perfringens (10.3 per 100 E. histolytica positive cases) in protozoan-diarrheal patients. Those infected with rotavirus and C. perfringens constituted relatively high proportions among mixed infection cases from January to April. The positivity for rotavirus among viral infection for those aged ≤ 5 years was significantly higher, while C. perfringens among bacterial infection was higher for ≥ 50 years. The information for association of viral and bacterial infections with enteropathogenic protozoa in diarrheal patients may contribute to improvement of care for diarrhea as well as development of control strategies for diarrheal diseases in Korea.

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Brief Communication

Effect of Iron on Adherence and Cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica to CHO Cell Monolayers: Jongweon Lee, Soon-Jung Park, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(1):37-40.
Published online March 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.1.37

Abstract
PDF

Iron is an essential element for almost all living organisms. The possible role of iron for growth, adherence and cytotoxicity of Entamoeba histolytica was evaluated in this study. The absence of iron from TYI-S-33 medium stopped amebic growth in vitro. However, iron concentrations in the culture media of 21.4-285.6 ?M did not affect the growth of the amebae. Although growth was not retarded at these concentrations, the adhesive abilities of E. histolytica and their cytotoxicities to CHO cell monolayer were correlated with iron concentration. Amebic adhesion to CHO cell monolayers was significantly reduced by low-iron (24.6 ± 2.1%) compared with 62.7 ± 2.8 and 63.1 ± 1.4% of amebae grown in a normal-iron and high-iron media, respectively. E. histolytica cultured in the normal- and high-iron media destroyed 69.1 ± 4.3% and 72.6 ± 5.7% of cultured CHO cell monolayers, but amebae grown in the low-iron medium showed a significantly reduced level of cytotoxicity to CHO cells (2.8 ± 0.2%). Addition of divalent cations other than iron to amebic trophozoites grown in the low-iron medium failed to restore levels of the cytotoxicity. However, when E. histolytica grown in low-iron medium were transferred to normal-iron medium, the amebae showed completely restored cytotoxicity within 7 days. The result suggests that iron is an important factor in the adherence and cytotoxicity of E. histolytica to CHO cell monolayer.

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Original Articles

Double-stranded RNA virus in Korean Isolate IH-2 of Trichomonas vaginalis: Jong Wook Kim, Pyung-Rim Chung, Myung-Ki Hwang, Eun Young Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(2):87-94.
Published online June 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.2.87

Abstract
PDF

In this study, we describe Korean isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis infected with double-stranded (ds) RNA virus (TVV). One T. vaginalis isolate infected with TVV IH-2 evidenced weak pathogenicity in the mouse assay coupled with the persistent presence of a dsRNA, thereby indicating a hypovirulence effect of dsRNA in T. vaginalis. Cloning and sequence analysis results revealed that the genomic dsRNA of TVV IH-2 was 4,647 bp in length and evidenced a sequence identity of 80% with the previously-described TVV 1-1 and 1-5, but only a 42% identity with TVV 2-1 and 3 isolates. It harbored 2 overlapping open reading frames of the putative capsid protein and dsRNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). As previously observed in the TVV isolates 1-1 and 1-5, a conserved ribosomal slippage heptamer (CCUUUUU) and its surrounding sequence context within the consensus 14-nt overlap implied the gene expression of a capsid protein-RdRp fusion protein, occurring as the result of a potential ribosomal frameshift event. The phylogenetic analysis of RdRp showed that the Korean TVV IH-2 isolate formed a compact group with TVV 1-1 and 1-5 isolates, which was divergent from TVV 2-1, 3 and other viral isolates classified as members of the Giardiavirus genus.

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ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԱՍ ՎԱԳԻՆԱԼԻՍ ՎԻՐՈՒՍԻ (TVV) ԱԶԴԵՑՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ ԿԱՆԱՆՑ ՄԻԶԱՍԵՌԱԿԱՆ ՏՐԻԽՈՄՈՆԻԱԶԻ ՎՐԱ
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Raina Fichorova, Jorge Fraga, Paola Rappelli, Pier Luigi Fiori
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Khadijeh Khanaliha, Hossein Masoumi-Asl, Farah Bokharaei-Salim, Azardokht Tabatabaei, Mehri Naghdalipoor
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Eman K. El-Gayar, Amira B. Mokhtar, Wael A. Hassan
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Jorge Fraga, Lazara Rojas, Idalia Sariego, Ayme Fernández-Calienes
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Irina N. Bessarab, Rui Nakajima, Hsing-Wei Liu, Jung-Hsiang Tai
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Clinical Isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis Concurrently Infected by Strains of Up to Four Trichomonasvirus Species (Family Totiviridae)
Russell P. Goodman, Taylor S. Freret, Tomasz Kula, Alexander M. Geller, Megan W. T. Talkington, Vanessa Tang-Fernandez, Olimpia Suciu, Aleksander A. Demidenko, Said A. Ghabrial, David H. Beach, Bibhuti N. Singh, Raina N. Fichorova, Max L. Nibert
Journal of Virology.2011; 85(9): 4258. CrossRef

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Identification of differentially expressed cDNAs in Acanthamoeba culbertsoni after mouse brain passage: Kyu-Lee Han, Jongweon Lee, Don-Soo Kim, Soon-Jung Park, Kyung-il Im, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2006;44(1):15-20.
Published online March 20, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2006.44.1.15

Abstract
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Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are causative agents of granulomatous amebic encephalitis and amebic keratitis. Because the virulence of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni cultured in the laboratory is restored by consecutive brain passages, we examined the genes induced in mouse brain-passaged A. culbertsoni by differential display reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR). Enhanced A. culbertsoni virulence was observed during the second mouse brain passage, i.e., infected mouse mortality increased from 5% to 70%. Ten cDNAs induced during mouse brain passage were identified by DDRT-PCR and this was confirmed by northern blot analysis. BlastX searches of these cDNAs indicated the upregulations of genes encoding predictive NADH-dehydrogenase, proteasomal ATPase, and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase B, which have previously been reported to be associated with A. culbertsoni virulence factors.

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Acanthamoeba culbertsoni: Electron‐Dense Granules in a Highly Virulent Clinical Isolate
Bibiana Chávez‐Munguía, Lizbeth Salazar‐Villatoro, Maritza Omaña‐Molina, Martha Espinosa‐Cantellano, Elizabeth Ramírez‐Flores, Jacob Lorenzo‐Morales, Adolfo Martínez‐Palomo
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology.2016; 63(6): 744. CrossRef
Identification of a second mimicry epitope from Acanthamoeba castellanii that induces CNS autoimmunity by generating cross-reactive T cells for MBP 89-101 in SJL mice
C. Massilamany, O. A. Asojo, A. Gangaplara, D. Steffen, J. Reddy
International Immunology.2011; 23(12): 729. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba healyi: Expressed gene profiles with enhanced virulence after mouse-brain passage
Ying-Hua Xuan, Yeon-Chul Hong, Yong-Seok Lee, Se-Won Kang, Hak-Sun Yu, Tae-In Ahn, Dong-Il Chung, Hyun-Hee Kong
Experimental Parasitology.2009; 123(3): 226. CrossRef

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Purification and characterization of a 33 kDa serine protease from Acanthamoeba lugdunensis KA/E2 isolated from a Korean keratitis patient: Hyo-Kyung Kim, Young-Ran Ha, Hak-Sun Yu, Hyun-Hee Kong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(4):189-196.
Published online December 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.189

Abstract
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In order to evaluate the possible roles of secretory proteases in the pathogenesis of amoebic keratitis, we purified and characterized a serine protease secreted by Acanthamoeba lugdunensis KA/E2, isolated from a Korean keratitis patient. The ammonium sulfate-precipitated culture supernatant of the isolate was purified by sequential chromatography on CM-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200, and mono Q-anion exchange column. The purified 33 kDa protease had a pH optimum of 8.5 and a temperature optimum of 55℃. Phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride and 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl-fluoride, both serine protease specific inhibitors, inhibited almost completely the activity of the 33 kDa protease whereas other classes of inhibitors did not affect its activity. The 33 kDa enzyme degraded various extracellular matrix proteins and serum proteins. Our results strongly suggest that the 33 kDa serine protease secreted from this keratopathogenic Acanthamoeba play important roles in the pathogenesis of amoebic keratitis, such as in corneal tissue invasion, immune evasion and nutrient uptake.

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Identification of an Antimicrobial Protease from Acanthamoeba via a Novel Zymogram
Alvaro de Obeso Fernández del Valle, Luis Javier Melgoza-Ramírez, María Fernanda Esqueda Hernández, Alfonso David Rios-Pérez, Sutherland K. Maciver
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Chayan Sharma, Sumeeta Khurana, Alka Bhatia, Amit Arora, Amit Gupta
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Marcelo de Jesus Ramires, Karin Hummel, Tamas Hatfaludi, Petra Riedl, Michael Hess, Ivana Bilic
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Abigail Betanzos, Cecilia Bañuelos, Esther Orozco
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Martín Cabello-Vílchez
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Showgy Y. Ma’ayeh, Jingyi Liu, Dimitra Peirasmaki, Katarina Hörnaeus, Sara Bergström Lind, Manfred Grabherr, Jonas Bergquist, Staffan G. Svärd, Armando Jardim
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Won-Tae Kim, Hyun-Hee Kong, Young-Ran Ha, Yeon-Chul Hong, Hae Jin Jeong, Hak Sun Yu, Dong-Il Chung
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Expression of major piroplasm protein (p33) of Theileria sergenti (Korean isolate) and its immunogenicity in guinea pigs: Seung-Won Kang, Chang-Hee Kweon, Eun-Jin Choi, Yong-Dhuk Yoon; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(4):277-283.
Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.277

Abstract
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To investigate the development of a subunit vaccine against theileriosis in cattle, the DNA fragments encoding piroplasm surface protein (p33) of Theileria sergenti of a Korean isolate were expressed in baculoviruses. The expressed p33 was characterized by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and western blotting analysis. The expression of p33 was mainly detected on the surface of infected Sf21 cells by IFA. The immunoblotting analysis revealed the presence of a same molecular weight protein band of p33. The antigenicity of expressed polypeptide was further examined through the inoculation of a guinea pig. The sera of guinea pigs immunized with p33 expressed cell lysate showed similar fluorescent antibody patterns and reacted with the same molecular weight protein of T. sergenti in immunoblotting analysis, thus indicating that this protein can be a promising candidate for a subunit vaccine in the future.

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Adjuvant effect of bovine heat shock protein 70 on piroplasm surface protein, p33, of Theileria sergenti
Wooseog Jeong, Chang Hee Kweon, Seung Won Kang, Hyang Sim Lee, Yingtian Xu, Cheng Lu, Shoufa Zhang, Vishvanath Nene
Biologicals.2009; 37(5): 282. CrossRef
SEROLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THEILERIA SERGENTI USING LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST IN SOUTH KOREA
Wooseog Jeong, Chang Hee Kweon, Jong Man Kim, Hwan Jang, Sang Gi Paik
Journal of Parasitology.2005; 91(1): 164. CrossRef

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Upregulated expression of the cDNA fragment possibly related to the virulence of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni: Kyung-Il Im, Kwang-Min Park, Tai-Soon Yong, Yong-Pyo Hong, Tae-Eun Kim; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(4):257-263.
Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.257

Abstract
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Identification of the genes responsible for the recovery of virulence in brain-passaged Acanthamoeba culbertsoni was attempted via mRNA differential display-polymerase chain reaction (mRNA DD-PCR) analysis. In order to identify the regulatory changes in transcription of the virulence related genes by the brain passages, mRNA DD-PCR was performed which enabled the display of differentially transcribed mRNAs after the brain passages. Through mRNA DD-PCR analysis, 96 brain-passaged amoeba specific amplicons were observed and were screened to identify the amplicons that failed to amplify in the non-brain-passaged amoeba mRNAs. Out of the 96 brain-passaged amoeba specific amplicons, 12 turned out to be amplified only from the brain-passaged amoeba mRNAs by DNA slot blot hybridization. The clone, A289C, amplified with an arbitrary primer of UBC #289 and the oligo dT₁₁-C primer, revealed the highest homology (49.8%) to the amino acid sequences of UPD-galactose lipid transferase of Erwinia amylovora, which is known to act as an important virulence factor. The deduced amino acid sequences of an insert DNA in clone A289C were also revealed to be similar to cpsD, which is the essential gene for the expression of type III capsule in group B streptococcus. Upregulated expression of clone A289C was verified by RNA slot blot hybridization. Similar hydrophobicity values were also observed between A289C (at residues 47-66) and the AmsG gene of E. amylovora (at residues 286-305: transmembrane domains). This result suggested that the insert of clone A289C might play the same function as galactosyl transferase controlled by the AmsG gene in E. amylovora.

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Taurine, a Component of the Tear Film, Exacerbates the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Acanthamoeba castellanii in the Ex Vivo Amoebic Keratitis Model
Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro, Bibiana Chávez-Munguía, Celia Esther Guevara-Estrada, Anel Lagunes-Guillén, Dolores Hernández-Martínez, Ismael Castelan-Ramírez, Maritza Omaña-Molina
Pathogens.2023; 12(8): 1049. CrossRef
Acanthamoebaspp. as Agents of Disease in Humans
Francine Marciano-Cabral, Guy Cabral
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2003; 16(2): 273. CrossRef

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Pathogenicity of Korean isolates of Acanthamoeba by observing the experimental infection and zymodemes of five isoenzymes: Kyung-Il Im, Ho-Joon Shin, Dong Whan Seo, Soung-Hoo Jeon, Tae-Eun Kim; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(2):85-92.
Published online June 30, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.2.85

Abstract
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To determine the pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba spp. isolated in Korea and to develop a isoenzymatic maker, the mortality rate of infected mice, in vitro cytotoxicity against target cells and isoenzyme band patterns were observed. Five isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. (YM-2, YM-3, YM-4, YM-5, and YM-7) were used in this study as well as three reference Acanthamoeba spp. (A. culbertsoni, A. hatchetti, and A. royreba). According to the mortality rate of infected mice, Korean isolates could be categorized into three groups: high virulent (YM-4), low virulent (YM-2, YM-5, YM-7) and the nonpathogenic group (YM-3). In addition, the virulence of Acanthamoeba spp. was enhanced by brain passage in mice. In the cytotoxicity assay against chinese hamster ovary cells, especially, the cytotoxicity of brain-passaged amoebae was relatively higher than the long-term cultivated ones. The zymodeme patterns of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), hexokinase (HK), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and malic enzyme (ME) of Acanthamoeba spp. were different among each isolate, and also between long-term cultured amoebae and brain passaged ones. In spites of the polymorphic zymodemes, a slow band of G6PD and HK, and an intermediate band of MDH were only observed in pathogenic Acanthamoeba spp., which should be used as isoenzymatic makers.

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Experimental infection of T4 Acanthamoeba genotype determines the pathogenic potential
Daniella de Sousa Mendes Moreira Alves, Aline Silva Moraes, Luciano Moreira Alves, Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves, Ruy de Souza Lino Junior, César Augusto Cuba-Cuba, Marina Clare Vinaud
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(9): 3435. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba royreba: Morphological features and in vitro cytopathic effect
Arturo González-Robles, Lizbeth Salazar-Villatoro, Maritza Omaña-Molina, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Adolfo Martínez-Palomo
Experimental Parasitology.2013; 133(4): 369. CrossRef
Pathogenic free-living amoebae in Korea
Ho-Joon Shin, Kyung-il Im
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(3): 93. CrossRef
Acanthamoeba sohi, n. sp., a pathogenic Korean isolate YM-4 from a freshwater fish
Kyung-il Im, Ho-Joon Shin
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2003; 41(4): 181. CrossRef
Cytopathic Changes in Rat Microglial Cells Induced by PathogenicAcanthamoeba culbertsoni: Morphology and Cytokine Release
Ho-Joon Shin, Myung-Soo Cho, Suk-Yul Jung, Hyung-Il Kim, Sun Park, Jang-Hoon Seo, Jung-Chil Yoo, Kyung-Il Im
Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology.2001; 8(4): 837. CrossRef
In vitro cytotoxicity of Acanthamoeba spp. isolated from contact lens containers in Korea by crystal violet staining and LDH release assay
Ho-Joon Shin, Myung-Soo Cho, Suk-Yul Jung, Hyung-Il Kim, Kyung-il Im
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2000; 38(2): 99. CrossRef
Apoptosis of Primary-Culture Rat Microglial Cells Induced by PathogenicAcanthamoebaspp
Ho-Joon Shin, Myung-Soo Cho, Hyung-Il Kim, Millina Lee, Sun Park, Seonghyang Sohn, Kyung-Il Im
Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology.2000; 7(3): 510. CrossRef