Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"phylogeny"

Original Article

Genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Anopheles kochi, Anopheles maculatus, and Anopheles vagus: ITS2-based analysis of highland transboundary populations in the Menoreh Hills, Java, Indonesia: Derico Hitipeuw, Raisha Nuranindita, Martini Martini, Arif Suryo Prasetyo, Jin-Hee Han, Hojong Jun, Bo Young Jeon, Triwibowo Ambar Garjito, Rohmadi Rohmadi, Fauzi Muh; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):228-242.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25026

Abstract
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Baseline genetic characterization of malaria vector populations provides critical data for evidence-based surveillance in persistent transmission foci. This pilot study generated preliminary genetic baseline data for Anopheles populations in the Menoreh Hills border region between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces, Indonesia, addressing a key geographic gap in regional vector research. Adult female mosquitoes were collected from 3 houses with reported malaria cases in Ngadirejo Village using standardized entomological methods, including human landing, animal landing, and resting collections. Specimens were morphologically identified and molecularly characterized via ITS2 gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were assessed using maximum likelihood methods, and genetic diversity indices were calculated to examine population structure. A total of 62 specimens representing 3 species were collected exclusively through animal landing collections: Anopheles vagus (48 specimens, 77.4%), Anopheles maculatus (9 specimens, 14.5%), and Anopheles kochi (5 specimens, 8.1%). An. kochi exhibited high haplotype diversity (Hd=0.709) with low nucleotide diversity (π=0.004), while An. maculatus showed lower haplotype diversity (Hd=0.480) and higher nucleotide diversity (π=0.026). Phylogenetic analysis revealed Purworejo specimens clustered with regional populations: An. kochi grouped within Clade I with Indonesian isolates; An. maculatus distributed across multiple clades; An. vagus formed a cohesive unit with other Indonesian populations. The exclusive success of animal landing collections in the Menoreh Hills highlands provides key methodological insights. This study offers essential baseline reference data, validates cost-effective genetic surveillance approaches, and supports future large-scale population connectivity studies across the Menoreh Hills malaria transmission complex.

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Brief Communications

Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in ticks and their respective host dogs: Min-Goo Seo, Dongmi Kwak; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):66-74.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24091

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We identified the presence of Toxoplasma gondii in ticks and their host dogs, and assess the potential role of ticks as reservoirs for this pathogen. A total of 1,230 feeding ticks were collected from 340 dogs. The tick species identified included Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava, and Ixodes nipponensis. Detection of the T. gondii B1 gene occurred in 2 dogs (0.6%) and 4 tick pools (0.9%). Genotyping confirmed the presence of the I/III genotype. This study is the first to report the molecular detection of T. gondii in both canine ticks and their hosts. Our findings offer important insights into the dynamics of T. gondii transmission between vectors and their hosts.

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Detection of intestinal parasites in leopard cat fecal samples using shotgun metagenomics
Jun Ho Choi, Singeun Oh, Myung-hee Yi, Dongjun Kang, Du-Yeol Choi, Xavier Chavarria, Arwa Shatta, Yoon Hee Cho, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 349. CrossRef

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Molecular Detection and Genetic Diversity of Blastocystis in Korean Dogs: Sangsu Suh, Haeseung Lee, Min-Goo Seo, Kyoo-Tae Kim, Kyung-Yeon Eo, Young-Sam Kwon, Sang-Joon Park, Oh-Deog Kwon, Tae-Hwan Kim, Dongmi Kwak; Korean J Parasitol 2022;60(4):289-293.
Published online August 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.289

Abstract
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Blastocystis is a genus of unicellular heterokont parasites belonging to a group of organisms known as Stramenopiles, which includes algae, diatoms, and water molds. Blastocystis includes several species that habitat in the gastrointestinal tracts of organisms as diverse as humans, farm animals, birds, rodents, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and cockroaches. It is important to public health and distributed globally, but its prevalence in dogs in Korea has not been reported to date. Here, we collected 787 canine fecal samples and assessed Blastocystis infection by age, sex, region, season, and diarrhea symptoms. We determined Blastocystis subtypes using phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA gene sequences. We identified, 10 Blastocystis positive samples (1.3%). A higher proportion of infected dogs was asymptomatic; however, infection rates did not significantly differ according to region, age, sex, and season. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Blastocystis sp. identified belonged to 4 subtypes (STs), ST1, ST5, ST10, and ST14, thus revealed the genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. in dogs Korean. This is first report on the presence of Blastocystis sp. in dogs Korean. This study revealed a lower infection rate than expected and differed from previous studies in STs. Further studies are warranted to observe the national infection status of Blastocystis in dogs and the genetic characteristics of this genus.

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Prevalence and molecular characterization of intestinal parasites in shelter dogs from South Korea
You-Jeong Lee, Beoul Kim, Gyeonghyeon Lee, Yong-Myung Kang, Dongmi Kwak, Min-Goo Seo
Research in Veterinary Science.2025; 188: 105620. CrossRef
High prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in farmed sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Northern China
Zhen-Qiu Gao, Yang Gao, Hong-Di Zhuang, Guang-Rong Bao, Jing Liu, Jian-Ming Li, Nian-Yu Xue, Hong-Wei Cao, Shuo Liu
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular analysis of Rickettsia spp. and related tick-borne pathogens detected in dogs in Korea
Kyoo-Tae Kim, Min-Goo Seo
Acta Tropica.2023; 243: 106934. CrossRef
First identification of Blastocystis sp. subtypes in Rex rabbits in China
Miaomiao Zhang, Junchen Zhang, Jingjing Sun, Shuying Zhu, Huiyan Xu, Xiaoying Li, Longxain Zhang, Junqiang Li
Parasitology Research.2023; 122(5): 1079. CrossRef

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Original Article

Genotypes of Echinococcus Species from Cattle in Tanzania: Mohammed Mebarek Bia, Seongjun Choe, Barakaeli Abdieli Ndosi, Hansol Park, Yeseul Kang, Chatanun Eamudomkarn, Tilak Chandra Nath, Sunmin Kim, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Dongmin Lee, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(5):457-464.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.457

Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus species. Tanzania is one of the endemic countries with cystic echinococcosis. This study focussed on identifying genotypes of Echinococcus spp. in Tanzania. We collected 7 cysts from cattle in Mwanza municipal (n=4) and Loliondo district (n=3). The cysts from Mwanza were all E. ortleppi and fertile. In contrast, the cysts from Loliondo were all E. granulosus sensu stricto and sterile. Two from the 4 cysts were a new haplotype of E. ortleppi (G5). These results can improve the preventive and control programs for humans and livestock in Tanzania. To our knowledge, this study is considered the first to identify the genotype and haplotype of Echinococcus spp. in Tanzania.

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Occurrence of Echinococcus felidis in Apex Predators and Warthogs in Tanzania: First Molecular Evidence of Leopards as a New, Definitive Host and Implications for Ecosystem Health
Barakaeli Abdieli Ndossi, Eblate Ernest Mjingo, Mary Wokusima Zebedayo, Seongjun Choe, Hansol Park, Lee Dongmin, Keeseon S. Eom, Mohammed Mebarek Bia
Pathogens.2025; 14(5): 443. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Occurrence and Molecular Identification of Microcotyle sebastis Isolated from Fish Farms of the Korean Rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii: Jun-Young Song, Keun-Yong Kim, Seo-Woo Choi; Korean J Parasitol 2021;59(1):89-95.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.89

Abstract
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Microcotyle sebastis is a gill monogenean ectoparasite that causes serious problems in the mariculture of the Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii. In this study, we isolated the parasite from fish farms along the coasts of Tongyeong, South Korea in 2016, and characterized its infection, morphology and molecular phylogeny. The prevalence of M. sebastis infection during the study period ranged from 46.7% to 96.7%, and the mean intensity was 2.3 to 31.4 ind./fish, indicating that the fish was constantly exposed to parasitic infections throughout the year. Morphological observations under light and scanning electron microscopes of the M. sebastis isolates in this study showed the typical characteristics of the anterior prohaptor and posterior opisthaptor of monogenean parasites. In phylogenetic trees reconstructed using the nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene (cox1), they consistently clustered together with their congeneric species, and showed the closest phylogenetic relationships to M. caudata and M. kasago in the cox1 tree.

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Redescription of Microcotyle elegans (Polyopisthocotyla: Microcotylidae) from Scombrops boops (Perciformes: Scombropidae) off Japanese Waters
Yusuke Kamio, Masato Nitta
Species Diversity.2025; 30(2): 111. CrossRef
Microscopic findings of host–parasite interaction between the Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, and the monogenean ectoparasite, Microcotyle sebastis
Sang Phil Shin, Seokryel Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(4): 490. CrossRef
The genus Microcotyle in Mediterranean scorpaenoids (Teleostei), including the description of Microcotyle merche n. sp. from Helicolenus dactylopterus (Delaroche, 1809)
M. Víllora-Montero, A. Pérez-del-Olmo, M. Valmaseda-Angulo, J.A. Raga, F.E. Montero
Journal of Helminthology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Correlation of endemicity between monogenean trematode, Microcotyle sebastis, and parasitic copepods in Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, from a fish farm in Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
Won-Sik Woo, Gyoungsik Kang, Kyung-Ho Kim, Ha-Jeong Son, Min-Young Sohn, Chan-Il Park
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 332. CrossRef
Assessment of Salinomycin’s Potential to Treat Microcotyle sebastis in Korean Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)
Won-Sik Woo, Sang Hee Shim, Gyoungsik Kang, Kyung-Ho Kim, Ha-Jeong Son, Min-Young Sohn, Seungjin Lee, Jaekyeong Kim, Jung-Soo Seo, Mun-Gyeong Kwon, Do-Hyung Kim, Chan-Il Park
Animals.2023; 13(20): 3233. CrossRef
Description of a New Species, Microcotyle pacinkar n. sp. (Monogenea: Microcotylidae), Parasitic on Gills of Sebastes taczanowskii (Sebastidae) from off Usujiri, Hokkaido, Northern Japan
Yusuke Kamio, Masato Nitta
Species Diversity.2023; 28(2): 263. CrossRef
Kannaphallus leptosomus n. sp. (Monogenea: Heteraxinidae: Cemocotylinae) parasitizing Scyris indica (Carangiformes: Carangidae) from Malaysia
Masato Nitta, Yusuke Kondo, Susumu Ohtsuka, Ahmad Syazni Kamarudin, Norshida Ismail
Systematic Parasitology.2022; 99(5): 587. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Asia and Europe: So Distant So Close? The Case of Lipoptena fortisetosa in Italy: Annalisa Andreani, Annunziata Giangaspero, Marianna Marangi, Alessandra Barlaam, Maria Paola Ponzetta, Lise Roy, Antonio Belcari, Patrizia Sacchetti; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(6):661-668.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.661

In Europe, 5 Lipoptena species have been recorded, including Lipoptena fortisetosa. This species, native to Asian countries, was described as a parasite of sika deer and its appearance in Europe dates back to more than 50 years ago. Lipoptena fortisetosa has been recently reported in Italy, sharing its hosts with Lipoptena cervi. A morpho-molecular approach was developed to determine the phylogenetic interrelationship of Italian and Asian CO1 haplotypes sequenced from Lipoptena fly individuals collected in Italy, and their DNA sequences were compared with conspecifics available in GenBank; morphological key-characters (terminalia) of L. fortisetosa were compared with the original description. Two haplotypes were recorded from Italy and assigned to L. cervi and L. fortisetosa, respectively. The latter was part of the monophyletic clade L. fortisetosa, along with 2 Central European and 2 Korean haplotypes (100% identical with one of the Korean haplotypes); moreover, Italian L. fortisetosa female terminalia were consistent with the original description of Asian individuals. Pending more in-depth investigations, this study provides a first answer to the hypothesis of the recent colonization of Italy by L. fortisetosa from Asia as we did not detect any obvious and stable morphological and molecular differences in specimens from the 2 geographical areas. The presence of the sika deer in Europe was retraced and the possible route traveled by the parasite from Asia and the eco-biological factors that may have enhanced its settlement are discussed.

Citations

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First report of the deer ked, Lipoptena cervi, and associated pathogens in southern Québec, Canada
Catherine Bouchard, Ariane Dumas, Elizabeth Dyer, Carol-Ann Desrochers-Plourde, Raphaëlle Audet-Legault, Marine Hubert, Cécile Aenishaenslin, Jean-Philippe Rocheleau, Patrick Leighton, Anaïs Gasse, Mahmood Iranpour, Joel Smid, Brooks Waitt, Jade Savage, H
Journal of Medical Entomology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular identification of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in deer ked: Implications for disease transmission
Mark Anthony B. Casel, Jeong Ho Choi, Hyunwoo Jang, Seung-gyu Jang, Juryeon Gil, Rare Rollon, So-youn Cheun, Isaac Choi, Eun-ha Kim, Young-Il Kim, Young Ki Choi
One Health.2025; 21: 101107. CrossRef
The enigmatic case of Lipoptena sp. in the Bosco della Mesola Nature Reserve (Italy)
Federica Usai, Filippo Maria Dini, Ilaria Guarniero, Enrica Bellinello, Laura Stancampiano
Medical and Veterinary Entomology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of deer keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae: Lipoptena and Neolipoptena) in occupational and public health
Markus Braun, Doris Klingelhöfer, Dörthe Brüggmann, Isabelle Marie Kramer
Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Reports of Lipoptena fortisetosa on dogs and in the environment, and evidence of its widespread establishment in Hungary
Adrienn Gréta Tóth, Attila Bende, Sándor Hornok, Zsombor Wagenhoffer, Balázs Szulyovszky, Viktória Galla, Petra Vöröskői, Gergő Keve
International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife.2025; 28: 101161. CrossRef
Molecular and morphological analysis revealed a new Lipoptena species (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) in southern Spain harbouring Coxiella burnetii and bacterial endosymbionts
Mikel Alexander González, Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo, Sergio Magallanes, Jozef Oboňa, María José Ruiz-López, Jordi Figuerola
Veterinary Parasitology.2024; 332: 110300. CrossRef
Two cases of introducing Lipoptena fortisetosa Maa (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) into Europe through different deer species
Aleksandra Yatsuk, Tatiana Triseleva, Aleksander Matyukhin, Andrey Safonkin, Emilia Nartshuk
Journal of Natural History.2024; 58(41-44): 1787. CrossRef
First report of Lipoptena axis Maa, 1965, from captive cervids in Thailand, based on morphological and molecular data
Tiwat Thanwiset, Opal Pitaksakulrat, Nuttanan Hongsrichan, Thidarut Boonmars, Nophawan Bunchu, Ketsarin Thipphet, Chavin Chaisongkram, Kanda Ponsrila, Siriwan Kimkamkaew, Thanakorn Rompo, Mackenzie L. Kwak, Ryo Nakao, David Blair, Chatanun Eamudomkarn
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Possible role of Lipoptena fortisetosa (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) as a potential vector for Theileria spp. in captive Eld's deer in Khao Kheow open zoo, Thailand
Sonthaya Tiawsirisup, Nichapat Yurayart, Kritsada Thongmeesee, Chalida Sri-in, Chatlada Akarapas, Ganyawee Rittisornthanoo, Natcha Bunphungbaramee, Natthanicha Sipraya, Umaporn Maikaew, Piyaporn Kongmakee, Arpussara Saedan
Acta Tropica.2023; 237: 106737. CrossRef
A brief review on deer keds of the genus Lipoptena (Diptera: Hippoboscidae)
Nouhoum Dibo, Yanjun Yang, Xiang Wu, Fanming Meng
Veterinary Parasitology.2023; 313: 109850. CrossRef
Analysis of the bacterial communities associated with pupae and winged or wingless adults of Lipoptena fortisetosa collected from cervids in Italy
Annalisa Andreani, Chiara Beltramo, Maria Paola Ponzetta, Antonio Belcari, Patrizia Sacchetti, Pier Luigi Acutis, Simone Peletto
Medical and Veterinary Entomology.2023; 37(3): 472. CrossRef
Molecular Characterization of Lipoptena fortisetosa from Environmental Samples Collected in North-Eastern Poland
Remigiusz Gałęcki, Xuenan Xuan, Tadeusz Bakuła, Jerzy Jaroszewski
Animals.2021; 11(4): 1093. CrossRef
Distribution of Deer Keds (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) in Free-Living Cervids of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, Central Italy, and Establishment of the Allochthonous Ectoparasite Lipoptena fortisetosa
Annalisa Andreani, Laura Stancampiano, Antonio Belcari, Patrizia Sacchetti, Riccardo Bozzi, Maria Paola Ponzetta
Animals.2021; 11(10): 2794. CrossRef

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Seroprevalence and B1 gene Phylogeny of Toxoplasma gondii of Dogs and Cats in Republic of Korea: Yeojin Park, Jinhyeong Noh, Hyun-Ji Seo, Keun-Ho Kim, Subin Min, Mi-Sun Yoo, Bo-Ram Yun, Jong-Ho Kim, Eun-Jin Choi, Doo-Sung Cheon, Sung-Jong Hong, Soon-Seek Yoon, Yun Sang Cho; Korean J Parasitol 2020;58(3):257-265.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.257

Abstract
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The outbreak of human toxoplasmosis can be attributed to ingestion of food contaminated with Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmosis recently increased in domestic and stray dogs and cats. It prompted studies on the zoonotic infectious diseases transmitted via these animals. Sero- and antigen prevalences of T. gondii in dogs and cats were surveyed using ELISA and PCR, and B1 gene phylogeny was analyzed in this study. Toxoplasmosis antibodies were measured on sera of 403 stray cats, 947 stray dogs, 909 domestic cats, and 2,412 domestic dogs collected at nationwide regions, Korea from 2017 to 2019. In addition, whole blood, feces, and tissue samples were also collected from stray cats (1,392), stray dogs (686), domestic cats (3,040), and domestic dogs (1,974), and T. gondii-specific B1 gene PCR was performed. Antibody prevalence of stray cats, stray dogs, domestic cats, and domestic dogs were 14.1%, 5.6%, 2.3%, and 0.04%, respectively. Antigen prevalence of these animals was 0.5%, 0.2%, 0.1%, and 0.4%, respectively. Stray cats revealed the highest infection rate of toxoplasmosis, followed by stray dogs, domestic cats, and domestic dogs. B1 gene positives were 5 of stray cats, and identified to high/moderate pathogenic Type I/III group. These findings enforce that preventive hygienic measure should be strengthened at One Health level in dogs and cats, domestic and stray, to minimize human toxoplasmosis infections.

Citations

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Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in ticks and their respective host dogs
Min-Goo Seo, Dongmi Kwak
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(1): 66. CrossRef
Prevalence of parasitic infections in stray cats from Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
Sooji Hong, Hyejoo Shin, Seungwan Ryoo, Chung-Won Lee, Jae-Young Park, Jong-Yil Chai, Bong-Kwang Jung
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(2): 182. CrossRef
Toxoplasma gondii in owned and stray dogs from a Northwestern region of São Paulo State, Brazil: Seroprevalence and geospatial distribution from a One Health perspective
Fernando Henrique Antunes Murata, Jessica Priscilla Barboza, Fernanda Follis Tasso, Tainara Souza Pinho, Tiago Henrique, Janine Fusco Alves, Carlos Alexandre Guimarães de Souza, Daniel Abrahão, Ubirajara Leoncy de Lavor, Luiz Carlos de Mattos, Chunlei Su,
One Health.2025; 21: 101222. CrossRef
A 20-year serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in dogs with neuromuscular disorders from urban areas in Argentina
María Laura Gos, María Cecilia Venturini, Lorena De Felice, Andrea Dellarupe, Magdalena Rambeaud, Lais Pardini, Lucía María Campero, Mariana Bernstein, Diana Bacigalupe, Walter Basso, Gastón Moré, Juan Manuel Unzaga
Veterinary Parasitology.2024; 330: 110235. CrossRef
Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in shelter cats in Erzurum province of Turkey
Başak HANEDAN, Cahit BABÜR, Muhammed Sertaç EROĞLU, Selin Sinem SÜMBÜL, Ömer ALKAN
Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi.2023; 34(2): 151. CrossRef
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Measured by Western Blot, ELISA and DNA Analysis, by PCR, in Cats of Western Mexico
María de la Luz Galván-Ramírez, Claudia Charles-Niño, César Pedroza-Roldán, Carolina Salazar-Reveles, Karen Lissete Ocampo-Figueroa, Laura Roció Rodríguez-Pérez, Varinia Margarita Paez-Magallán
Pathogens.2022; 11(1): 109. CrossRef
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in outdoor dogs and cats in Bangkok, Thailand
Ana Huertas-López, Woraporn Sukhumavasi, Gema Álvarez-García, Silvia Martínez-Subiela, David Cano-Terriza, Sonia Almería, Jitender P. Dubey, Ignacio García-Bocanegra, José Joaquín Cerón, Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
Parasitology.2021; 148(7): 843. CrossRef
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Pathogens.2020; 9(11): 894. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Molecular Detection and Subtyping of Blastocystis in Korean Pigs: Seunghyun Paik, Byeong Yeal Jung, Haeseung Lee, Mi-Hye Hwang, Jee Eun Han, Man Hee Rhee, Tae-Hwan Kim, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(5):525-529.
Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.525

Abstract
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Blastocystis is one of the most commonly detected genera of protozoan parasites in the human intestines as well as the intestines of many other species such as pigs in several geographical regions worldwide. However, no studies have examined Blastocystis in pigs in Korea. In this study, PCR and nucleotide sequencing were performed to evaluate the genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of Blastocystis using pig fecal samples. We obtained 646 stool samples from groups of piglets, weaners, growers, finishers, and sows in Korea. A total of 390 Blastocystis-positive samples were identified, and the infection rate was 60.4%. The infection rates were significantly related to age and region. The 4 subtypes (STs) of Blastocystis confirmed by phylogenetic analysis were ST1, ST2, ST3, and ST5, indicating the high genetic diversity of Blastocystis in Korean pigs. ST5 was highly distributed in Korean pigs among detected STs in this study. Some sequences were closely related to those of Blastocystis isolated from humans. This is the first study of Blastocystis in pigs in Korea. Based on the results, Blastocystis is prevalent in Korean pigs. Although a small number of samples were obtained in some areas, the clinical development of Blastocystis infection in pigs and potential for human transmission should be further examined.

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Epidemiology of Blastocystis in farm animals: A review
Jinnat Rehena, Anas Bin Harun, Md Robiul Karim
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Jinnat Rehena, Anas Bin Harun, Abdullah Al Bayazid, Md. Farhan Hasan, Tania Sultana, Ainun Nahar, Joynti Saha, Mokammel Hossain Tito, Shuvo Singha, S. H. M. Faruk Siddiki, M. Nazmul Hoque, Md Robiul Karim
Veterinary Research Communications.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. from Patients with Diarrhea in the Republic of Korea
Ji-Young Kwon, Jong-Hoon Choi, Hee-Il Lee, Jung-Won Ju, Myoung-Ro Lee
Microorganisms.2024; 12(3): 523. CrossRef
Molecular Identification and Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. and Blastocystis sp. in Cattle in Representative Areas of Shanxi Province, North China
Yao Liang, Ya-Ya Liu, Jin-Jin Mei, Wen-Bin Zheng, Qing Liu, Wen-Wei Gao, Xing-Quan Zhu, Shi-Chen Xie
Animals.2023; 13(18): 2929. CrossRef
Subtype analysis and prevalence of mixed subtype infection of Blastocystis in farmed pigs from Chiba Prefecture, Japan
Aya Masuda, Yukino Matsuda, Tetsuya Horikita, Jun Matsumoto
Parasitology International.2022; 87: 102490. CrossRef
Distribution of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infection in Domestic Pigs in the Republic of Korea: Nationwide Survey from 2020-2021
Subin Lee, Badriah Alkathiri, Dongmi Kwak, Sang-Myeong Lee, Wan-Kyu Lee, Jae-Won Byun, Seung-Hun Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(3): 207. CrossRef
Molecular Detection and Genetic Diversity of Blastocystis in Korean Dogs
Sangsu Suh, Haeseung Lee, Min-Goo Seo, Kyoo-Tae Kim, Kyung-Yeon Eo, Young-Sam Kwon, Sang-Joon Park, Oh-Deog Kwon, Tae-Hwan Kim, Dongmi Kwak
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(4): 289. CrossRef
Prevalencia de Dientamoeba fragilis y otros protozoarios intestinales en porcinos de una granja en la región Andina de Colombia
K. J. Suarez, M. J. García García, E. Y. Restrepo Restrepo, L. F. Campo Campo, A. L. Galván–Diaz Galván–Diaz
Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Blastocystis in domesticated and wild mammals and birds
Josephine S.Y. Hublin, Jenny G. Maloney, Monica Santin
Research in Veterinary Science.2021; 135: 260. CrossRef
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Yang Zou, Wen-Bin Yang, Feng-Cai Zou, Rui-Qing Lin, Xing-Quan Zhu, Jun-Ling Hou
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Ali Asghari, Alireza Sadrebazzaz, Laya Shamsi, Morteza Shams
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Sara Nemati, Mohammad Reza Zali, Paul Johnson, Hamed Mirjalali, Panagiotis Karanis
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Adedolapo Aminat Rauff-Adedotun, Farah Haziqah Meor Termizi, Nurshafarina Shaari, Ii Li Lee
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Moon-Ju Kim, Eun Jeong Won, Soo Hyun Kim, Jong Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai
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Rongjun Wang, Ying Zhang, Yuxi Jiang, Jinming Xing, Dayong Tao, Meng Qi
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Original Articles

Morphological and Molecular Identification of Stellantchasmus dermogenysi n. sp. (Digenea: Heterophyidae) in Thailand: Chalobol Wongsawad, Nattawadee Nantarat, Pheravut Wongsawad, Preeyaporn Butboonchoo, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(3):257-264.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.257

Abstract
PDF

We tried a series of morphological and molecular approaches to identify a new species of Stellantchasmus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) originating from the wrestling half-beaked fish, Dermogenys pusillus of Thailand. Adult worm samples of the new species were recovered from hamsters experimentally infected with the metacercariae from D. pusillus in Thailand. Two isolates (Thai and Korean) of Stellantchasmus falcatus were used as comparative control groups. Worm samples of 3 Stellantchasmus groups were morphologically observed and molecularly analyzed with the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene. The morphological characteristics of S. dermogenysi n. sp. are similar to S. falcatus originating from brackish water fish, but minor difference was noted including the absence of the prepharynx, position of the ovary near the ceca end, smaller body size, and shorter esophageal length. A phylogenetic tree derived from neighborjoining and maximum-likelihood methods suggests that S. dermogenysi n. sp. is separated from S. falcatus supported by high bootstrap values. The relative divergences persist between these host-specific trematodes, which we suggest should be recognized as 2 distinct species. Comparisons of S. dermogenysi n. sp. with S. falcatus isolated from mullets in Thailand and Korea indicate a genetic divergence of mitochondrial DNA of 19.4% and 21.7%, respectively. By the present study, a new species, Stellantchasmus dermogenysi n. sp. (Digenea: Heterophyidae), is proposed in Thailand based on molecular evidences, in addition to minor morphological differences between S. falcatus and the new species.

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Morphological and molecular characterization of larval trematodes infecting the assassin snail genusAnentomein Thailand
N. Chomchoei, T. Backeljau, B. Segers, C. Wongsawad, P. Butboonchoo, N. Nantarat
Journal of Helminthology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Infections of Digenetic Trematode Metacercariae in Wrestling Halfbeak, Dermogenys pusilla from Bangkok Metropolitan Region in Thailand
Laddawan Patarwut, Thapana Chontananarth, Jong-Yil Chai, Watchariya Purivirojkul
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2020; 58(1): 27. CrossRef

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Sinuolinea capsularis (Myxosporea: Sinuolineidae) Isolated from Urinary Bladder of Cultured Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus: Sang Phil Shin, Chang Nam Jin, Han Chang Sohn, Jehee Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(2):127-134.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.127

Abstract
PDF

Sinuolinea capsularis Davis, 1917 is myxosporean that infect the urinary system of the host fish. Insufficient morphological and molecular data of S. capsularis exits, and it is therefore difficult to make an accurate identification of the parasite. We tried a series of morphological and molecular analysis to identify an myxosporean isolated from urinary bladder of cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, from Jeju island in the Republic of Korea. Some of them were observed under a light microscope and SEM, and remain samples were used molecular and phylogenetic analysis. Mature spores were subspherical, measuring 13.9±0.6 μm in length and 13.8±0.8 μm in width. Two spherical polar capsules on opposite sides in the middle of the spore had a diameter range of 4.3±0.4 μm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that spores a severely twisted the suture line. By the morphological comparison and analysis, it was identified as S. capsularis. In addition, we obtained the partial 18S rDNA of S. capsularis and first registered it in NCBI. Phylogenetic analysis showed that S. capsularis clustered with Zschokkella subclade infecting the urinary system of marine fish, and it supported the infection site tropism effect on phylogeny of marine myxosporeans as well as the origin of Sinuolinea is not monophyly.

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Kudoa ogawai (Myxosporea: Kudoidae) Infection in Cultured Olive Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Sang Phil Shin, Chang Nam Jin, Han Chang Sohn, Jehee Lee
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2019; 57(4): 439. CrossRef
A new species Myxodavisia jejuensis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Sinuolineidae) isolated from cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in South Korea
Sang Phil Shin, Chang Nam Jin, Han Chang Sohn, Hiroshi Yokoyama, Jehee Lee
Parasitology Research.2019; 118(11): 3105. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Molecular Detection of Coxiella burnetii in Cattle on Ulleung Island, Korea: A Population-based Study with Four Years of Follow Up: Min-Goo Seo, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):69-73.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.69

Abstract
PDF

In a population-based study with 4 years of follow up, we evaluated the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii in cattle on Ulleung Island, Korea. In this study, the rates of C. burnetii infection in cattle on Ulleung Island were determined by PCR and were found to be 0.3-1.0% in the period 2011-2014. All 17 C. burnetii partial 16S rRNA gene sequences from PCR-positive cattle were identical and 2 geographic representatives were included in our analysis. The nucleotide sequences of the 2 samples showed high (98.4-100%) identity with C. burnetii sequences obtained from the GenBank. In this long-term tracking study, the number of cattle positive for C. burnetii on Ulleung Island was low. To prevent the transmission of C. burnetii on Ulleung Island, control strategy should include biosecurity improvement in surveillance, livestock management, administering suitable tests before purchasing animals to detect C. burnetii shedders, and restricting movements between herds.

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Comprehensive Analysis of SPL Genes in Cucurbitaceae Species: Evolutionary Insights, Functional Diversity and Regulatory Mechanisms
PavanKalyan Neelam, Balakishore Lalam, Jaswanth Manavi, Ghanishtha Prusty, Suman Polaki, Pushpalatha Ganesh
Iranian Journal of Science.2025; 49(5): 1209. CrossRef

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Anaplasma marginale and A. platys Characterized from Dairy and Indigenous Cattle and Dogs in Northern Vietnam: Nguyen Thi Hong Chien, Thi Lan Nguyen, Khanh Linh Bui, Tho Van Nguyen, Thanh Hoa Le; Korean J Parasitol 2019;57(1):43-47.
Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.1.43

Abstract
PDF

Anaplasma marginale and A. platys were detected and characterized (16S rDNA sequence analysis) from dairy and indigenous cattle, and the latter in domestic dogs in Vietnam. A phylogenetic tree was inferred from 26 representative strains/species of Anaplasma spp. including 10 new sequences from Vietnam. Seven of our Vietnamese sequences fell into the clade of A. marginale and 3 into A. platys, with strong nodal support of 99 and 90%, respectively. Low genetic distances (0.2-0.4%) within each species supported the identification. Anaplasma platys is able to infect humans. Our discovery of this species in cattle and domestic dogs raises considerable concern about zoonotic transmission in Vietnam. Further systematic investigations are needed to gain data for Anaplasma spp. and members of Anaplasmataceae in animal hosts, vectors and humans across Vietnam.

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Ly Na Huynh, Adama Zan Diarra, Quang Luan Pham, Nhiem Le-Viet, Jean-Michel Berenger, Van Hoang Ho, Xuan Quang Nguyen, Philippe Parola, Lynn Soong
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BMC Veterinary Research.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Horses in Korea: Min-Goo Seo, In-Ohk Ouh, Eunsang Choi, Oh-Deog Kwon, Dongmi Kwak; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(6):559-565.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.559

Abstract
PDF

The identification and characterization of pathogenic and zoonotic tick-borne diseases like granulocytic anaplasmosis are essential for developing effective control programs. The differential diagnosis of pathogenic Anaplasma phagocytophilum and non-pathogenic A. phagocytophilum-like Anaplasma spp. is important for implementing effective treatment from control programs. The
objective
of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Anaplasma spp. in horses in Korea by nucleotide sequencing and restriction enzyme fragment length polymorphism assay. Of the 627 horses included in the study, only 1 (0.2%) was infected with A. phagocytophilum. Co-infection with A. phagocytophilum- like Anaplasma spp. was not detected in the study. The 16S rRNA sequence of A. phagocytophilum was similar (99.5- 100%) to A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA isolated from horses in other countries. PCR adapted to amplify A. phagocytophilum groEL and msp2 genes failed to generate amplicons, suggesting genetic diversity in these genes. This study is the first molecular detection of A. phagocytophilum in horses in Korea. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and animal infection of A. phagocytophilum have been reported in Korea recently. Because of vector tick distribution, global warming, and the increase of the horse industry, horses should be considered as a potential reservoir for A. phagocytophilum, and cross infectivity should be evaluated even though a low prevalence of infection was detected in this study. Furthermore, continuous surveillance and effective control measures for A. phagocytophilum should be established to prevent disease distribution and possible transmission to humans.

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Emanuel MITREA, Andreea Monica BOGDAN , Anca Maria ZISOPOL , Ioan Liviu MITREA , Mariana IONIȚĂ
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Min-Goo Seo, In-Ohk Ouh, Dongmi Kwak
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(4): 3239. CrossRef
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Adil Khan, Nasreen, Robert D. Mitchell, Sadaf Niaz, Sultan Ayaz, Irfan Khattak, Huma Naeem, Adalberto A. Pérez de León, Muhammad Arfan Zaman
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Brief Communication

Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the Chagas Disease Vector, Triatoma rubrofasciata: Li Dong, Xiaoling Ma, Mengfei Wang, Dan Zhu, Yuebiao Feng, Yi Zhang, Jingwen Wang; Korean J Parasitol 2018;56(5):515-519.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.515

Abstract
PDF

Triatoma rubrofasciata is a wide-spread vector of Chagas disease in Americas. In this study, we completed the mitochondrial genome sequencing of T. rubrofasciata. The total length of T. rubrofasciata mitochondrial genome was 17,150 bp with the base composition of 40.4% A, 11.6% G, 29.4% T and 18.6% C. It included 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and one control region. We constructed a phylogenetic tree on the 13 protein-coding genes of T. rubrofasciata and other 13 closely related species to show their phylogenic relationship. The determination of T. rubrofasciata mitogenome would play an important role in understanding the genetic diversity and evolution of triatomine bugs.

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The mitogenome of Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), the main Chagas disease vector in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil
Carlos E. Almeida, Lifeng Du, Jingwen Wang, Dayane Pires-Silva, Elaine Folly-Ramos, Myrian Harry, Cleber Galvão
Parasites & Vectors.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Accidental importation of the vector of Chagas disease, Triatoma rubrofasciata (De Geer, 1773) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae), in Europe
Francisco Collantes, Juan Francisco Campos-Serrano, Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo
Journal of Vector Ecology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Variation in the Mitochondrial Genome of the Chagas Disease Vector Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Cintia Judith Fernández, Beatriz Alicia García
Neotropical Entomology.2022; 51(3): 483. CrossRef
The Complete Nucleotide Sequence and Gene Organization of the Mitochondrial Genome of Triatoma boliviana (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) and Phylogenetic Comparisons
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Magali Aguilera-Uribe, Rubi Nelsi Meza-Lázaro, Troy J. Kieran, Carlos N. Ibarra-Cerdeña, Alejandro Zaldívar-Riverón
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2020; 84: 104373. CrossRef
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Yisheng Zhao, Manjie Jiang, Yunfei Wu, Fan Song, Wanzhi Cai, Hu Li
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Ho Viet Hieu, Le Thanh Do, Sebastián Pita, Hoang Ha, Pham Thi Khoa, Pham Anh Tuan, Ta Phuong Mai, Ngo Giang Lien, Francisco Panzera
Parasites & Vectors.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Molecular Phylogenetics of Centrocestus formosanus (Digenea: Heterophyidae) Originated from Freshwater Fish from Chiang Mai Province, Thailand: Chalobol Wongsawad, Pheravut Wongsawad, Kom Sukontason, Worawit Maneepitaksanti, Nattawadee Nantarat; Korean J Parasitol 2017;55(1):31-37.
Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.1.31

Abstract
PDF

This study aimed to investigate the morphology and reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of Centrocestus formosanus originating from 5 species of freshwater fish, i.e., Esomus metallicus, Puntius brevis, Anabas testudineus, Parambassis siamensis, and Carassius auratus, in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and phylogeny based on internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) were performed. The results showed similar morphologies of adult C. formosanus from day 5 after infection in chicks. C. formosanus originated from 4 species of freshwater fish had the same number of circumoral spines on the oral sucker, except for those from C. auratus which revealed 34 circumoral spines. The phylogenetic tree obtained from SRAP profile and the combination of ITS2 and CO1 sequence showed similar results that were correlated with the number of circumoral spines in adult worms. Genetic variability of C. formosanus also occurred in different species of freshwater fish hosts. However, more details of adult worm morphologies and more sensitive genetic markers are needed to confirm the species validity of C. formosanus with 34 circumoral spines originating from C. auratus in the future.

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Brief Communication

Sequence Analysis of Mitochondrial Genome of Toxascaris leonina from a South China Tiger: Kangxin Li, Fang Yang, A. Y. Abdullahi, Meiran Song, Xianli Shi, Minwei Wang, Yeqi Fu, Weida Pan, Fang Shan, Wu Chen, Guoqing Li; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):803-807.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.803

Abstract
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Toxascaris leonina is a common parasitic nematode of wild mammals and has significant impacts on the protection of rare wild animals. To analyze population genetic characteristics of T. leonina from South China tiger, its mitochondrial (mt) genome was sequenced. Its complete circular mt genome was 14,277 bp in length, including 12 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 2 non-coding regions. The nucleotide composition was biased toward A and T. The most common start codon and stop codon were TTG and TAG, and 4 genes ended with an incomplete stop codon. There were 13 intergenic regions ranging 1 to 10 bp in size. Phylogenetically, T. leonina from a South China tiger was close to canine T. leonina. This study reports for the first time a complete mt genome sequence of T. leonina from the South China tiger, and provides a scientific basis for studying the genetic diversity of nematodes between different hosts.

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Qi Zhao, Asmaa M.I. Abuzeid, Long He, Tingting Zhuang, Xiu Li, Jumei Liu, Shilan Zhu, Xiaoyu Chen, Guoqing Li
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Original Article

Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Raillietina spp. (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea: Davaineidae) from Domestic Chickens in Thailand: Preeyaporn Butboonchoo, Chalobol Wongsawad, Amnat Rojanapaibul, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2016;54(6):777-786.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.777

Abstract
PDF

Raillietina species are prevalent in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Phayao province, northern Thailand. Their infection may cause disease and death, which affects the public health and economic situation in chicken farms. The identification of Raillietina has been based on morphology and molecular analysis. In this study, morphological observations using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopies (SEM) coupled with molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) gene were employed for precise identification and phylogenetic relationship studies of Raillietina spp. Four Raillietina species, including R. echinobothrida, R. tetragona, R. cesticillus, and Raillietina sp., were recovered in domestic chickens from 4 districts in Phayao province, Thailand. LM and SEM observations revealed differences in the morphology of the scolex, position of the genital pore, number of eggs per egg capsule, and rostellar opening surface structures in all 4 species. Phylogenetic relationships were found among the phylogenetic trees obtained by the maximum likelihood and distance-based neighbor-joining methods. ITS2 and ND1 sequence data recorded from Raillietina sp. appeared to be monophyletic. The query sequences of R. echinobothrida, R. tetragona, R. cesticillus, and Raillietina sp. were separated according to the different morphological characters. This study confirmed that morphological studies combined with molecular analyses can differentiate related species within the genus Raillietina in Thailand.

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Brief Communication

Phylogenetic Relationships of 3 Korean Neodiplostomum Species (Digenea: Neodiplostomidae) Based on Partial CO1 Gene: Kyoung-Ho Pyo, Jo Woon Yi Lee, Jin-Ju Lee, Yun-Kyu Park, Eun-Hee Shin, Jong-Yil Chai; Korean J Parasitol 2014;52(3):325-329.
Published online June 26, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2014.52.3.325

Abstract
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The phylogenetic relationships of the 3 Neodiplostomum spp. (Digenea: Neodiplostomidae) occurring in Korea (N. seoulense, N. leei, and N. boryongense) were analyzed using the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene. The adult flukes were recovered from Sprague-Dawley rats (N. seoulense) and newborn chicks (N. leei and N. boryongense) experimentally infected with the neodiplostomula from the grass snake, Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus. The genomic DNA was amplified using specific primers, and the sequence of CO1 was obtained. According to the results, the pairwise similarity was 96.1% between N. boryongense and N. seoulense, but was 95.0% between N. boryongense and N. leei and 94.2% between N. leei and N. seoulense. The results demonstrated a closer phylogenetic relationship between N. seoulense and N. boryongense. This high relationship of N. seoulense and N. boryongense may be related to their similar morphologic features including the limited distribution of vitellaria and the presence of a genital cone. N. leei is distinct on the other hand with an extensive distribution of vitellaria and the absence of a genital cone.

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Neodiplostomum cf. seoulense (Seo, Rim, Lee, 1964) sensu Pyo et al., 2014 (Trematoda: Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886): morphology, life cycle, and phylogenetic relationships
A. V. Izrailskaia, V. V. Besprozvannykh
Journal of Helminthology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Paraphyly of Conodiplostomum Dubois, 1937
Petr Heneberg, Jiljí Sitko, Miroslav Těšínský
Parasitology International.2020; 76: 102033. CrossRef
New data on Neodiplostomum americanum Chandler and Rausch, 1947 (Digenea: Diplostomidae), in the Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus Gmelin, 1788 and the Eastern Screech Owl Megascops asio Linnaeus, 1758 in Mississippi, USA
Ethan T. Woodyard, Thomas G. Rosser, Matt J. Griffin
Parasitology Research.2017; 116(8): 2075. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Haplorchis taichui and Comparative Analysis with Other Trematodes: Dongmin Lee, Seongjun Choe, Hansol Park, Hyeong-Kyu Jeon, Jong-Yil Chai, Woon-Mok Sohn, Tai-Soon Yong, Duk-Young Min, Han-Jong Rim, Keeseon S. Eom; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(6):719-726.
Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.6.719

Abstract
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Mitochondrial genomes have been extensively studied for phylogenetic purposes and to investigate intra- and interspecific genetic variations. In recent years, numerous groups have undertaken sequencing of platyhelminth mitochondrial genomes. Haplorchis taichui (family Heterophyidae) is a trematode that infects humans and animals mainly in Asia, including the Mekong River basin. We sequenced and determined the organization of the complete mitochondrial genome of H. taichui. The mitochondrial genome is 15,130 bp long, containing 12 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs, a small and a large subunit), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Like other trematodes, it does not encode the atp8 gene. All genes are transcribed from the same strand. The ATG initiation codon is used for 9 protein-coding genes, and GTG for the remaining 3 (nad1, nad4, and nad5). The mitochondrial genome of H. taichui has a single long non-coding region between trnE and trnG. H. taichui has evolved as being more closely related to Opisthorchiidae than other trematode groups with maximal support in the phylogenetic analysis. Our results could provide a resource for the comparative mitochondrial genome analysis of trematodes, and may yield genetic markers for molecular epidemiological investigations into intestinal flukes.

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Phylogenetic Analysis of Ruminant Theileria spp. from China Based on 28S Ribosomal RNA Gene: Huitian Gou, Guiquan Guan, Miling Ma, Aihong Liu, Zhijie Liu, Zongke Xu, Qiaoyun Ren, Youquan Li, Jifei Yang, Ze Chen, Hong Yin, Jianxun Luo; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(5):511-517.
Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.5.511

Abstract
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Species identification using DNA sequences is the basis for DNA taxonomy. In this study, we sequenced the ribosomal large-subunit RNA gene sequences (3,037-3,061 bp) in length of 13 Chinese Theileria stocks that were infective to cattle and sheep. The complete 28S rRNA gene is relatively difficult to amplify and its conserved region is not important for phylogenetic study. Therefore, we selected the D2-D3 region from the complete 28S rRNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis. Our analyses of 28S rRNA gene sequences showed that the 28S rRNA was useful as a phylogenetic marker for analyzing the relationships among Theileria spp. in ruminants. In addition, the D2-D3 region was a short segment that could be used instead of the whole 28S rRNA sequence during the phylogenetic analysis of Theileria, and it may be an ideal DNA barcode.

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Molecular Characterization of Taenia multiceps Isolates from Gansu Province, China by Sequencing of Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 1: Wen Hui Li, Wan Zhong Jia, Zi Gang Qu, Zhi Zhou Xie, Jian Xun Luo, Hong Yin, Xiao Lin Sun, Radu Blaga, Bao Quan Fu; Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(2):197-201.
Published online April 25, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2013.51.2.197

Abstract
PDF

A total of 16 Taenia multiceps isolates collected from naturally infected sheep or goats in Gansu Province, China were characterized by sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. The complete cox1 gene was amplified for individual T. multiceps isolates by PCR, ligated to pMD18T vector, and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated that out of 16 T. multiceps isolates 10 unique cox1 gene sequences of 1,623 bp were obtained with sequence variation of 0.12-0.68%. The results showed that the cox1 gene sequences were highly conserved among the examined T. multiceps isolates. However, they were quite different from those of the other Taenia species. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete cox1 gene sequences revealed that T. multiceps isolates were composed of 3 genotypes and distinguished from the other Taenia species.

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Mini Review

Molecular Phylogeny of Acanthamoeba: Hyun Hee Kong; Korean J Parasitol 2009;47(Suppl):S21.
Published online October 26, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2009.47.S.S21

Abstract
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After morphological grouping of Acanthamoeba by Pussard and Pons, phylogeny of the genus has been always a big topic to the researchers. Because of the variability of morphological characteristics, unchangeable and stable characters have been investigated for phylogenic criteria. Isoenzyme and mitochondrial DNA RFLP (Mt DNA RFLP) analyses revealed different patterns among strains assigned to a same species. Therefore, these characteristics would be considered as tools for strain discrimination than species identification. The most recently developed and the most promising method is the sequence analysis of 18s ribosomal RNA coding DNA (18s rDNA). The phylogenic tree based on comparison of 18s rDNA sequences distinguished the 3 morphological groups of Acanthamoeba and divided them into 12 unique sequence types (T1-T12 genotypes). Most clinical and environmental isolates belonged to the morphological group II and the genotype T4. In the Republic of Korea, 2 strains of Acanthamoeba, YM-2 and YM-3, were first isolated from the environment in 1974. However, phylogenic identification of Korean Acanthamoeba isolates from human infections or the environment were tried from the late 1990s. By RFLP analysis or total sequence analysis of 18s rDNA revealed that almost all clinical isolates including the one from a suspicious granulomatous amebic encephalitis patient belonged to the genotype T4. A large number of environmental isolates from contact lens storage cases, tapped water, and ocean sediments also belonged to the genotype T4. Almost identical strain characteristics, such as Mt DNA RFLP pattern of environmental isolates, with the clinical isolates could make a simple conclusion that most environmental isolates might be a potential keratopathogen.

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Original Article

Molecular phylogeny of parasitic Platyhelminthes based on sequences of partial 28S rDNA D1 and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I: Soo-Ung Lee, Ha-Chung Chun, Sun Huh; Korean J Parasitol 2007;45(3):181-189.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2007.45.3.181

Abstract
PDF

The phylogenic relationships existing among 14 parasitic Platyhelminthes in the Republic of Korea were investigated via the use of the partial 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) D1 region and the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mCOI) DNA sequences. The nucleotide sequences were analyzed by length, G + C %, nucleotide differences and gaps in order to determine the analyzed phylogenic relationships. The phylogenic patterns of the 28S rDNA D1 and mCOI regions were closely related within the same class and order as analyzed by the PAUP 4.0 program, with the exception of a few species. These findings indicate that the 28S rDNA gene sequence is more highly conserved than are the mCOI gene sequences. The 28S rDNA gene may prove useful in studies of the systematics and population genetic structures of parasitic Platyhelminthes.

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Mini Review

Pathogenic free-living amoebae in Korea: Ho-Joon Shin, Kyung-il Im; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(3):93-119.
Published online September 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.3.93

Abstract
PDF

Acanthamoeba and Naegleria are widely distributed in fresh water, soil and dust throughout the world, and cause meningoencephalitis or keratoconjunctivitis in humans and other mammals. Korean isolates, namely, Naegleria sp. YM-1 and Acanthamoeba sp. YM-2, YM-3, YM-4, YM-5, YM-6 and YM-7, were collected from sewage, water puddles, a storage reservoir, the gills of a fresh water fish, and by corneal washing. These isolates were categorized into three groups based on the mortalities of infected mice namely, highly virulent (YM-4), moderately virulent (YM-2, YM-5 and YM-7) and nonpathogenic (YM-3). In addition, a new species of Acanthamoeba was isolated from a freshwater fish in Korea and tentatively named Korean isolate YM-4. The morphologic characters of its cysts were similar to those of A. culbertsoni and A. royreba, which were previously designated as Acanthamoeba group III. Based on experimentally infected mouse mortality, Acanthamoeba YM-4 was highly virulent. The isoenzymes profile of Acanthamoeba YM-4 was similar to that of A. royreba. Moreover, an anti-Acanthamoeba YM-4 monoclonal antibody reacted only with Acanthamoeba YM-4, and not with A. culbertsoni. Random amplified polymorphic DNA marker analysis and RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA and of a 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA, placed Acanthamoeba YM-4 in a separate cluster based on phylogenic distances. Thus Acanthamoeba YM-4 was identified as a new species, and assigned Acanthamoeba sohi. Up to the year 2002 in Korea, two clinical cases were found to be infected with Acanthamoeba spp. These patients died of meningoencephalitis. In addition, one case of Acanthamoeba pneumonia with an immunodeficient status was reported and Acanthamoeba was detected in several cases of chronic relapsing corneal ulcer, chronic conjunctivitis, and keratitis.

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Brief Communication

Molecular phylogenic location of the Plagiorchis muris (Digenea, Plagiorchiidae) based on sequences of partial 28S D1 rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I: Soo-Ung Lee, Sun Huh, Woon-Mok Sohn; Korean J Parasitol 2004;42(2):71-75.
Published online June 20, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2004.42.2.71

Abstract
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To determine the molecular phylogenic location of Plagiorchis muris, 28S D1 ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) were sequenced and compared with other trematodes in the family Plagiorchiidae. The 28S D1 tree of P. muris was found to be closely related to those of P. elegans and other Plagiorchis species. And, the mtCOI tree also showed that P. muris is in a separate clade with genus Glypthelmins. These results support a phylogenic relationship between members of the Plagiorchiidae, as suggested by morphologic features.

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Original Articles

Acanthamoeba sohi, n. sp., a pathogenic Korean isolate YM-4 from a freshwater fish: Kyung-il Im, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasitol 2003;41(4):181-188.
Published online December 20, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.181

Abstract
PDF

A new species of Acanthamoeba was isolated from a freshwater fish in Korea and tentatively named Acanthamoeba sp. YM-4 (Korean isolate YM-4). The trophozoites were 11.0-23.0 ?m in length and had hyaline filamentous projections. Cysts were similar to those of A. culbertsoni and A. royreba, which were previously designated as Acanthamoeba group III. Acanthamoeba YM-4 can survive at 40℃, and its generation time was 19.6 hr, which was longer than that of A. culbertsoni. In terms of the in vitro cytotoxicity of lysates, Acanthamoeba YM-4 was weaker than A. culbertsoni, but stronger than A. polyphaga. On the basis of the mortality of experimentally infected mice, Acanthamoeba YM-4 was found to be highly virulent. The isoenzymes profile of Acanthamoeba YM-4 was similar to that of A. royreba. An anti-Acanthamoeba YM-4 monoclonal antibody, McAY7, was found to react only with Acanthamoeba YM-4, and not with A. culbertsoni. Random amplified polymorphic DNA marker analysis and RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA and of 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA, placed Acanthamoeba YM-4 in a separate cluster on the basis of phylogenetic distances. Thus the Acanthamoeba Korean isolate YM-4 was identified as a new species, and assigned as Acanthamoeba sohi.

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Clinical and Vaccine Immunology.2005; 12(7): 873. CrossRef
Expression of the nfa1 Gene Cloned from Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri in Nonpathogenic N. gruberi Enhances Cytotoxicity against CHO Target Cells In Vitro
Seok-Ryoul Jeong, Sang-Chul Lee, Kyoung-Ju Song, Sun Park, Kyongmin Kim, Myung-Hee Kwon, Kyung-il Im, Ho-Joon Shin
Infection and Immunity.2005; 73(7): 4098. CrossRef
Cloning and characterization of an immunoreactive gene encoding a calcium-binding protein from Naegleria fowleri
Seok-Ryoul Jeong, Myung-Soo Cho, Sun Park, Kyongmin Hwang Kim, Kyoung-Ju Song, Kyung-Il Im, Ho-Joon Shin
Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology.2004; 137(1): 169. CrossRef
Decreasing effect of an anti-Nfa1 polyclonal antibody on the in vitro cytotoxicity of pathogenic Naegleria fowleri
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2004; 42(1): 35. CrossRef
Pathogenic free-living amoebae in Korea
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Identification of newly isolated Babesia parasites from cattle in Korea by using the Bo-RBC-SCID mice: Shin-Hyeong Cho, Tong-Soo Kim, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Masayoshi Tsuji, Chiaki Ishihara, Jong-Taek Kim, Sung-Hwan Wee, Chung-Gil Lee; Korean J Parasitol 2002;40(1):33-40.
Published online March 31, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2002.40.1.33

Abstract
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Attempts were made to isolate and identify Korean bovine Babesia parasite. Blood samples were collected from Holstein cows in Korea, and Babesia parasites were propagated in SCID mice with circulating bovine red blood cells for isolation. The isolate was then antigenically and genotypically compared with several Japanese isolates. The Korean parasite was found to be nearly identical to the Oshima strain isolated from Japanese cattle, which was recently designated as Babesia ovata oshimensis n. var. Haemaphysalis longicornis was the most probable tick species that transmited the parasite.

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Hongyuan Zheng, Zhijun Yu, Ze Chen, Lifeng Zhou, Bin Zheng, Hui Ma, Jingze Liu
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Myung-Soon Ko, Kyoung-Kap Lee, Kyu-Kye Hwang, Byung-Sun Kim, Gui-Cheol Choi, Young-Min Yun
Journal of Veterinary Science.2008; 9(2): 155. CrossRef
First Case of Human Babesiosis in Korea: Detection and Characterization of a Novel Type of Babesia sp. (KO1) Similar to Ovine Babesia
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Journal of Clinical Microbiology.2007; 45(6): 2084. CrossRef

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Isoenzyme patterns and phylogenetic relationships in Acanthamoeba spp. isolated from contact lens containers in Korea: Ho-Joon Shin, Myung-Soo Cho, Han-Jip Kim, Kyung-Il Im; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(4):229-236.
Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.229

Abstract
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In order to refer to the basic information regarding the identification of isolates obtained from a contact lens container in Korea, the isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis was employed to compare the isoenzyme band patterns among Acanthamoeba spp. including eight isolates and the simple pairwise dissimilarity analysis was carried out. For an alkaline phosphate development, isolate 7 and Acanthamoeba polyphaga showed homologous band patterns, and isolates 1, 2, and 3 showed the same patterns. For lactate dehydrogenase, similar patterns were observed in isolates 2 and 3. Isolates 3 and 5 showed homologous band patterns for malate dehydrogenase and glucose phosphate isomerase. For hexokinase, isolates 4, 7, and A. hatchetti showed the same band patterns. In others, a considerable number of interstrain polymorphisms was observed in nine isoenzyme band patterns. In Acanthamoeba group II, genetic distances among isolates 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ranged from 0.104 to 0.200. In comparison to A. castellanii, A. hatchetti, and A. polyphaga, genetic distances of isolates 7 and 8 were 0.254 and 0.219, respectively. In Acanthamoeba group III, including A. culbertsoni, A. healyi, and A. royreba, isolate 6 had genetic distances which ranged from 0.314 to 0.336. Finally, when comparing to the six reference Acanthamoeba, it was possible to classify isolates 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, as genetically close-related species and as independent species group. Furthermore, isolates 6, 7 and 8 were identified as independent species as well.

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N. R. Marchenko, Evg. A. Kasparova
Vestnik oftal'mologii.2016; 132(5): 103. CrossRef
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Phylogeny, host-parasite relationship and zoogeography: Hideo Hasegawa; Korean J Parasitol 1999;37(4):197-213.
Published online December 31, 1999; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.1999.37.4.197

Abstract
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Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group or the lineage of organisms and is reconstructed based on morphological, molecular and other characteristics. The genealogical relationship of a group of taxa is often expressed as a phylogenetic tree. The difficulty in categorizing the phylogeny is mainly due to the existence of frequent homoplasies that deceive observers. At the present time, cladistic analysis is believed to be one of the most effective methods of reconstructing a phylogenetic tree. Excellent computer program software for phylogenetic analysis is available. As an example, cladistic analysis was applied for nematode genera of the family Acuariidae, and the phylogenetic tree formed was compared with the system used currently. Nematodes in the genera Nippostrongylus and Heligmonoides were also analyzed, and the validity of the reconstructed phylogenetic trees was observed from a zoogeographical point of view. Some of the theories of parasite evolution were briefly reviewed as well. Coevolution of parasites and humans was discussed with special reference to the evolutionary relationship between Enterobius and primates.

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