Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

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Original Article

CysLT receptor-mediated NOX2 activation is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products: Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):270-280.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24046

Abstract
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Trichomoniasis is caused by a sexually transmitted flagellate protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. T. vaginalis-derived secretory products (TvSP) contain lipid mediators such as leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) and various cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) which included LTC₄, LTD₄, and LTE₄. However, the signaling mechanisms by which T. vaginalis-induced CysLTs stimulate interleukin (IL)-8 production in human mast cells remain unclear. In this study, we investigated these mechanisms in human mast cells (HMC-1). Stimulation with TvSP resulted in increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) activation compared to unstimulated cells. Pre-treatment with NOX2 inhibitors such as diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) or apocynin significantly reduced ROS production in TvSP-stimulated HMC-1 cells. Additionally, TvSP stimulation increased NOX2 protein expression and the translocation of p47^phox from the cytosol to the membrane. Pretreatment of HMC-1 cells with PI3K or PKC inhibitors reduced TvSP-induced p47^phox translocation and ROS generation. Furthermore, NOX2 inhibitors or NOX2 siRNA prevented CREB phosphorylation and IL-8 gene expression or protein secretion induced by TvSP. Pretreatment with a CysLTR antagonist significantly inhibited TvSP-induced ROS production, CREB phosphorylation, and IL-8 production. These results indicate that CysLT-mediated activation of NOX2 plays a crucial role in ROS-dependent IL-8 production in human mast cells stimulated by T. vaginalis-secreted CysLTs. These findings enhance our understanding of the inflammatory response in trichomoniasis and may inform the development of targeted therapies to mitigate this response.

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Untargeted metabolomics reveals postoperative metabolic dynamics in hepatic cystic echinococcosis patients
Kahaer Tuerxun, Abudouxikuer Abudoumijiti, Zainuer Yusupu, Rousitaimujiang Yimamu, Ronghua Tang, Ziru Wang, Abudoukeyimu Yasheng, Irshat Ibrahim, Yuanquan Wu
Immunobiology.2025; 230(4): 153099. CrossRef
Radical-induced lipid oxidation produces a torrent of leukotriene-like agonists in severe asthma
Si-Yang Liu, Mikhail Linetsky, Abby Hite, Yu-Shiuan Cheng, Masaru Miyagi, Serena C. Zhu, Hong Zeng, Siqi Huang, Myra Qin, Emma Sintic, Carolyn M. Koutures, Abigail Meneses, Olivia R. Laniak, Sailaja Paruchuri, Lakshminarayan R. Teegala, Kaixi Cui, Fariba
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Mini Reviews

Sparganosis in the Indian Sub-continent and the Middle East: Yukifumi Nawa, Mio Tanaka, Masahide Yoshikawa; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(3):263-269.
Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23126

Abstract
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Sparganosis is one of the common zoonotic diseases caused by infection with the larval plerocercoids (spargana) of the cestode genus Spirometra. While this parasite distributes globally in canine and feline hosts, human infection is predominantly reported in East Asia, especially China, Korea, Japan, and Thailand. Maybe related to the behavior and food culture, this zoonotic disease is rather rare in South Asia to the Middle East. In these areas, sporadic case reports have been appeared mostly in the local medical journals. To draw a solid picture of sparganosis in these non-endemic areas of Asia, we made an extensive literature survey to gather sparganosis cases in the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East.

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Case report: Sparganosis in Minervarya pierrei (Dubois, 1975) (Amphibia: Anura: Dicroglossidae), a new host from India
Neelanjana Saha, Sudheer Kumar Jena, Oindrila Paul, Suman Das, Upasana Bhattacharya, Anjum N. Rizvi, Pratyush P. Mohapatra
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Deciphering the global genetic structure of Spirometra mansoni and S. erinaceieuropaei based on 28S ribosomal RNA: Insights into taxonomical revaluation and population dynamics
Anil Kumar Nehra, Rasmita Panda, Prem Sagar Maurya, Ansu Kumari, Aman Dev Moudgil
Parasitology Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Dipylidiasis cases in Japan–an update by literature survey: Yukifumi Nawa, Akinori Furusawa, Mio Tanaka, Masahide Yoshikawa; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):163-168.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23118

Abstract
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Dipylidium caninum is a cosmopolitan parasite of companion animals such as dogs and cats. Accidental infection in humans occur mostly in children. Although considerable number of cases were reported from Europe and the Americas, case reports of this zoonotic disease are rather scarce from Asian countries. The aim of this study is to report the results of literature survey on dipylidiasis cases in humans in Japan. Conclusively, we have found a total of 17 cases since the first case report in from Aichi Prefecture in 1925.

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Case Report

Imported human babesiosis in the Republic of Korea, 2019: two case reports: Hyun Jung Kim, Min Jae Kim, Hyun-Il Shin, Jung-Won Ju, Hee-Il Lee; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):72-77.
Published online February 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22168

Abstract
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Human babesiosis is a tick-borne disease induced by the genus Babesia and has been significantly reported in the Republic of Korea. This report shows the cases of 2 patients with human babesiosis who traveled to the USA in 2019. The 2 patients experienced fever and had travel histories to babesiosis-endemic regions. The diagnoses of both cases were verified by the identification of Babesia-infected red blood cells on blood smears. One patient was found to be infected with Babesia microti using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for 18S rRNA, which discovered the phylogenetic link to the B. microti strain endemic in the USA. The 2 patients recovered from fever with subsequent hemoparasite clearance. Babesiosis could be diagnosed in anyone with histories of travel to babesiosis-endemic countries and tick bites. Furthermore, Babesia-specific PCR is required for determining geno-and phenotypic characteristics.

Citations

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Imported parasitic diseases in the Republic of Korea: status and issues
Jong-Yil Chai
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2025; 68(1): 52. CrossRef
Nationwide investigation of eukaryotic pathogens in ticks from cattle and sheep in Kyrgyzstan using metabarcoding
Singeun Oh, Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia, Hyun Jung Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myung-hee Yi, Arwa Shatta, Bekbolsun Aknazarov, Ju Yeong Kim, Jung-Won Ju, Bekir Oguz
PLOS One.2025; 20(8): e0327953. CrossRef
Detection of US and Kobe‐type Babesia microti in ticks collected from small mammals of the Republic of Korea
Tae Yun Kim, Seong Yoon Kim, Jiye Seo, Hee IL Lee, Wook‐Gyo Lee, Hyunwoo Kim
Entomological Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Human Babesia odocoilei and Bartonella spp. co-infections in the Americas
Ricardo G. Maggi, Ana Cláudia Calchi, Charlotte O. Moore, Emily Kingston, Edward B. Breitschwerdt
Parasites & Vectors.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of Multiplex Assays for the Identification of Zoonotic Babesia Species
Ana Cláudia Calchi, Charlotte O. Moore, Lillianne Bartone, Emily Kingston, Marcos Rogério André, Edward B. Breitschwerdt, Ricardo G. Maggi
Pathogens.2024; 13(12): 1094. CrossRef

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Original Article

Babeisa duncani infection alters gut microbiota profile in hamsters: Shangdi Zhang, Jinming Wang, Xiaoyun Li, Yanbo Wang, Yueli Nian, Chongge You, Dekui Zhang, Guiquan Guan; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):42-52.
Published online February 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22142

The genus Babesia includes parasites that can induce human and animal babesiosis, which are common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The gut microbiota has not been examined in hamsters infected by Babesia duncani. Red blood cells infected with B. duncani were injected into hamsters through intraperitoneal route. To evaluate the changes in gut microbiota, DNAs were extracted from small intestinal contents, acquired from hamsters during disease development. Then, the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria was sequenced using the Illumina sequencing platform. Gut microbiota alternation and composition were assessed according to the sequencing data, which were clustered with >97.0% sequence similarity to create amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were made up of the major components of the gut microbiota in all samples. The abundance of Bacteroidetes elevated after B. duncani infection than the B. duncani-free group, while Firmicutes and Desulfobacterota declined. Alpha diversity analysis demonstrated that the shown ASVs were substantially decreased in the highest parasitemia group than B. duncani-free and lower parasitemia groups. Potential biomarkers were discovered by Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis, which demonstrated that several bacterial families (including Muribaculaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Oscillospiraceae, Helicobacteraceae, Clostridia UGG014, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Lachnospiraceae) were potential biomarkers in B. duncani-infected hamsters. This research demonstrated that B. duncani infectious can modify the gut microbiota of hamsters.

Citations

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Nationwide investigation of eukaryotic pathogens in ticks from cattle and sheep in Kyrgyzstan using metabarcoding
Singeun Oh, Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia, Hyun Jung Kim, Jun Ho Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Myung-hee Yi, Arwa Shatta, Bekbolsun Aknazarov, Ju Yeong Kim, Jung-Won Ju, Bekir Oguz
PLOS One.2025; 20(8): e0327953. CrossRef
Eimeria infections of plateau pika altered the patterns of temporal alterations in gut bacterial communities
Maoping Li, Suqin Wang, Liang Zhong, Petr Heděnec, Zhaoxian Tan, Rong Wang, Xinyang Chen, Yan Zhang, Bingmin Tang, Huakun Zhou, Jiapeng Qu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Atractylenolide-I Alleviates Hyperglycemia-Induced Heart Developmental Malformations through Direct and Indirect Modulation of the STAT3 Pathway
Mengwei Wang, Tong-hua Zhang, Yunjin Li, Xiaofeng Chen, Qiongyin Zhang, Ying Zheng, Denglu Long, Xin Cheng, An Hong, Xuesong Yang, Guang Wang
Phytomedicine.2024; 129: 155698. CrossRef
Qi Huang Fang improves intestinal barrier function and intestinal microbes in septic mice through NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated cellular pyroptosis
Tingting Shu, Jun Zhang, Ruiying Hu, Fang Zhou, Hanyong Li, Jing Liu, Yanbo Fan, Xucheng Li, Peiwu Ding
Transplant Immunology.2024; 85: 102072. CrossRef

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Case Report

A Case of Human Hepatic Alveolar Echinococcosis Accompanied by Lung and Brain Metastases: Chuanchuan Liu, Haining Fan, Ri-li Ge; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(3):291-296.
Published online June 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.3.291

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is considered as a fatal zoonosis caused by the larvae of Echinococcus multilocularis. The lungs and brain are the most common metastatic organs. We report a human case of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis accompanied by lung and brain metastasis. In particular, the patient had a history of tuberculosis and the lung lesions were easily misdiagnosed as lung abscesses. The lesions of liver and lung underwent radical resection and confirmed as alveolar echinococcosis by pathological examination. The patient had no surgical complications after operation and was discharged after symptomatic treatment. Unfortunately, the patient later developed multiple intracerebral AE metastases. We required the patient to take albendazole orally for life and follow up.

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Zuzana Šufliarska, Štefan Tóth, Michaela Gentil, Filip Humeník
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Yener Aydin, Ali Bilal Ulas, Nurhak Aksungur, Atilla Eroglu
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Epididymal alveolar echinococcosis and tuberculosis co-infection: A case report
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Echinococcosis: An Uncommon Cause of Thoracic Pain
Beatriz Sampaio, Felisbela Gomes, Mafalda Leal, Rita Bernardino
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Diagnosis and comparative analysis of surgical treatment of patients with liver alveococcosis
V. S. Panteleev, M. A. Nartaylakov, I. Z. Salimgareev, A. S. Petrov
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Ryota NAGASHIMA, Yasushi CHO, Kenji WAKAYAMA, Shusaku TAKAHASHI, Hiroyuki ISHIZU, Shin ICHIHARA
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Animals.2022; 12(2): 175. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Neurocysticercosis: Clinical Characteristics and Changes from 26 Years of Experience in an University Hospital in Korea: Hyo-Ju Son, Min Jae Kim, Kyung Hwa Jung, Sungim Choi, Jiwon Jung, Yong Pil Chong, Sung-Han Kim, Sang-Oh Lee, Sang-Ho Choi, Yang Soo Kim, Jun Hee Woo, Bong-Kwang Jung, Hyemi Song, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):265-271.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.265

Abstract
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The prevalence of human taeniasis has decreased in Korea. The stool egg positive proportion decreased from 1.9% in 1971 to 0% in 2004 in nationwide surveys. The neurocysticercosis (NCC) is also presumed to decrease. However, detailed information regarding the recent status of NCC in Korea is lacking. We retrospectively reviewed NCC cases from 1990 to 2016 at Asan Medical Center, a 2700-bed tertiary referral hospital in Korea. We identified patients based on clinical symptoms, brain imaging, pathology and serological assay. The cases were classified as parenchymal, extraparenchymal, and mixed NCC. Eighty-one patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 54.5 years, and 79.0% were male. The number of NCC cases was highest from 1995 to 1999, and continuously decreased thereafter. Forty (49.4%) patients had parenchymal NCC, while 25 (30.9%) patients had extraparenchymal NCC, and 16 (19.8%) patients had mixed NCC. The seizure and headache were most common symptom of parenchymal NCC and extraparenchymal NCC respectively. Hydrocephalus was more common in extraparenchymal NCC, and patients with extraparenchymal NCC were more likely to require a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Cases of NCC are decreasing accordingly with human taeniasis and lesion location was the most important determinant of clinical presentation and outcome of NCC in Korea.

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Clinical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Disseminated Neurocysticercosis With Intraventricular and Cisternal Extension Without Hydrocephalus: A Case Report
Bibek Shrestha, Priyesh Shrestha, Bikram Prasad Gajurel, Grishma Kandel, Laxmi Shah
Clinical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Intraventricular Neurocysticercosis: Comparative Analysis of Different Localizations. Clinical Course and Treatment: A Systematic Review
Zoran Milenković, Stefan Momčilović, Aleksandra Ignjatović, Aleksandra Aracki-Trenkić, Tanja Džopalić, Nataša Vidović, Zorica Jović, Suzana Tasić-Otašević
Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery.2025; 86(05): 467. CrossRef
Neurocysticercosis Presenting as Status Epilepticus
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Jorge Zumaeta, Camilo Contreras, Paola Tapia, Diego Morales, Noe Santiago Rea, Jose Valerio
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Charles E Makasi, Andrew M Kilale, Bernard J Ngowi, Yakobo Lema, Victor Katiti, Michael J Mahande, Elizabeth F. Msoka, Dominik Stelzle, Andrea S Winkler, Blandina T. Mmbaga
Epilepsia Open.2023; 8(2): 487. CrossRef
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Sunghee Park, Jiwon Jung, Yong Pil Chong, Sung-Han Kim, Sang-Oh Lee, Sang-Ho Choi, Yang Soo Kim, Min Jae Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(3): 227. CrossRef
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Pedro T. Hamamoto Filho, Gagandeep Singh, Andrea S. Winkler, Arturo Carpio, Agnès Fleury
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Ju Yeong Kim, Myung-hee Yi, Tai-Soon Yong, Guilherme L. Werneck
PLOS ONE.2019; 14(11): e0225508. CrossRef

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Cytopathic Change and Inflammatory Response of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells Induced by Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites and Cysts: Hae-Jin Sohn, Ga-Eun Seo, Jae-Ho Lee, A-Jeong Ham, Young-Hwan Oh, Heekyoung Kang, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):217-223.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.217

Abstract
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Acanthamoeba castellanii has ubiquitous distribution and causes primary acanthamoebic keratitis (AK). AK is a common disease in contact lens wearers and results in permanent visual impairment or blindness. In this study, we observed the cytopathic effect, in vitro cytotoxicity, and secretion pattern of cytokines in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) induced by A. castellanii trophozoites and/or cysts. Morphological observation revealed that panked dendritic HCECs co-cultured with amoeba cysts had changed into round shape and gradually died. Such changes were more severe in co-culture with cyst than those of co-cultivation with trophozoites. In vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed the highest cytotoxicity to HCECs in the co-culture system with amoeba cysts. A. castellanii induced the expression of IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL1 in HCECs. Secreted levels of IL-1α, IL-6, and IL-8 in HCECs co-cultured with both trophozoites and cysts were increased at an early incubation time (3 and 6 hr). These results suggested that cytopathic changes and pro-inflammatory cytokines release of HCECs in response to A. castellanii, especially amoebic cysts, are an important mechanism for AK development.

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Case Report

A Case of Unexpected Clinostomum complanatum Infection Initially Presenting as Foreign Body in Pharynx: Hyunjung Kim, Sung-Weon Cho, Harim Oh, Hyung Kwon Byeon; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):175-177.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.175

Abstract
PDF

A 46-year old man visited our outpatient clinic with complaint of foreign body sensation in throat after consuming raw freshwater fish 5 days ago. Laryngoscopic examination revealed a motile worm attached on posterior pharyngeal wall. The worm was removed using biopsy forceps under transnasal endoscopy and evidently identified as Clinostomum complanatum after microscopic examination. Patient’s subjective foreign body sensation of throat and hyperemia of laryngeal mucosa remained for approximately 2 weeks post-removal, which were eventually resolved after administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and anti-refluxant drug for 2 weeks. Treatment was ended at three weeks since the first visit. C. complanatum infections in humans are rare, and only four cases have been reported in Korea. Symptoms resembling pharyngitis or laryngitis occurs by consumption of raw, infected freshwater fish and treatment is done by mechanically removing the parasite.

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18 Web of Science
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Brief Communications

A Retrospective Analysis on the Cystic Echinococcosis Cases Occured in Northeastern Punjab Province, Pakistan: Aisha Khan, Sarmad Zahoor, Haroon Ahmed, Uzma Malik, Rabia Amin Butt, Muhammad Sultanul Muzam, Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc, Noorulain Noor, Saroosh Zahoor, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Hamza Mansur, Shumaila Irum, Sami Simsek; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(4):385-390.
Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.385

Abstract
PDF

A retrospective study was performed to report the case occurrence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in three hospitals of north-eastern region in Punjab Province, Pakistan. We reviewed retrospectively the clinical records of patients in 4 hospitals which were diagnosed with CE during 2012-2017. A total of 198 cases, 82 (41.4%) male and 116 (58.6%) females were detected as CE. The most Highest incidence was revealed in.... 21-30 years-old group (24.2%) followed by 41-50 (22.7%), 31-40 (16.2%), 11-20 (13.6%), 51-60 (8.1%), below 10 (5.5%), over 71 (5.1%) and 61-70 year-old group (4.5%). CE was detected in various organs of infected individuals. However, most of CE cases were detected in the liver (47.4%) and lung (18.6%). The present study indicated that CE is more or less prevalent in surveyed areas and one of the most important public health problems in Punjab Province, Pakistan.

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Reza Shahriarirad, Amirhossein Erfani, Mehrdad Eskandarisani, Mohammad Rastegarian, Hajar Taghizadeh, Bahador Sarkari
Tropical Medicine and Health.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
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Aisha Khan, Haroon Ahmed, Huma Khan, Sadia Saleem, Sami Simsek, Enrico Brunetti, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Tommaso Manciulli, Christine M. Budke
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Acta Parasitologica.2019; 64(4): 866. CrossRef

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Differential Diagnosis of Human Sparganosis Using Multiplex PCR: Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Kyu-Heon Kim, Woon-Mok Sohn, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(3):295-300.
Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.295

Abstract
PDF

Human sparganosis was diagnosed by morphological and genetic analyses in Korea. The complete mitochondrial genomes of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens isolated in Korea have been recorded. Present study was performed to provide information to diagnose the etiologic agent of sparganosis by multiplex PCR using mitochondrial genome sequences of S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens. In an effort to examine the differential diagnosis of spirometrid tapeworms, multiplex PCR assays were performed on plerocercoid larvae of S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens. The PCR products obtained using species-specific primers were positively detected in all PCR assays on mixture of S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens DNA. S. erinaceieuropaei-specific bands (239 bp and 401 bp) were obtained from all PCR assays using a mixture of S. erinaceieuropaei-specific primers (Se/Sd-1800F and Se-2018R; Se/Sd-7955F and Se-8356R) and S. erinaceieuropaei template DNA. S. decipiens-specific bands (540 bp and 644 bp) were also detected in all PCR assays containing mixtures of S. decipiens-specific primers (Se/Sd-1800F and Sd-2317R; Se/Sd-7955F and Sd-8567R) and S. decipiens template DNA. Sequence analyses on these species-specific bands revealed 100% sequence identity with homologous regions of the mtDNA sequences of S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens. The multiplex PCR assay was useful for differential diagnosis of human sparganosis by detecting different sizes in species-specific bands.

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Irene Alvarado-Hidalgo, Josué Campos-Camacho, Yuliana Arguedas-Morales, Luis M. Romero-Vega, Alejandro Alfaro-Alarcón, Gabriela Anchia-Ureña, Laura G. Bass, Ivan Berrocal-Ávila, Isabel Hagnauer, Roberto W.I. Olivares, Alberto Solano-Barquero, Rodolfo Trau
Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports.2024; 51: 101030. CrossRef
Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Prevention of Sparganosis in Asia
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Mini Review

An Overview of Fish-borne Nematodiases among Returned Travelers for Recent 25 Years? Unexpected Diseases Sometimes Far Away from the Origin: Jorge Costa Eiras, Gilberto Cezar Pavanelli, Ricardo Massato Takemoto, Yukifumi Nawa; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(3):215-227.
Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.215

Abstract
PDF

Along with globalization of traveling and trading, fish-borne nematodiases seems to be increasing in number. However, apart from occasional and sporadic case reports or mini-reviews of particular diseases in particular countries, an overview of fish-borne nematodiasis among travelers have never been performed. In this review, we gathered fishborne nematodiasis among travelers for recent 25 years by an extensive global literature survey using appropriate keywords, e.g. travelers diseases, human infection, anisakiasis, gnathostomiasis, capillariasis, sushi, sashimi, ceviche, Gnathostoma, Pseudoterranova, Anisakis, Capillaria, etc., as well as various combinations of these key words. The Internet search engines PubMed, Medline, Google and Googler Scholar were used as much as possible, and the references of every paper were checked in order to identify useful and reliable publications. The results showed unexpectedly high incidence of gnathostomiasis and low incidence of anisakidosis. The different incidence values of the infection with several fish-borne zoonotic nematode species are discussed, as well as some epidemiological aspects of the infections. The difficulties of differential diagnosis in non-endemic countries are emphasized. It is concluded that travelers must avoid risky behaviors which can lead to infection and that physicians and health authorities must advice travelers on the risks of eating behaviors during travel.

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Original Articles

Unraveling Haplotype Diversity of the Apical Membrane Antigen-1 Gene in Plasmodium falciparum Populations in Thailand: Lalita Lumkul, Vorthon Sawaswong, Phumin Simpalipan, Morakot Kaewthamasorn, Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn, Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(2):153-165.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.153

Development of an effective vaccine is critically needed for the prevention of malaria. One of the key antigens for malaria vaccines is the apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the surface protein for erythrocyte invasion of the parasite. The gene encoding AMA-1 has been sequenced from populations of P. falciparum worldwide, but the haplotype diversity of the gene in P. falciparum populations in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), including Thailand, remains to be characterized. In the present study, the AMA-1 gene was PCR amplified and sequenced from the genomic DNA of 65 P. falciparum isolates from 5 endemic areas in Thailand. The nearly fulllength 1,848 nucleotide sequence of AMA-1 was subjected to molecular analyses, including nucleotide sequence diversity, haplotype diversity and deduced amino acid sequence diversity and neutrality tests. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise population differentiation (F_st indices) were performed to infer the population structure. The analyses identified 60 single nucleotide polymorphic loci, predominately located in domain I of AMA-1. A total of 31 unique AMA-1 haplotypes were identified, which included 11 novel ones. The phylogenetic tree of the AMA-1 haplotypes revealed multiple clades of AMA-1, each of which contained parasites of multiple geographical origins, consistent with the Fst indices indicating genetic homogeneity or gene flow among geographically distinct populations of P. falciparum in Thailand’s borders with Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia. In summary, the study revealed novel haplotypes and population structure needed for the further advancement of AMA-1-based malaria vaccines in the GMS.

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Joseph Hawadak, Loick Pradel Kojom Foko, Rodrigue Roman Dongang Nana, Karmveer Yadav, Veena Pande, Aparup Das, Vineeta Singh
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Genetic polymorphism and natural selection of the erythrocyte binding antigen 175 region II in Plasmodium falciparum populations from Myanmar and Vietnam
Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Haung Naw, Won Gi Yoo, Moe Kyaw Myint, Huynh Hong Quang, Byoung-Kuk Na
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Tulika Nirmolia, Md. Atique Ahmed, Vinayagam Sathishkumar, Nilanju P. Sarma, Dibya R. Bhattacharyya, Pradyumna K. Mohapatra, Devendra Bansal, Praveen K. Bharti, Rakesh Sehgal, Jagadish Mahanta, Ali A. Sultan, Kanwar Narain, Saurav J. Patgiri
Malaria Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Pornpawee Sookpongthai, Korawich Utayopas, Thassanai Sitthiyotha, Theerakamol Pengsakul, Morakot Kaewthamasorn, Kittikhun Wangkanont, Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn, Surasak Chunsrivirot, Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
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Alena Pance
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David Ricardo Salamanca, Marcela Gómez, Anny Camargo, Laura Cuy-Chaparro, Jessica Molina-Franky, César Reyes, Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
Frontiers in Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Molecular Phylogenetics of Trichostrongylus Species (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) from Humans of Mazandaran Province, Iran: Meysam Sharifdini, Zahra Heidari, Zahra Hesari, Sajad Vatandoost, Eshrat Beigom Kia; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(3):279-285.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.279

Abstract
PDF

The present study was performed to analyze molecularly the phylogenetic positions of human-infecting Trichostrongylus species in Mazandaran Province, Iran, which is an endemic area for trichostrongyliasis. DNA from 7 Trichostrongylus infected stool samples were extracted by using in-house (IH) method. PCR amplification of ITS2-rDNA region was performed, and products were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence data was performed using MEGA 5.0 software. Six out of 7 isolates had high similarity with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, while the other one showed high homology with Trichostrongylus axei registered in GenBank reference sequences. Intra-specific variations within isolates of T. colubriformis and T. axei amounted to 0-1.8% and 0-0.6%, respectively. Trichostrongylus species obtained in the present study were in a cluster with the relevant reference sequences from previous studies. BLAST analysis indicated that there was 100% homology among all 6 ITS2 sequences of T. colubriformis in the present study and most previously registered sequences of T. colubriformis from human, sheep, and goat isolates from Iran and also human isolates from Laos, Thailand, and France. The ITS2 sequence of T. axei exhibited 99.4% homology with the human isolate of T. axei from Thailand, sheep isolates from New Zealand and Iran, and cattle isolate from USA.

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Case Reports

A Human Case of Zoonotic Dog Tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum (Eucestoda: Dilepidiidae), in China: Peng Jiang, Xi Zhang, Ruo Dan Liu, Zhong Quan Wang, Jing Cui; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):61-64.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.61

Abstract
PDF

We described a human case of zoonotic dog tapeworm, Dipylidium caninum (Eucestoda: Dilepidiidae), rarely occurring in China. The mother of a 17 month-old boy noted the appearance of small white and active worms over a month period in her son’s feces, but the boy was asymptomatic except mild diarrhea. We observed 3 tapeworm proglottids resembling cucumber seeds in his stool sample. Microscopically, each proglottid had 2 genital pores, 1 on each lateral edge, and numerous egg capsules in the uterus. The patient was successfully treated with a single oral dose of praziquantel. Adult worms were recovered in the diarrheic stool after praziquantel treatment and purgation. His family had household pet dogs for several years, and he might have acquired the infection by ingestion of infected fleas of his pet dogs. A history of dog or cat pets and flea bites may be important clues to diagnosis of D. caninum infection. The infected pets should also be treated.

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Human Cases of Fascioliasis in Fujian Province, China: Lin Ai, Yu-Chun Cai, Yan Lu, Jia-Xu Chen, Shao-Hong Chen; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):55-60.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.55

Abstract
PDF

Fascioliasis is a foodborne zoonotic parasitic disease. We report 4 cases occurring in the same family, in whom diagnosis of acute fascioliasis was established after series of tests. One case was hospitalized with fever, eosinophilia, and hepatic lesions. MRI showed hypodense changes in both liver lobes. The remaining 3 cases presented with the symptom of stomachache only. Stool analysis was positive for Fasciola eggs in 2 adult patients. The immunological test and molecular identification of eggs were confirmed at the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China. The results of serological detection were positive in all the 4 patients. DNA sequencing of PCR products of the eggs demonstrated 100% homology with ITS and cox1 of Fasciola hepatica. The conditions of the patients were not improved by broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drugs until administration of triclabendazole.

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Mini Review

The Paleoparasitology in Brazil and Findings in Human Remains from South America: A Review: Sh?nia Patr?cia Corr?a Novo, Luiz Fernando Ferreira; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(5):573-583.
Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.573

Abstract
PDF

Abstract: The review article presents some of the history of how paleoparasitology started in Brazil, making highlight the great responsible Dr. Luiz Fernando Ferreira and Dr. Adauto Ara?jo, the trajectory of paleoparasitology in Brazil since 1978 and its performance in science to the present day. In sequence, it is made a presentation of parasitological findings on human remains found in archaeological sites in South America, highlighting Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Peru, where major discoveries have occurred. Many of the parasites found in archaeological material and mentioned in this review went out of Africa with the peopling of Europe and from there they dispersed around the world, where climatic conditions allow the transmission. However, humans have acquired other parasites of animals, since humans invaded new habitats or creating new habits adopting new technologies, thus expanding its range of influence on the environment. Thus, this review article is finalized with information that explain the importance of these findings in the interaction between parasites, human host, and ambient.

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of Enteric Protozoan Oocysts with Special Reference to Sarcocystis cruzi among Fecal Samples of Diarrheic Immunodeficient Patients in Iran: Mahmoud Agholi, Shahrbanou Naderi Shahabadi, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Gholam Reza Hatam; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(3):339-344.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.339

Abstract
PDF

The genus Sarcocystis is not usually considered as an important enteric pathogen in immune compromised patients. It might be expected that species for which humans are the final host (Sarcocystis hominis and Sarcocystis suihominis as well as possibly others) would be encountered increasingly often in immunodeficient persons. This study aimed to address how to detect and differentiate Sarcocystis oocysts and/or sporocysts from enteric protozoans in the diarrheal samples of immunodeficient patients in Shiraz, Iran. Diarrheal samples of 741 immunodeficient patients with recurrent persistent or chronic diarrhea were examined by microscopy and molecular biological analysis. Oocysts-positive samples were 68 Cryptosporidium spp., 9 Cystoisospora belli (syn. Isospora belli), 2 Cyclospora cayetanensis, and 15 microsporidia (Enterocytozoon bieneusi). Sarcocystis-like sporocysts found from a woman were identified as Sarcocystis cruzi through 18S rDNA amplification and phylogenetic analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of S. cruzi from a human.

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Davood Anvari, Elahe Narouei, Mona Hosseini, Mohammad Reza Narouei, Ahmad Daryani, Seyyed Ali Shariatzadeh, Abdol Sattar Pagheh, Shirzad Gholami, Shahabeddin Sarvi, Dariush Sargazi, Reza Saberi, Seyed Abdollah Hosseini, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
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Kálmán Imre, Gheorghe Dărăbuș, Emil Tîrziu, Sorin Morariu, Mirela Imre, Judit Plutzer, Marius V. Boldea, Adriana Morar
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Asmaa M. El-kady, Nermean M. Hussein, Amal A. Hassan
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Simultaneous Molecular Detection of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora from Raw Vegetables in Korea
Seobo Sim, Jua Won, Jae-Whan Kim, Kyungjin Kim, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(2): 137. CrossRef
Molecular Identification of Sarcocystis spp. in Sheep and Cattle by PCR-RFLP from Southwest of Iran
Mahmoud Rahdar, Tahereh Kardooni
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Mahmoud Agholi, Zahra Taghadosi, Davood Mehrabani, Farzaneh Zahabiun, Zahra Sharafi, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Gholam Reza Hatam, Shahrbanou Naderi Shahabadi
Parasitology Research.2016; 115(12): 4527. CrossRef

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Original Article

An Improved PCR-RFLP Assay for Detection and Genotyping of Asymptomatic Giardia lamblia Infection in a Resource-Poor Setting: Yoursry Hawash, M. M. Ghonaim, S. S. Al-Shehri; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(1):1-8.
Published online February 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.1

Abstract
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Laboratory workers, in resource-poor countries, still consider PCR detection of Giardia lamblia more costly and more time-consuming than the classical parasitological techniques. Based on 2 published primers, an in-house one-round touchdown PCR-RFLP assay was developed. The assay was validated with an internal amplification control included in reactions. Performance of the assay was assessed with DNA samples of various purities, 91 control fecal samples with various parasite load, and 472 samples of unknown results. Two cysts per reaction were enough for PCR detection by the assay with exhibited specificity (Sp) and sensitivity (Se) of 100% and 93%, respectively. Taking a published small subunit rRNA reference PCR test results (6%; 29/472) as a nominated gold standard, G. lamblia was identified in 5.9% (28/472), 5.2%, (25/472), and 3.6% (17/472) by PCR assay, RIDA^® Quick Giardia antigen detection test (R-Biopharm, Darmstadt, Germany), and iodine-stained smear microscopy, respectively. The percent agreements (kappa values) of 99.7% (0.745), 98.9% (0.900), and 97.7% (0.981) were exhibited between the assay results and that of the reference PCR, immunoassay, and microscopy, respectively. Restriction digestion of the 28 Giardia-positive samples revealed genotype A pattern in 12 and genotype B profile in 16 samples. The PCR assay with the described format and exhibited performance has a great potential to be adopted in basic clinical laboratories as a detection tool for G. lamblia especially in asymptomatic infections. This potential is increased more in particular situations where identification of the parasite genotype represents a major requirement as in epidemiological studies and infection outbreaks.

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A rapid economical multiplex PCR-RFLP method for molecular detection and genotyping of Giardia duodenalis clinical isolates
Ajanta Ghosal, Sanjib K. Sardar, Tapas Haldar, Akash Prasad, Koushik Das, Seiki Kobayashi, Yumiko Saito-Nakano, Shanta Dutta, Tomoyoshi Nozaki, Sandipan Ganguly
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Experimental Parasitology.2018; 185: 23. CrossRef
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Folasade Esther Adeyemo, Gulshan Singh, Poovendhree Reddy, Thor Axel Stenström
Acta Tropica.2018; 184: 15. CrossRef
High Frequency of Enteric Protozoan, Viral, and Bacterial Potential Pathogens in Community-Acquired Acute Diarrheal Episodes: Evidence Based on Results of Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel Assay
Yousry A. Hawash, Khadiga A. Ismail, Mazen Almehmadi
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(5): 513. CrossRef

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Case Report

Ectopic Human Fasciola hepatica Infection by an Adult Worm in the Mesocolon: Ah Jin Kim, Chang Hwan Choi, Sun Keun Choi, Yong Woon Shin, Yun-Kyu Park, Lucia Kim, Suk Jin Choi, Jee Young Han, Joon Mee Kim, Young Chae Chu, In Suh Park; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):725-730.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.725

Abstract
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We report here an ectopic case of Fasciola hepatica infection confirmed by recovery of an adult worm in the mesocolon. A 56-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with discomfort and pain in the left lower quadrant of the abdomen. Abdominal CT showed 3 abscesses in the left upper quadrant, mesentery, and pelvic cavity. On surgical exploration, abscess pockets were found in the mesocolon of the sigmoid colon and transverse colon. A leaf-like worm found in the abscess pocket of the mesocolon of the left colon was diagnosed as an adult fluke of F. hepatica. Histologically, numerous eggs of F. hepatica were noted with acute and chronic granulomatous inflammations in the subserosa and pericolic adipose tissues. Conclusively, a rare case of ectopic fascioliasis has been confirmed in this study by the adult worm recovery of F. hepatica in the mesocolon.

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Mohsen Arbabi, Hossein Hooshyar, Mahdi Delavari
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Rohani C. Navarro, Aleyla E. de Cadiz, Jordan M. Fronda, Lynnell Alexie D. Ong, Vicente Y. Belizario Jr.
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NumerousFasciolaplasminogen-binding proteins may underlie blood-brain barrier leakage and explain neurological disorder complexity and heterogeneity in the acute and chronic phases of human fascioliasis
J. González-Miguel, M. A. Valero, M. Reguera-Gomez, C. Mas-Bargues, M. D. Bargues, F. Simón, S. Mas-Coma
Parasitology.2019; 146(3): 284. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(3): 313. CrossRef

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Original Article

Molecular Identification of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense from 3 Human Cases in Heilongjiang Province with a Brief Literature Review in China: Weizhe Zhang, Fei Che, Song Tian, Jing Shu, Xiaoli Zhang; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(6):683-688.
Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.6.683

Abstract
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Human diphyllobothriasis is a widespread fish-borne zoonosis caused by the infection with broad tapeworms belonging to the genus Diphyllobothrium. In mainland China, so far 20 human cases of Diphyllobothrium infections have been reported, and the etiologic species were identified as D. latum and D. nihonkaiense based on morphological characteristics or molecular analysis. In the present study, proglottids of diphyllobothriid tapeworms from 3 human cases that occurred in Heilongjiang Province, China were identified as D. nihonkaiense by sequencing mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) genes. Two different cox1 gene sequences were obtained. One sequence showed 100% homology with those from humans in Japan. The remaining cox1 gene sequence and 2 different nad5 gene sequences obtained were not described previously, and might reflect endemic genetic characterizations. D. nihonkaiense might also be a major causative species of human diphyllobothriasis in China. Meanwhile, the finding of the first pediatric case of D. nihonkaiense infection in China suggests that infants infected with D. nihonkaiense should not be ignored.

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Dietary footprints of a global parasite: diagnosing Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis in non-endemic regions
Wilson G.W. Goh, Jean-Marc Chavatte, Gabriel Z.R. Yan, Yuan Yi Constance Chen, Mark Dhinesh Muthiah, Lionel H.W. Lum
Gut Pathogens.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification of Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis plerocercoids from the autumn chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta of the Amur River basin by molecular datas
A. G. Dragomeretskaya, Yu. I. Moskvina, V. O. Kotova, L. V. Butakova, S. I. Gaer, O. E. Trotsenko, E. V. Podorozhnyuk
Russian Journal of Parasitology.2024; 18(4): 388. CrossRef
Epidemiology ofDiphyllobothrium nihonkaienseDiphyllobothriasis, Japan, 2001–2016
Hiroshi Ikuno, Shinkichi Akao, Hiroshi Yamasaki
Emerging Infectious Diseases.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Four Human Cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense (Eucestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in China with a Brief Review of Chinese Cases
Yu-Chun Cai, Shao-Hong Chen, Hiroshi Yamasaki, Jia-Xu Chen, Yan Lu, Yong-Nian Zhang, Hao Li, Lin Ai, Hai-Ning Chen
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2017; 55(3): 319. CrossRef
Intestinal cestodes
Camille Webb, Miguel M. Cabada
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases.2017; 30(5): 504. CrossRef

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Mini Review

Plasmodium knowlesi as a Threat to Global Public Health: Roland Wesolowski, Alina Wozniak, Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska, Karolina Szewczyk-Golec; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(5):575-581.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.575

Abstract
PDF

Malaria is a tropical disease caused by protozoans of the Plasmodium genus. Delayed diagnosis and misdiagnosis are strongly associated with higher mortality. In recent years, a greater importance is attributed to Plasmodium knowlesi, a species found mainly in Southeast Asia. Routine parasitological diagnostics are associated with certain limitations and difficulties in unambiguous determination of the parasite species based only on microscopic image. Recently, molecular techniques have been increasingly used for predictive diagnosis. The aim of the study is to draw attention to the risk of travelling to knowlesi malaria endemic areas and to raise awareness among personnel involved in the therapeutic process.

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Original Articles

Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Captive Non-Human Primates in Qinling Mountains: Shuai-Zhi Du, Guang-Hui Zhao, Jun-Feng Shao, Yan-Qin Fang, Ge-Ru Tian, Long-Xian Zhang, Rong-Jun Wang, Hai-Yan Wang, Meng Qi, San-Ke Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):395-402.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.395

Abstract
PDF

Non-human primates (NHPs) are confirmed as reservoirs of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. In this study, 197 fresh fecal samples from 8 NHP species in Qinling Mountains, northwestern China, were collected and examined using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method. The results showed that 35 (17.8%) samples were positive for tested parasites, including Cryptosporidium spp. (3.0%), G. intestinalis (2.0%), and E. bieneusi (12.7%). Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 6 fecal samples of Macaca mulatta, and were identified as C. parvum (n=1) and C. andersoni (n=5). Subtyping analysis showed Cryptosporidium spp. belonged to the C. andersoni MLST subtype (A4, A4, A4, and A1) and C. parvum 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) subtype IId A15G2R1. G. intestinalis assemblage E was detected in 3 M. mulatta and 1 Saimiri sciureus. Intra-variations were observed at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), beta giardin (bg), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) loci, with 3, 1, and 2 new subtypes found in respective locus. E. bieneusi was found in Cercopithecus neglectus (25.0%), Papio hamadrayas (16.7%), M. mulatta (16.3%), S. sciureus (10%), and Rhinopithecus roxellana (9.5%), with 5 ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes: 2 known genotypes (D and BEB6) and 3 novel genotypes (MH, XH, and BSH). These findings indicated the presence of zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in NHPs in Qinling Mountains. This is the first report of C. andersoni in NHPs. The present study provided basic information for control of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidiosis in human and animals in this area.

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Matthew J. Nolan, Melisa Unger, Yuen-Ting Yeap, Emma Rogers, Ilary Millet, Kimberley Harman, Mark Fox, Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka, Damer P. Blake
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Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao
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Zhijun Zhong, Yinan Tian, Wei Li, Xiangming Huang, Lei Deng, Suizhong Cao, Yi Geng, Hualin Fu, Liuhong Shen, Haifeng Liu, Guangneng Peng, Bi-Song Yue
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(9): e0184913. CrossRef
Giardia duodenalis Infections in Humans and Other Animals in China
Junqiang Li, Haiyan Wang, Rongjun Wang, Longxian Zhang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Dominance of the Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype BEB6 in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) in China and a brief literature review
Wei Zhao, Jianguang Wang, Ziyin Yang, Aiqin Liu
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Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management
Alireza Zahedi, Andrea Paparini, Fuchun Jian, Ian Robertson, Una Ryan
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2016; 5(1): 88. CrossRef
Molecular survey of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheep and goats in China
Ke Shi, Mengjie Li, Xiaoxing Wang, Junqiang Li, Md Robiul Karim, Rongjun Wang, Longxian Zhang, Fuchun Jian, Changshen Ning
Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence, risk factors and multilocus genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed foxes (Vulpes lagopus), Northern China
Xiao-Xuan Zhang, Wei Cong, Zhi-Long Lou, Jian-Gang Ma, Wen-Bin Zheng, Qiu-Xia Yao, Quan Zhao, Xing-Quan Zhu
Parasites & Vectors.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
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Khaled A. Abdel-Moein, Hossam Saeed
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Identification ofGiardia lambliaAssemblage E in Humans Points to a New Anthropozoonotic Cycle
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First Report of the Human-Pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi from Red-Bellied Tree Squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus) in Sichuan, China
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Anna Mynářová, Ivona Foitová, Martin Kváč, Dana Květoňová, Michael Rost, Helen Morrogh-Bernard, Wisnu Nurcahyo, Cathleen Nguyen, Supriyadi Supriyadi, Bohumil Sak, Govindhaswamy Umapathy
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13,484 View
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Visceral Leishmaniasis in Rural Areas of Alborz Province of Iran and Implication to Health Policy: Aliehsan Heidari, Mehdi Mohebali, Kourosh Kabir, Hojatallah Barati, Yousef Soultani, Hossein Keshavarz, Behnaz Akhoundi, Homa Hajjaran, Hosein Reisi; Korean J Parasitol 2015;53(4):379-383.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.379

Abstract
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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar mainly affects children in endemic areas. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of VL using direct agglutination test (DAT) in children living in rural districts of Alborz Province located 30 km from Tehran capital city of Iran. Multi-stage cluster random sampling was applied. Blood samples were randomly collected from 1,007 children under 10 years of age in the clusters. A total of 37 (3.7%) of the studied population showed anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies with titers of ≥1:800. There was a significant association between positive sera and various parts of the rural areas of Alborz Province (P<0.002). Two children with anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies titers of ≥1:3,200 indicated kala-azar clinical features and treated with anti-leishmaniasis drugs in pediatric hospital. The findings of this study indicated that Leishmania infection is prevalent in rural areas of Alborz Province. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the awareness and alertness among physicians and public health managers, particularly in high-risk rural areas of the province in Iran.

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A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of Leishmania infantum in sandflies in Iran
Sara Rahimi, Homa Arshadi, Hamid Reza Shoraka, Aioub Sofizadeh, Arman Latifi
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2024; 17(11): 491. CrossRef
Unraveling the role of natural killer cells in leishmaniasis
Zahra Alizadeh, Pooya Omidnia, Farag M.A. Altalbawy, Gamal A. Gabr, Rasha Fadhel Obaid, Narges Rostami, Saeed Aslani, Aliehsan Heidari, Hamed Mohammadi
International Immunopharmacology.2023; 114: 109596. CrossRef
Prevalence of human visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Mosayeb Rostamian, Homayoon Bashiri, Vahid Yousefinejad, Arezoo Bozorgomid, Nasrollah Sohrabi, Saber Raeghi, Mohammad Taghi Khodayari, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Shahab Rezaeian
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.2021; 75: 101604. CrossRef
Seroepidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis among free-roaming dogs and children in Zahedan city, southeast of Iran, 2018–2020
Baharak Akhtardanesh, Mahshid Mostafavi, Javad Khedri, Ayoob Fakhri, Iraj Sharifi, Mehdi Khoshsima Shahraki
Microbial Pathogenesis.2021; 161: 105234. CrossRef
Seroepidemiological study on visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic focus of central Iran during 2017
Leyli Zanjirani Farahani, Mehdi Mohebali, Behnaz Akhoundi, Abedin Saghafipour, Zahra Kakooei
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2019; 43(1): 22. CrossRef
Paediatric visceral leishmaniasis: a retrospective study on clinical manifestations, demographic features and laboratory findings of hospitalised cases in Iran between 2006 and 2016
Manijeh Nourian, Aliehsan Heidari, Saleheh Tajali, Erfan Ghasemi, Mehdi Mohebali, Amir Heidari
Tropical Doctor.2019; 49(1): 59. CrossRef
Population structures of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica the causative agents of kala-azar in Southwest Iran
Mohammad Amin Ghatee, Hossein Mirhendi, Mehdi Karamian, Walter R. Taylor, Iraj Sharifi, Massood Hosseinzadeh, Zahra Kanannejad
Parasitology Research.2018; 117(11): 3447. CrossRef
Autoantibodies in a Three-Year-Old Girl with Visceral Leishmaniasis: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall
Gholamreza Pouladfar, Zahra Jafarpour, Amir Hossein Babaei, Bahman Pourabbas, Bita Geramizadeh, Anahita Sanaei Dashti
Case Reports in Infectious Diseases.2016; 2016: 1. CrossRef

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Case Reports

Perianal Tick-Bite Lesion Caused by a Fully Engorged Female Amblyomma testudinarium: Jin Kim, Haeng An Kang, Sung Sun Kim, Hyun Soo Joo, Won Seog Chong; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):685-690.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.685

Abstract
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A perianal tick and the surrounding skin were surgically excised from a 73-year-old man residing in a southwestern costal area of the Korean Peninsula. Microscopically a deep penetrating lesion was formed beneath the attachment site. Dense and mixed inflammatory cell infiltrations occurred in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues around the feeding lesion. Amorphous eosinophilic cement was abundant in the center of the lesion. The tick had Y-shaped anal groove, long mouthparts, ornate scutum, comma-shaped spiracular plate, distinct eyes, and fastoons. It was morphologically identified as a fully engorged female Amblyomma testudinarium. This is the third human case of Amblyomma tick infection in Korea.

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A checklist of the ticks of Malaysia (Acari: Argasidae, Ixodidae), with lists of known associated hosts, geographical distribution, type localities, human infestations and pathogens
ABDUL-RAHMAN KAZIM, JAMAL HOUSSAINI, DENNIS TAPPE, CHONG CHIN HEO
Zootaxa.2022; 5190(4): 485. CrossRef
Geographic distribution and modeling of ticks in the Republic of Korea and the application of tick models towards understanding the distribution of associated pathogenic agents
Heidi K. St. John, Penny Masuoka, Ju Jiang, Ratree Takhampunya, Terry A. Klein, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Jin-Won Song, Yu-Jin Kim, Christina M. Farris, Allen L. Richards
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases.2021; 12(4): 101686. CrossRef
Francisella-Like Endosymbiont Detected in Haemaphysalis Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) From the Republic of Korea
Ratree Takhampunya, Heung-Chul Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Achareeya Korkusol, Bousaraporn Tippayachai, Silas A Davidson, Jeannine M Petersen, Terry A Klein
Journal of Medical Entomology.2017; 54(6): 1735. CrossRef
Detection of SFTS Virus inIxodes nipponensisandAmblyomma testudinarium(Ixodida: Ixodidae) Collected From Reptiles in the Republic of Korea
Jae-Hwa Suh, Heung-Chul Kim, Seok-Min Yun, Jae-Won Lim, Jin-Han Kim, Sung-Tae Chong, Dae-Ho Kim, Hyun-Tae Kim, Hyun Kim, Terry A. Klein, Jaree L. Johnson, Won-Ja Lee
Journal of Medical Entomology.2016; 53(3): 584. CrossRef
Tick Bite by NymphalAmblyomma testudinarium
Yeong Ho Kim, Ji Hyun Lee, Young Min Park, Jun Young Lee
Annals of Dermatology.2016; 28(6): 762. CrossRef
Modulation of host immunity by tick saliva
Jan Kotál, Helena Langhansová, Jaroslava Lieskovská, John F. Andersen, Ivo M.B. Francischetti, Triantafyllos Chavakis, Jan Kopecký, Joao H.F. Pedra, Michail Kotsyfakis, Jindřich Chmelař
Journal of Proteomics.2015; 128: 58. CrossRef

12,302 View
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10 Web of Science
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Human Sting of Cephalonomia gallicola (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) in Korea: In-Yong Lee, Chang-Seob Shin, Seobo Sim, Jung-Won Park, Tai-Soon Yong; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(6):681-684.
Published online December 23, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.6.681

Abstract
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Hymenoptera stings can cause serious injury to humans. We report the clinical findings of 6 cases of Hymenoptera stings. All patients developed painful erythematous papules at the sting sites and had a past history of parasitoid wasp sting. This is the first clinical report of the parasitoid wasp, Cephalonomia gallicola, causing human stings in Korea.

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Human ectoparasitoses caused by flat wasps of the genera Sclerodermus and Cephalonomia (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
Paolo Masini, Luca Stingeni, Gianandrea Salerno, Valerio Saitta, Celso O Azevedo, Manuela Rebora, Matteo Ornielli, Katharina Hansel, Leonardo Bianchi, Gabriele Casciola
Clinical and Experimental Dermatology.2025; 50(8): 1508. CrossRef
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Jan Hubert, Vaclav Stejskal, Christos G. Athanassiou, James E. Throne
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A Review of Sclerodermus Latreille, 1809 (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) Infestations and Report of the First Case in North America North of Mexico
Michael J Skvarla
Journal of Medical Entomology.2018; 55(3): 752. CrossRef
Bethylids attacking stored‐product pests: an overview
Marco Amante, Matthias Schöller, Pompeo Suma, Agatino Russo
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata.2017; 163(3): 251. CrossRef
Dermatitis caused by arthropods in domestic environment: an Italian multicentre study
L. Stingeni, L. Bianchi, K. Hansel, D. Neve, C. Foti, M. Corazza, V. Bini, I. Moretta, M. Principato
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.2017; 31(9): 1526. CrossRef

17,747 View
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8 Web of Science
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Four Human Cases of Acanthotrema felis (Digenea: Heterophyidae) Infection in Korea: Jong-Yil Chai, Jae-Lip Kim, Min Seo; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):291-294.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.291

Abstract
PDF

Acanthotrema felis is an intestinal trematode of cats originally reported from the Republic of Korea. Only 1 human case infected with a single adult worm has been previously recorded. In the present study, we report 4 human cases infected with a total of 10 worms recovered after anthelmintic treatment and purging. All 4 patients reside in coastal areas of Jeollanam-do, Korea, and have consumed brackish water fish including the gobies, Acanthogobius flavimanus. The worms averaged 0.47 mm in length and 0.27 mm in width, and had 3 sclerites on the ventrogenital sac; 1 was short and thumb-like, another was long and blunt-ended, and the 3rd was long and broad-tipped. They were identified as A. felis Sohn, Han, & Chai, 2003. Surveys on coastal areas to detect further human cases infected with A. felis are required.

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Cercarial trematodes in freshwater snails from Bangkok, Thailand: prevalence, morphological and molecular studies and human parasite perspective
Pichit Wiroonpan, Thapana Chontananarth, Watchariya Purivirojkul
Parasitology.2021; 148(3): 366. CrossRef
Foodborne intestinal flukes: A brief review of epidemiology and geographical distribution
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Acta Tropica.2020; 201: 105210. CrossRef
Fishborne zoonotic heterophyid infections: An update
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Food and Waterborne Parasitology.2017; 8-9: 33. CrossRef
Heterophyid trematodes recovered from people residing along the Boseong River, South Korea
Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung, Deok-Gyu Kim, Jae-Lip Kim, Hyemi Lim, Eun-Hee Shin, Keon Hoon Lee, Mok Ryeon Kim, Sun Jin Han, Jae Hyun Yeom, Sun Mi Park, Jae-Sun Hwang
Acta Tropica.2015; 148: 142. CrossRef
Molecular characterization of Stictodora tridactyla (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from Kuwait Bay using rDNA ITS and mtCO1
Wafa Y. Al-Kandari, Majed A. Alnaqeeb, Asha M. Isaac, Suzanne A. Al-Bustan
Parasitology Research.2015; 114(11): 4259. CrossRef

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Two Human Cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense Infection in Korea: Su-Min Song, Hye-Won Yang, Min Kyu Jung, Jun Heo, Chang Min Cho, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(2):197-199.
Published online April 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.2.197

Abstract
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Diphyllobothrium latum and Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense are the 2 reported main causes of human diphyllobothriasis in the Republic of Korea. However, the differentiation of these 2 species based on morphologic features alone is difficult. The authors used nucleotide sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene to diagnose Diphyllobothrium spp. Two patients visited the emergency room at Kyungpook National University Hospital on 3 April and 12 April 2013, respectively, with fragments of parasites found while defecating. The parasites were identified as Diphyllobothrium spp. based on morphologic characteristics, and subsequent cox1 gene sequencing showed 99.9% similarity (1,478/1,480 bp) with D. nihonkaiense. Our findings support the hypothesis that D. nihonkaiense is a dominant species in Korea.

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Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense: wide egg size variation in 32 molecularly confirmed adult specimens from Korea
Seoyun Choi, Jaeeun Cho, Bong-Kwang Jung, Deok-Gyu Kim, Sarah Jiyoun Jeon, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Keeseon S. Eom, Jong-Yil Chai
Parasitology Research.2015; 114(6): 2129. CrossRef
Three Cases of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense Infection in Korea
Hong-Ja Kim, Keeseon S. Eom, Min Seo
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(6): 673. CrossRef
Extracorporeal Worm Extraction of Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense with Amidotrizoic Acid in a Child
Hye Kyung Shin, Joo-Hyung Roh, Jae-Won Oh, Jae-Sook Ryu, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Dong-Il Chung, Yong Joo Kim
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2014; 52(6): 677. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Molecular Detection of Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, and Necator americanus in Humans in Northeastern and Southern Thailand: Issarapong Phosuk, Pewpan M. Intapan, Tongjit Thanchomnang, Oranuch Sanpool, Penchom Janwan, Porntip Laummaunwai, Witthaya Aamnart, Nimit Morakote, Wanchai Maleewong; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):747-749.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.747

Abstract
PDF

The 2 principal species of hookworms infecting humans are Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. Case studies on zoonotic hookworm infections with Ancylostoma ceylanicum and/or Ancylostoma caninum are known mainly from Asian countries. Of these 2 zoonotic species, only A. ceylanicum can develop to adulthood in humans. In the present study, we report a molecular-based survey of human hookworm infections present in southern and northeastern Thailand. Thirty larval hookworm samples were obtained from fecal agar plate cultures of 10 patients in northeastren Thailand and 20 in southern Thailand. Partial ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 regions of the ribosomal DNA genes were amplified using PCR. The amplicons were sequenced, aligned, and compared with other hookworm sequences in GenBank database. The results showed that, in Thailand, N. americanus is more prevalent than Ancylostoma spp. and is found in both study areas. Sporadic cases of A. ceylanicum and A. duodenale infection were seen in northeastern Thailand.

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Human Neurocysticercosis Case and an Endemic Focus of Taenia solium in Lao PDR: Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Tai-Soon Yong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min, Han-Jong Rim, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):599-602.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.599

Abstract
PDF

A male patient with neurocysticercosis was identified in Montai Village, Xay District, Oudomxay Province, Lao PDR in February 2004. He had a history of diagnosis for neurocysticercosis by a CT scan in Thailand after an onset of epileptic seizure in 1993. A pig in the same district was found to contain Taenia solium metacestodes (=cysticerci); the slaughtered pig body contained more than 2,000 cysticerci. In addition to morphological identification, molecular identification was also performed on the cysticerci by DNA sequencing analysis of the mitochondrial cox1 gene; they were confirmed as T. solium metacestodes. The patient is regarded as an indigenous case of neurocysticercosis infected in an endemic focus of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in Oudomxay Province, Lao PDR.

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The challenges of detecting Taenia solium and neurocysticercosis in low and middle‐income countries: A scoping review of Lao People's Democratic Republic
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Risk mapping for Taenia solium: Applying multicriteria decision analysis in Lao PDR
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Current Status of Human Taeniasis in Lao People's Democratic Republic: Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Tai-Soon Yong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Jong-Yil Chai, Duk-Young Min, Cheong-Ha Yun, Han-Jong Rim, Tiengkham Pongvongsa, Virasack Banouvong, Bounnaloth Insisiengmay, Bounlay Phommasack, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):259-263.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.259

Abstract
PDF

Human taeniasis was investigated in Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) between 2000 and 2011 as part of the nation's helminthiasis survey. A total of 55,038 inhabitants, including 29,846 school children, were examined using the Kato-Katz and scotch-tape anal swab method, and morphological observation of adult worms. Molecular identification of Taenia tapeworms was performed by multiplex PCR or DNA sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cox1 gene. Taenia eggs were present at a rate of 1.5% (845/55,038) in the subject population. Adult tapeworms were identified as T. solium or T. saginata by analyzing the collectable stool specimens (n=126). Three specimens identified as T. solium were found in Luang Prabang, while the remaining 123 specimens, which were T. saginata, were found in Bokeo, Bolikhamxay, Champasak, Houaphan, Khammouane, Luang Namta, Luang Prabang, Oudomxay, Phongsaly, Saysomboune, Saravane, Savannakhet, Xayaboury, Xekong, Xieng Khouang Province, and Vientiane Municipality.

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The challenges of detecting Taenia solium and neurocysticercosis in low and middle‐income countries: A scoping review of Lao People's Democratic Republic
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Epidemiology of Taenia saginata taeniosis/cysticercosis: a systematic review of the distribution in East, Southeast and South Asia
Ramon M. Eichenberger, Lian F. Thomas, Sarah Gabriël, Branco Bobić, Brecht Devleesschauwer, Lucy J. Robertson, Anastasios Saratsis, Paul R. Torgerson, Uffe C. Braae, Veronique Dermauw, Pierre Dorny
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Prevalence of Helminthic Infections among Inhabitants of Lao PDR
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(5): 599. CrossRef

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Articles from Symposium on Asian Taenia (October 2011, Osong, Korea)s

Taenia asiatica: the Most Neglected Human Taenia and the Possibility of Cysticercosis: M. Teresa Gal?n-Puchades, Mario V. Fuentes; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):51-54.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.51

Abstract
PDF

Not only Taenia solium and Taenia saginata, but also Taenia asiatica infects humans. The last species is not included in the evaluation of the specificity of the immunodiagnostic techniques for taeniasis/cysticercosis. There is currently no specific immunodiagnostic method for T. asiatica available. Therefore, due to the fact that molecular techniques (the only tool to distinguish the 3 Taenia species) are normally not employed in routine diagnostic methods, the 2 questions concerning T. asiatica (its definite geographic distribution and its ability to cause human cysticercosis), remain open, turning T. asiatica into the most neglected agent of human taeniasis-cysticercosis.

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Molecular Approaches to Taenia asiatica: Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(1):1-8.
Published online February 18, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.1.1

Abstract
PDF

Taenia solium, T. saginata, and T. asiatica are taeniid tapeworms that cause taeniasis in humans and cysticercosis in intermediate host animals. Taeniases remain an important public health concerns in the world. Molecular diagnostic methods using PCR assays have been developed for rapid and accurate detection of human infecting taeniid tapeworms, including the use of sequence-specific DNA probes, PCR-RFLP, and multiplex PCR. More recently, DNA diagnosis using PCR based on histopathological specimens such as 10% formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded and stained sections mounted on slides has been applied to cestode infections. The mitochondrial gene sequence is believed to be a very useful molecular marker for not only studying evolutionary relationships among distantly related taxa, but also for investigating the phylo-biogeography of closely related species. The complete sequence of the human Taenia tapeworms mitochondrial genomes were determined, and its organization and structure were compared to other human-tropic Taenia tapeworms for which complete mitochondrial sequence data were available. The multiplex PCR assay with the Ta4978F, Ts5058F, Tso7421F, and Rev7915 primers will be useful for differential diagnosis, molecular characterization, and epidemiological surveys of human Taenia tapeworms.

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Brief Communication

Two Human Cases Infected by the Horsehair Worm, Parachordodes sp. (Nematomorpha: Chordodidae), in Japan: Minoru Yamada, Tatsuya Tegoshi, Niichiro Abe, Misako Urabe; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):263-267.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.263

Abstract
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The present study was performed to describe 2 human cases infected by the horsehair worm, Parachordodes sp., in Japan. Two gordiid worms were collected in the vomit and excreta of an 80-year-old woman in November 2009 in Kyoto city, and in the mouth of 1-year-old boy in December 2009 in Nara city, Japan, respectively. Both worms were males having bifurcated posterior ends and male gonads in cross sectional specimens. They were identified as Parachordodes sp. (Nematomorpha: Chordodidae) based on the characteristic morphologies of cross sections and areoles in the cuticle. DNA analysis on 18S rRNA partial sequence arrangements was also carried out and both worms were assumed to be close to the genus Paragordionus based on tree analysis, and far from Gordius sp. which has already been reported in humans in Japan. DNA sequencing of the Parachordodes worm does not appear on the database; therefore, more information on the gene sequences of the genus Parachordodes from humans, animals, or intermediates is required.

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Olga V. Nikolaeva, Aleksandra M. Beregova, Boris D. Efeykin, Tatiana S. Miroliubova, Andrey Yu. Zhuravlev, Andrey Yu. Ivantsov, Kirill V. Mikhailov, Sergei E. Spiridonov, Vladimir V. Aleoshin
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Case Reports

The First Human Case of Thelazia callipaeda Infection in Vietnam: Nguyen Van De, Thanh Hoa Le, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(3):221-223.
Published online August 13, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.3.221

Abstract
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A 26-year-old man residing in a village of Thai Nguyen Province, North Vietnam, visited the Thai Nguyen Provincial Hospital in July 2008. He felt a bulge-sticking pain in his left eye and extracted 5 small nematode worms by himself half a day before visiting the hospital. Two more worms were extracted from his left eye by a medical doctor, and they were morphologically observed and genetically analyzed on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene. The worms were 1 male and 1 female, and genetically identical with those of Thelazia callipaeda. By the present study, the presence of human T. callipaeda infection is first reported in Vietnam.

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Milan Hadzi-Milic, Andjelka Lesevic, Petar Krivokuca, Nemanja Jovanovic, Tamara Ilic
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The Vector-Borne Zoonotic Nematode Thelazia callipaeda in the Eastern Part of Europe, with a Clinical Case Report in a Dog in Poland
Leszek Rolbiecki, Joanna N. Izdebska, Marta Franke, Lech Iliszko, Sławomira Fryderyk
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Thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda in Europe in the 21st century—A review
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Ranjit Sah, Shusila Khadka, Mahesh Adhikari, Reema Niraula, Apoorva Shah, Anadi Khatri, Suzanne Donovan
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Morphological and Mitochondrial Genomic Characterization of Eyeworms (Thelazia callipaeda) from Clinical Cases in Central China
Xi Zhang, Ya L. Shi, Zhong Q. Wang, Jiang Y. Duan, Peng Jiang, Ruo D. Liu, Jing Cui
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Four Human Cases of Diphyllobothrium latum Infection: Hee-Jung Choi, Junghye Lee, Hyun-Jong Yang; Korean J Parasitol 2012;50(2):143-146.
Published online May 24, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2012.50.2.143

Abstract
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Diphyllobothrium latum infections in 4 young Korean men detected from 2008 to 2012 are presented. Three were diagnosed based on spontaneously discharged strobila of the adult worm in their feces, and 1 case was diagnosed by finding the worm at colonoscopy examination in a local clinic. The morphologic characteristics of the gravid proglottid and eggs were consistent with D. latum. All patients were treated with praziquantel 15 mg/kg, and follow-up stool examinations were done at 2 months after the medication. The main clinical complaints were intermittent gastrointestinal troubles such as indigestion, abdominal distension, and spontaneous discharge of tapeworm's segments in their feces. The most probable source of infection was the flesh of salmon or trout according to a patient's past history. These are the 45th to 48th recorded cases diagnosed by the adult worm in the Republic of Korea since 1971.

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Sang Hyun Park, Keeseon S. Eom, Min Sun Park, Oh Kyoung Kwon, Hyo Sun Kim, Jai Hoon Yoon
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Brief Communication

Susceptibility of Mice to Trypanosoma evansi Treated with Human Plasma Containing Different Concentrations of Apolipoprotein L-1: Aleksandro S. Da Silva, Vinicius R. Fanfa, Mateus A. Otto, Lucas T. Gressler, Kaio C.S. Tavares, C?cera R. Lazzarotto, Alexandre A. Tonin, Luiz C. Miletti, Marta M.M.F. Duarte, Silvia G. Monteiro; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):427-430.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.427

Abstract
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The aim of this study was to test the susceptibility of mice to Trypanosoma evansi treated with human plasma containing different concentrations of apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1). For this experiment, a strain of T. evansi and human plasma (plasmas 1, 2, and 3) from 3 adult males clinically healthy were used. In vivo test used 50 mice divided in 5 groups (A to E) with 10 animals in each group. Animals of groups B to E were infected, and then treated with 0.2 ml of human plasma in the following outline: negative control (A), positive control (B), treatment with plasma 1 (C), treatment with plasma 2 (D), and treatment with plasma 3 (E). Mice treated with human plasma showed an increase in longevity of 40.9±0.3 (C), 20±9.0 (D) and 35.6±9.3 (E) days compared to the control group (B) which was 4.3±0.5 days. The number of surviving mice and free of the parasite (blood smear and PCR negative) at the end of the experiment was 90%, 0%, and 60% for groups C, D, and E, respectively. The quantification of APOL1 was performed due to the large difference in the treatments that differed in the source plasma. In plasmas 1, 2, and 3 was detected the concentration of 194, 99, and 115 mg/dl of APOL1, respectively. However, we believe that this difference in the treatment efficiency is related to the level of APOL1 in plasmas.

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Xuan Zhang, Xiao-Kun Hong, Su-Jin Li, De-Hua Lai, Geoff Hide, Zhao-Rong Lun, Yan-Zi Wen
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Parasitology International.2013; 62(2): 144. CrossRef

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Case Report

Recurrent Hepatic Alveolar Echinococcosis: Report of The First Case in Korea with Unproven Infection Route: Su-Jin Kim, Jong-Han Kim, Sang-Young Han, Young-Hoon Kim, Jin-Han Cho, Jong-Yil Chai, Jin-Sook Jeong; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(4):413-418.
Published online December 16, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.4.413

Abstract
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Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a hepatic disorder that resembles liver cancer, is a highly aggressive and lethal zoonotic infection caused by the larval stage of the fox tapeworm, Echinococcus multilocularis. E. multilocularis is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere; the disease-endemic area stretches from north America through Europe to central and east Asia, including northern parts of Japan, but it has not been reported in Korea. Herein, we represent a first case of AE in Korea. A 41-year-old woman was found to have a large liver mass on routine medical examination. The excised mass showed multinodular, necrotic, and spongiform appearance with small irregular pseudocystic spaces. Microscopically, the mass was composed of chronic granulomatous inflammation with extensive coagulation necrosis and parasite-like structure, which was revealed as parasitic vesicles and laminated layer delineated by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain. Clinical and histologic features were consistent with AE. After 8 years, a new liver mass and multiple metastatic pulmonary nodules were found and the recurred mass showed similar histologic features to the initial mass. She had never visited endemic areas of AE, and thus the exact infection route is unclear.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(4): 429. CrossRef
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Kumble Seetharama Madhusudhan, Deep N. Srivastava, Nihar R. Dash, Arun Venuthurimilli, Raju Sharma, Shivanand Gamanagatti, Arun K. Gupta
Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology.2015; 44(2): 221. CrossRef
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Jin-Sook Jeong, Sang-Young Han, Young-Hoon Kim, Yasuhito Sako, Tetsuya Yanagida, Akira Ito, Jong-Yil Chai
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(5): 595. CrossRef
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Yan Jin, Khikmat Anvarov, Abdukhakim Khajibaev, Samin Hong, Sung-Tae Hong
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2013; 51(3): 313. CrossRef
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Tatiana Küster, Nadja Kriegel, David W. Boykin, Chad E. Stephens, Andrew Hemphill
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(4): 357. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

NF-κB and CREB Are Involved in IL-8 Production of Human Neutrophils Induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-Derived Secretory Products: Young Hee Nam, Deulle Min, Soon-Jung Park, Kyeong Ah Kim, Young Ah Lee, Myeong Heon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(3):291-294.
Published online September 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.3.291

Abstract
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Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated lumen-dwelling extracellular protozoan parasite that causes human trichomoniasis via sexual intercourse. Human neutrophils play a crucial role in acute tissue inflammatory responses in T. vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated the signaling mechanism of neutrophil responses when stimulated with T. vaginalis-derived secretory products (TvSP), which were collected from 1×10⁷ live trichomonads. Incubation of human neutrophils isolated from peripheral blood with TvSP induced up-regulation of IL-8 protein secretion. In addition, stimulation with TvSP induced phosphorylation of NF-κB and CREB in neutrophils. Moreover, TvSP-induced IL-8 production was also significantly inhibited by pretreatment of neutrophils with iκB inhibitor or CREB inhibitor. These results suggest that transcription factors NF-κB and CREB are involved in IL-8 production in human neutrophils induced by stimulation with T. vaginalis infection.

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CysLT receptor-mediated NOX2 activation is required for IL-8 production in HMC-1 cells induced by Trichomonas vaginalis-derived secretory products
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Zhenchao Zhang, Fakun Li, Yangyang Deng, Yuhua Li, Wanxin Sheng, Xiaowei Tian, Zhenke Yang, Shuai Wang, Lihua Guo, Lixia Hao, Xuefang Mei
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Trichomonas vaginalis‐secreted cysteinyl leukotrienes promote migration, degranulation and MCP‐1 production in mast cells
Young Ah Lee, Young Hee Nam, Arim Min, Myeong Heon Shin
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Risk Factors Associated with Head Louse Infestation in Korea: Seobo Sim, Won-Ja Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, In Yong Lee, Seung Hyun Lee, Soo-Youn Oh, Min Seo, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):95-98.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.95

Abstract
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Head louse infestation (HLI) is one of the most frequently occurring parasitic diseases in children. This study was conducted to investigate the socioeconomic and personal factors influencing HLI in the Republic of Korea. A total of 2,210 questionnaires about various factors related to HLI were obtained from children in 17 primary schools throughout the country. The rate of HLI was significantly lower in children who lived together with mother or in a family where both parents worked. In addition, HLI was lower in children whose fathers or mothers were public officers or teachers. However, HLI was higher in children who had small families and washed their hair less often. Education levels of parents and the number of children in family were not significant. Improvement of socioeconomic factors and personal hygiene will be helpful for reducing HLI.

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Zuhair Dardona, Mounia Amane, Samia Boussaa
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Antonio Jesús Ramos-Morcillo, Francisco José Moreno-Martínez, Ana María Hernández Susarte, César Hueso-Montoro, María Ruzafa-Martínez
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Original Article

Phospholipase Activities in Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Acanthamoeba: Abdul Matin, Suk-Yul Jung; Korean J Parasitol 2011;49(1):1-8.
Published online March 18, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2011.49.1.1

Abstract
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The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of Acanthamoeba infections remain incompletely understood. Phos-pholipases are known to cleave phospholipids, suggesting their possible involvement in the host cell plasma membrane disruption leading to host cell penetration and lysis. The aims of the present study were to determine phospholipase activities in Acanthamoeba and to determine their roles in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba. Using an encephalitis isolate (T1 genotype), a keratitis isolate (T4 genotype), and an environmental isolate (T7 genotype), we demonstrated that Acanthamoeba exhibited phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) and phospholipase D (PLD) activities in a spectrophotometry-based assay. Interestingly, the encephalitis isolates of Acanthamoeba exhibited higher phospholipase activities as compared with the keratitis isolates, but the environmental isolates exhibited the highest phospholipase activities. Moreover, Acanthamoeba isolates exhibited higher PLD activities compared with the PLA₂. Acanthamoeba exhibited optimal phospholipase activities at 37℃ and at neutral pH indicating their physiological relevance. The functional role of phospholipases was determined by in vitro assays using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), which constitute the blood-brain barrier. We observed that a PLD-specific inhibitor, i.e., compound 48/80, partially inhibited Acanthamoeba encephalitis isolate cytotoxicity of the host cells, while PLA₂-specific inhibitor, i.e., cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine, had no effect on parasite-mediated HBMEC cytotoxicity. Overall, the T7 exhibited higher phospholipase activities as compared to the T4. In contract, the T7 exhibited minimal binding to, or cytotoxicity of, HBMEC.

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Case Reports

A Case of Amblyomma testudinarium Tick Bite in a Korean Woman: Jin Kim, Hyun-Soo Joo, Hong-Ju Moon, Young-Jik Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2010;48(4):313-317.
Published online December 16, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.313

Abstract
PDF

A case of tick bite was found in the inguinal region of a 74-year-old Korean woman. She was attacked by the tick while working in her vegetable garden in the vicinity of mountain located in Suncheon City, the southern coastal area of the Korean Peninsula. On admission she complained of mild discomfort and itching around the bite area. The causative tick was 23 mm long and had slender pedipalps. The scutum was quite ornate and had eyes at the edge. The genital aperture was located anterior to the level of the coxa II. The spiracular plate was comma-shaped and the anus was surrounded posteriorly by the anal groove. The coxa I had subequal 2 spurs; the external one slightly larger. The spur of coxa IV was slightly longer than those of coxae II and III. The tarsus IV had 2 distinct subapical ventral spurs. It was identified as the fully engorged adult female of Amblyomma testudinarium. This is the first human case of Amblyomma bite in Korea.

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A Human Case of Clinostomum complanatum Infection in Korea: Chan-Woong Park, Jong-Soon Kim, Hyun-Soo Joo, Jin Kim; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(4):401-404.
Published online December 2, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.4.401

Abstract
PDF

A 33-year-old Korean man visited a medical clinic with complaints of throat discomfort and pain for one week. The symptoms occurred one day after eating raw brackish water fish, perch. Endoscopy revealed a fluke, about 5 mm in length, attaching to and peristaltically moving on the surface of the mucosa at the arytenoid region of the larynx. Microscopically, the testes were triangular, tandem, and separated by the uterus. The ovary and cirrus pouch were placed apart from median line between testes. Numerous blood cells were observed in the ceca. The worm was identified to be Clinostomum complanatum. This is the second human case of clinostomiasis in Korea.

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Mini Review

Review of Zoonotic Parasites in Medical and Veterinary Fields in the Republic of Korea: Heejeong Youn; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(Suppl):S133.
Published online October 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S133

Abstract
PDF

Zoonotic parasites are animal parasites that can infect humans. The major zoonotic protozoa in the Republic of Korea are Babesia bovis, Chilomastix mesnili, Cryptosporidium parvum, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hitolytica, Giardia lamblia, Iodamoeba b?tschlii, Pneumocystis carinii, Sarcocystis cruzi, and Toxoplasma gondii. The major zoonotic helminths in Korea include trematodes, cestodes, and nematodes. Trematodes are Clonorchis sinensis, Echinostoma hortense, Echinostoma spp., Fasciola hepatica, Heterophyes nocens, Metagonimus yokogawai, and Paragonimus westermani. Cestodes are Diphyllobothrium latum, Dipylidium caninum, Echinococcus granulosus, Hymenolepis nana, Raillietina tetragona, sparganum (Spirometra spp.), Taenia saginata, T. solium, and T. asiatica. Nematodes are Ancylostoma caninum, Brugia malayi, Capillaria hepatica, Dirofilaria immitis, Gnathostoma dololesi, Gnathostoma spinigerum, Loa loa, Onchocerca gibsoni, Strongyloides stercoralis, Thelazia callipaeda, Trichinella spiralis, Trichostrongylus orientalis, Trichuris trichiura, and Trichuris vulpis. The one arthropod is Sarcoptes scabiei. Many of these parasites have disappeared or were in decline after the 1990's. Since the late 1990's, the important zoonotic protozoa have been C. parvum, E. nana, E. coli, E. hitolytica, G. lamblia, I. buetschlii, P. carinii and T. gondii. The important zoonotic helminths have been C. sinensis, H. nocens, M. yokogawai, P. westermani, D. latum, T. asiatica, sparganum, B. malayi, T. orientalis, T. callipaeda and T. spiralis. However, outbreaks of these parasites are only in a few endemic areas. The outbreaks of Enterobius vermicularis and head lice, human parasites, have recently increased in the kindergartens and primary schools in the Republic of Korea.

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Original Article

Proinflammatory Cytokine and Nitric Oxide Production by Human Macrophages Stimulated with Trichomonas vaginalis: Ik-Hwan Han, Sung Young Goo, Soon-Jung Park, Se-Jin Hwang, Yong-Seok Kim, Michael Sungwoo Yang, Myoung-Hee Ahn, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(3):205-212.
Published online August 28, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.3.205

Abstract
PDF

Trichomonas vaginalis commonly causes vaginitis and perhaps cervicitis in women and urethritis in men and women. Macrophages are important immune cells in response to T. vaginalis infection. In this study, we investigated whether human macrophages could be involved in inflammation induced by T. vaginalis. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) were co-cultured with T. vaginalis. Live, opsonized-live trichomonads, and T. vaginalis lysates increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by HMDM. The involvement of nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway in cytokine production induced by T. vaginalis was confirmed by phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB. In addition, stimulation with live T. vaginalis induced marked augmentation of nitric oxide (NO) production and expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) levels in HMDM. However, trichomonad-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α production in macrophages were significantly inhibited by inhibition of iNOS levels with L-NMMA (NO synthase inhibitor). Moreover, pretreatment with NF-κB inhibitors (PDTC or Bay11-7082) caused human macrophages to produce less TNF-α. These results suggest that T. vaginalis stimulates human macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, and NO. In particular, we showed that T. vaginalis induced TNF-α production in macrophages through NO-dependent activation of NF-κB, which might be closely involved in inflammation caused by T. vaginalis.

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Brief Communication

Ultrastructural Localization of Cryptosporidium parvum Antigen Using Human Patients Sera: Jong-Gyu Lee, Eun-Taek Han, Woo-Yoon Park, Jae-Ran Yu; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):171-174.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.171

Abstract
PDF

The antigen location of Cryptosporidium parvum, which stimulates antibody formation in humans and animals, was investigated using infected human sera. Immuno-electron microscopy revealed that antigenicity-inducing humoral immunity was located at various developmental stages of parasites, including asexual, sexual stages, and oocysts. The amount of antigen-stimulating IgG antibodies was particularly high on the oocyst wall. The sporozoite surface was shown to give stimulation on IgG and IgM antibody formation. Trophozoites implicated the lowest antigenicity to humoral immunity, both IgG and IgM, by showing the least amount of gold labeling. Immunogold labeling also provided clues that antigens were presented to the host-cell cytoplasm via feeder organelles and host-parasite junctions.

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Cryptostatin, a chagasin-family cysteine protease inhibitor ofCryptosporidium parvum
J.-M. KANG, H.-L. JU, J.-R. YU, W.-M. SOHN, B.-K. NA
Parasitology.2012; 139(8): 1029. CrossRef

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Case Report

Anchitrema sanguineum (Digenea: Anchitrematidae) Accidentally Found during Colonoscopy of a Patient with Chronic Abdominal Pain: A Case Report: Teera Kusolsuk, Nantana Paiboon, Somchit Pubampen, Wanna Maipanich, Paron Dekumyoy, Jitra Waikagul; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(2):167-170.
Published online May 27, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.2.167

Abstract
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In November 2007, a 46-year-old male Thai patient presented with chronic abdominal pain for over 3 years. Colonoscopy revealed a small parasite of about 2 × 1 mm in size attached to the cecum mucosa. The worm was removed endoscopically, fixed, and stained for morphological observations. The specimen was identified as Anchitrema sanguineum (Digenea: Anchitrematidae), a trematode first reported in a reptile, Chamaeleo vulgaris, from Egypt, and then sporadically found in the intestines of insectivorous bats and other mammals. The patient was treated with praziquantel but no more worms were found in his stool. His symptoms improved slightly but not cured completely. It remains unclear whether the chronic abdominal pain of the patient was caused by this trematode infection. Whatever is the pathogenicity of this trematode, this is the first human case of A. sanguineum infection in the literature.

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Daniel C G Metz, Andrew V Turner, Alexandria P Nelson, Ryan F Hechinger
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Brief Communication

Ultrastructural Localization of Toxocara canis Larval Antigen Reacted with a Seropositive Human Serum: Soo-Ung Lee, Jae-Ran Yu, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):65-68.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.65

Abstract
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Excretory-secretory products of Toxocara canis larvae have been considered as a major functional antigen in immune responses against toxocariasis. We studied ultrastructural localization of T. canis second-stage larval antigen using a seropositive human serum under immunogold electron microscopy. High-density gold particles were observed in the secretory cells, excretory duct, intestinal epithelium, and cuticle of the larval worm sections. The distribution of the positive reactions in the larval worms suggests that the nature of the antigen is excretory-secretory antigen including waste metabolites and secretory enzymes.

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Original Article

A Nationwide Survey on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in the Republic of Korea, 2004: Tong-Soo Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sun Huh, Yoon Kong, Woon-Mok Sohn, Seung-Sik Hwang, Jong-Yil Chai, Soon-Hyung Lee, Yun-Kyu Park, Dae-Kyu Oh, Jong-Koo Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(1):37-47.
Published online March 12, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.1.37

Abstract
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National surveys on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections have been carried out every 5-7 years since 1971 in the Republic of Korea in order to establish control measures. The present nationwide survey was conducted from June to December 2004. The 10% population sampling data of Population and Housing Census by the Korean government in 2000 was used as the survey population. One sample was selected randomly from each of the 22,858 registered subjects, and a total of 20,541 people were ultimately included in this survey. Fecal examinations were performed by the cellophane thick smear and saturated brine flotation techniques. Pinworm infection was examined by cello-tape anal swab method. This survey also included a questionnaire study for a socioeconomic analysis. The total helminth egg positive rate was 3.7%, and the estimated total positive number among nationwide people was 1,780,000. The rates in urban and rural areas were 3.1% and 6.8%, respectively. As the total egg positive rate in the 6th survey in 1997 was 2.4%, the present survey showed that there was a considerable degree of increase in the prevalence rate of intestinal parasitic infections over the 7-year period following the 6th survey. The largest increases occurred in the egg positive rates of Clonorchis sinensis and heterophyids including Metagonimus yokogawai.

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Brief Communication

Decrease of Metagonimus yokogawai Endemicity along the Tamjin River Basin: Jin-Ju Lee, Hyo-Jin Kim, Min-Jae Kim, Jo Woon Yi Lee, Bong-Kwang Jung, Ji-Youn Lee, Eun-Hee Shin, Jae-Lip Kim, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2008;46(4):289-291.
Published online December 20, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2008.46.4.289

Abstract
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The Tamjin River which flows from Jangheung-gun via Gangjin-gun to the South Sea was reported to be a highly endemic area of Metagonimus yokogawai infection in 1977 and 1985. However, there were no recent studies demonstrating how much change occurred in the endemicity, in terms of prevalence and worm burden, of metagonimiasis in this river basin. Thus, a small-scale epidemiological survey was carried out on some residents along the Tamjin River basin in order to determine the current status of M. yokogawai infection. A total of 48 fecal samples were collected and examined by the Kato-Katz thick smear and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques. The egg positive rate of all helminths was 50.0%, and that of M. yokogawai was 37.5%, followed by C. sinensis 22.9% and G. seoi 4.2%. To obtain the adult flukes of M. yokogawai, 6 egg positive cases were treated with praziquantel 10 mg/kg in a single dose and purged with magnesium sulfate. A total of 5,225 adult flukes (average 871 specimens per person) of M. yokogawai were collected from their diarrheic stools. Compared with the data reported in 1977 and 1985, the individual worm burdens appeared to have decreased remarkably, although the prevalence did not decrease at all. It is suggested that the endemicity of M. yokogawai infection along the Tamjin River has been reduced. To confirm this suggestion, the status of infection in snail and fish intermediate hosts should be investigated.

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