Parasites, Hosts and Diseases

"malaria"

Original Articles

Genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Anopheles kochi, Anopheles maculatus, and Anopheles vagus: ITS2-based analysis of highland transboundary populations in the Menoreh Hills, Java, Indonesia: Derico Hitipeuw, Raisha Nuranindita, Martini Martini, Arif Suryo Prasetyo, Jin-Hee Han, Hojong Jun, Bo Young Jeon, Triwibowo Ambar Garjito, Rohmadi Rohmadi, Fauzi Muh; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(3):228-242.
Published online August 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25026

Abstract
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Baseline genetic characterization of malaria vector populations provides critical data for evidence-based surveillance in persistent transmission foci. This pilot study generated preliminary genetic baseline data for Anopheles populations in the Menoreh Hills border region between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces, Indonesia, addressing a key geographic gap in regional vector research. Adult female mosquitoes were collected from 3 houses with reported malaria cases in Ngadirejo Village using standardized entomological methods, including human landing, animal landing, and resting collections. Specimens were morphologically identified and molecularly characterized via ITS2 gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were assessed using maximum likelihood methods, and genetic diversity indices were calculated to examine population structure. A total of 62 specimens representing 3 species were collected exclusively through animal landing collections: Anopheles vagus (48 specimens, 77.4%), Anopheles maculatus (9 specimens, 14.5%), and Anopheles kochi (5 specimens, 8.1%). An. kochi exhibited high haplotype diversity (Hd=0.709) with low nucleotide diversity (π=0.004), while An. maculatus showed lower haplotype diversity (Hd=0.480) and higher nucleotide diversity (π=0.026). Phylogenetic analysis revealed Purworejo specimens clustered with regional populations: An. kochi grouped within Clade I with Indonesian isolates; An. maculatus distributed across multiple clades; An. vagus formed a cohesive unit with other Indonesian populations. The exclusive success of animal landing collections in the Menoreh Hills highlands provides key methodological insights. This study offers essential baseline reference data, validates cost-effective genetic surveillance approaches, and supports future large-scale population connectivity studies across the Menoreh Hills malaria transmission complex.

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Preventive interventions and diagnostic testing compliance in the management of tropical infections among patients with sickle cell disease in Tanzania: Felician Paschal Mgasa, Singeun Oh, Avelina Mgasa, Sunjoo Kang, Erasto Mbugi, Ju Yeong Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):147-156.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.25018

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Sickle cell disease (SCD), a genetic hemoglobin disorder, is a major public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Tanzania, due to its association with high morbidity and mortality from infections. The disease is the leading cause of complications, emphasizing the urgent need for effective preventive strategies and diagnostic protocols. We evaluated the implementation and effectiveness of infection prevention measures and laboratory diagnostic compliance at Nyamagana District Hospital, emphasizing their effects on patient outcomes and survival rates. This retrospective observational study analyzed the medical records of 157 patients with SCD admitted to Nyamagana District Hospital for infection treatment between January 2022 and 2024. The infection profiles, utilization of preventive interventions (recommended drugs, vaccinations, and chemoprophylaxis), and diagnostic laboratory compliance were assessed. Of the 157 participants, 90.4% had at least one infection during their hospital stay, suggesting the vulnerability of this population to infections. Furthermore, malaria emerged as the most prevalent type of infection (40.1%), which is consistent with its endemic status in Tanzania. Other significant infections included unspecified diarrhea (12.5%) and upper respiratory tract infections (10.8%). Despite the high coverage rates of penicillin V prophylaxis (72%) and pneumococcal vaccination (100%), the utilization of malaria chemoprophylaxis and hydroxyurea was low (only 10.8% and 16.6%, respectively). The diagnostic laboratory test compliance, essential for accurate infection management, was moderate at 63.1%, with significant deficiencies in the blood, urine, and stool cultures and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The administration of hydroxyurea significantly reduced malaria prevalence (P=0.005), fewer vaso-occlusive crises (P<0.001), and severe anemia incidence (P=0.034). Thus, enhancing access to preventive measures and improving diagnostic laboratory compliance are crucial steps for reducing infection-related complications among patients with SCD in Nyamagana.

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Mini Review

Emerging Plasmodium falciparum K13 gene mutation to artemisinin-based combination therapies and partner drugs among malaria-infected population in sub-Saharan Africa: Samuel Adeniyi Oyegbade, Emmanuel Ojochegbe Mameh, Daniel Oluwatobiloba Balogun, Victoria-Grace Onyekachi Aririguzoh, Paul Akinniyi Akinduti; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(2):109-122.
Published online May 26, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24053

Abstract
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The continuous Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 (PfK13) genetic alterations conferring resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies and partner drugs pose a significant threat to effective treatment and control of P. falciparum infection in developing countries. This review evaluates the emergence and epidemiology of the PfK13 mutation associated with artemisinin resistance in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) population. Despite empirical control and artemisinin combination therapy, the PfK13 gene mutation, previously described in Southeast Asia, has been reported in the SSA. Eight of these validated markers, including P553L, M476I, C580Y, A675V, P574L, R561H, R622I, and F446I, were reported among the SSA population. Novel and unvalidated markers, such as P615S, M472I, F434S, A578S, P570L, Y558C, K563R, A569T, I684N, M472I, and C473F spread among the population with low frequency. We provide insight into the emergence and spread of validated and unvalidated PfK13 mutations among the SSA population, which could lead to high artemisinin resistance. Investigating the verified PfK13 mutations will improve prophylactic strategies, prognostic diagnosis and guide effective population-based surveillance for effective P. falciparum malaria control in SSA.

Citations

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Emergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum and rising resistance to first-line artemisinin partner drugs in Malawi
Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Johnsy Mary Louis, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Md Atique Ahmed, Feng Lu, Joon-Hee Han, Tae-Hyung Kwon, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Eun-Taek Han, Winifrida Kidima, Jin-
Emerging Microbes & Infections.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A scoping review of antimalarial drug resistance markers in Kenya (1987–2022): toward a National Surveillance Framework and Data Repository
Kevin Wamae, John Magudha, Emmanuel Asiimwe, Kariuki Kimani, Regina Kandie, Kibor Keitany, Robert W. Snow, L. Isabella Ochola-Oyier
Malaria Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in high- and low-transmission areas of Tanzania: The role of asymptomatic carriers in malaria persistence and the need for targeted surveillance and control efforts: Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Md Atique Ahmed, Seok Ho Cha, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Joon-Hee Han, Nyalali Kija, Smart Geodfrey, Eun-Teak Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Jin-Hee Han; Parasites Hosts Dis 2025;63(1):57-65.
Published online February 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24077

As many countries implement different programs aimed at eliminating malaria, attention should be given to asymptomatic carriers that may interrupt the progress. This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Tanzania from December 2022 to July 2023 within 4 villages from each of the 3 regions, Geita and Kigoma, which are high malaria transmission, and Arusha, which is low transmission. Malaria was diagnosed in asymptomatic individuals aged 1 year and older using the malaria rapid diagnostic test and light microscope. A total of 2,365 of 3,489 (67.9%) participants were enrolled from high-transmission villages. The overall prevalence was 25.5% and 15.8% by malaria rapid diagnostic test and light microscope, respectively. Using the respective tools, the prevalence was significantly higher at 35.6% (confidence interval (CI)=23.6–49.9) and 23.1% (CI=16.2–35.1) in the high-transmission regions (Geita and Kigoma) compared with 2.9% (CI=1.1–3.5) and 1.1% (CI=0.7–1.8) in the low-transmission region (Arusha). Children younger than 15 years and males accounted for the greatest proportion of infections. In the study area, the prevalence of asymptomatic cases was higher than that of reported symptomatic cases in health facilities. We hypothesize that these parasite reservoirs may contribute to the persistence of malaria in the country. Therefore, to achieve comprehensive malaria control in the country, the surveillance and screening of asymptomatic malaria cases are vital.

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Hidden reservoirs of infection: prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic malaria in a high-endemic region of Zambia
Wisdom Silwamba, David Chisompola, John Nzobokela, Martin Chakulya, Lombe Kabwe, Kingsley Tembo
Malaria Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Emergence of chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum and rising resistance to first-line artemisinin partner drugs in Malawi
Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Johnsy Mary Louis, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Md Atique Ahmed, Feng Lu, Joon-Hee Han, Tae-Hyung Kwon, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Eun-Taek Han, Winifrida Kidima, Jin-
Emerging Microbes & Infections.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
First report of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions compromising HRP2-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Malawi
Johnsy Mary Louis, Ernest Mazigo, Hojong Jun, Wang-Jong Lee, Jadidan Hada Syahada, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Se Jin Lee, Sunghun Na, Feng Lu, Eun-Teak Han, Jin-Hee Han
Infectious Diseases of Poverty.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Micro-geographic variation in antigenic diversity of PfEBA-175 region II in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Tanzania
Jadidan Hada Syahada, Wang-Jong Lee, Hojong Jun, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Md Atique Ahmed, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Eun-Teak Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Ernest Mazigo,
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Virus-like particles expressing microneme-associated antigen of Plasmodium berghei confer better protection than those expressing apical membrane antigen 1: Min-Ju Kim, Ki Back Chu, Keon-Woong Yoon, Hae-Ji Kang, Dong-Hun Lee, Eun-Kyung Moon, Fu-Shi Quan; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(2):193-204.
Published online May 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.24017

Malaria is a global disease affecting a large portion of the world’s population. Although vaccines have recently become available, their efficacies are suboptimal. We generated virus-like particles (VLPs) that expressed either apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) or microneme-associated antigen (MIC) of Plasmodium berghei and compared their efficacy in BALB/c mice. We found that immune sera acquired from AMA1 VLP- or MIC VLP-immunized mice specifically interacted with the antigen of choice and the whole P. berghei lysate antigen, indicating that the antibodies were highly parasite-specific. Both VLP vaccines significantly enhanced germinal center B cell frequencies in the inguinal lymph nodes of mice compared with the control, but only the mice that received MIC VLPs showed significantly enhanced CD4⁺ T cell responses in the blood following P. berghei challenge infection. AMA1 and MIC VLPs significantly suppressed TNF-α and interleukin-10 production but had a negligible effect on interferon-γ. Both VLPs prevented excessive parasitemia buildup in immunized mice, although parasite burden reduction induced by MIC VLPs was slightly more effective than that induced by AMA1. Both VLPs were equally effective at preventing body weight loss. Our findings demonstrated that the MIC VLP was an effective inducer of protection against murine experimental malaria and should be the focus of further development.

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Orally Dissolving Film-Based Influenza Vaccines Confer Superior Protection Compared to the Oral Administration of Inactivated Influenza Virus
Keon-Woong Yoon, Jie Mao, Gi-Deok Eom, Su In Heo, Ki Back Chu, Mi Suk Lee, Fu-Shi Quan
Vaccines.2025; 13(6): 600. CrossRef
Protective Efficacy Induced by Virus-like Particles Expressing Dense Granule Protein 5 of Toxoplasma gondii
Su In Heo, Hae-Ji Kang, Jie Mao, Zhao-Shou Yang, Md Atique Ahmed, Fu-Shi Quan
Vaccines.2025; 13(8): 787. CrossRef
Efficacy of Heterologous Vaccination Using Virus-Like Particles and Vaccinia Virus Containing MIC8 and AMA1 Proteins of Toxoplasma gondii
Hae-Ji Kang, Fu-Shi Quan
Vaccines.2025; 13(8): 862. CrossRef
Ivermectin Identified Using a High-Throughput Screening System Exhibits Anti-Clonorchis sinensis Activity in Rats
Soon-Ok Lee, Hyeryon Lee, Ki Back Chu, Jianhua Li, Sung-Jong Hong, Sung Soo Kim, Joo Hwan No, Fu-Shi Quan
Antibiotics.2025; 14(8): 837. CrossRef

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Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of SAM13-2HCl with morpholine amide (SKM13 derivative) against antimalarial drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei infected ICR mice: Hyelee Hong, Kwonmo Moon, Thuy-Tien Thi Trinh, Tae-Hui Eom, Hyun Park, Hak Sung Kim, Seon-Ju Yeo; Parasites Hosts Dis 2024;62(1):42-52.
Published online February 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23093

Antimalarial drugs are an urgently need and crucial tool in the campaign against malaria, which can threaten public health. In this study, we examined the cytotoxicity of the 9 antimalarial compounds chemically synthesized using SKM13-2HCl. Except for SKM13-2HCl, the 5 newly synthesized compounds had a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) > 100 µM, indicating that they would be less cytotoxic than SKM13-2HCl. Among the 5 compounds, only SAM13-2HCl outperformed SKM13-2HCl for antimalarial activity, showing a 3- and 1.3-fold greater selective index (SI) (CC₅₀/IC₅₀) than SKM13-2HCl in vitro against both chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine -resistant (K1) Plasmodium falciparum strains, respectively. Thus, the presence of morpholine amide may help to effectively suppress human-infectious P. falciparum parasites. However, the antimalarial activity of SAM13-2HCl was inferior to that of the SKM13-2HCl template compound in the P. berghei NK65-infected mouse model, possibly because SAM13-2HCl had a lower polarity and less efficient pharmacokinetics than SKM13-2HCl. SAM13-2HCl was more toxic in the rodent model. Consequently, SAM13-2HCl containing morpholine was selected from screening a combination of pharmacologically significant structures as being the most effective in vitro against human-infectious P. falciparum but was less efficient in vivo in a P. berghei-infected animal model when compared with SKM13-2HCl. Therefore, SAM13-2HCl containing morpholine could be considered a promising compound to treat chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum infections, although further optimization is crucial to maintain antimalarial activity while reducing toxicity in animals.

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The Importance of Murine Models in Determining In Vivo Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy in Antimalarial Drug Discovery
Glory Adebayo, Opeyemi I. Ayanda, Matthias Rottmann, Olusola S. Ajibaye, Gbolahan Oduselu, Julius Mulindwa, Olayinka O. Ajani, Oluwagbemiga Aina, Pascal Mäser, Ezekiel Adebiyi
Pharmaceuticals.2025; 18(3): 424. CrossRef
Structural, electrochemical and theoretical studies of some carboxamides
David Izuchukwu Ugwu, Nandisiwe GS Mateyise, Jeanet Conradie
Journal of Molecular Structure.2025; 1348: 143454. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Genetic polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 1 and antifolate-resistant genes in Plasmodium falciparum from Mali and Niger: Mahaman Moustapha Lamine, Rabia Maman, Abdoul Aziz Maiga, Ibrahim Maman Laminou; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(4):455-462.
Published online November 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23049

Abstract
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Since 2015, countries in the Sahel region have implemented large-scale seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). However, the mass use of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) plus amodiaquine impacts the genetic diversity of malaria parasites and their sensitivity to antimalarials. This study aimed to describe and compare the genetic diversity and SP resistance of Plasmodium falciparum strains in Mali and Niger. We collected 400 blood samples in Mali and Niger from children aged 3–59 months suspected of malaria. Of them, 201 tested positive (Niger, 111, 55.2%; Mali, 90, 44.8%). Polymorphism of merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) genetic marker showed 201 allotypes. The frequency of the RO33 allotype was significantly higher in Niger (63.6%) than in Mali (39.3%). There was no significant difference in the frequency of the K1 and MAD20 allotypes between the 2 countries. The multiplicity of infection was 2 allotypes per patient in Mali and one allotype per patient in Niger. The prevalence of strains with the triple mutants Pfdhfr51I/Pfdhfr59R/Pfdhps436A/F/H and Pfdhfr51I/Pfdhfr59R/Pfdhps437G was 18.1% and 30.2%, respectively, and 7.7% carried the quadruple mutant Pfdhfr51I/Pfdhfr59R/Pfdhps436A/F/H/Pfdhps437G. Despite the significant genetic diversity of parasite populations, the level of SP resistance was comparable between Mali and Niger. The frequency of mutations conferring resistance to SP still allows its effective use in intermittent preventive treatment in pregnant women and in SMC.

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Preventive interventions and diagnostic testing compliance in the management of tropical infections among patients with sickle cell disease in Tanzania
Felician Paschal Mgasa, Singeun Oh, Avelina Mgasa, Sunjoo Kang, Erasto Mbugi, Ju Yeong Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(2): 147. CrossRef
Micro-geographic variation in antigenic diversity of PfEBA-175 region II in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Tanzania
Jadidan Hada Syahada, Wang-Jong Lee, Hojong Jun, Johnsy Mary Louis, Fadhila Fitriana, Fauzi Muh, Feng Lu, Md Atique Ahmed, Sunghun Na, Wanjoo Chun, Won Sun Park, Bo-Young Jeon, Eun-Teak Han, Jim Todd, Alphaxard Manjurano, Winifrida Kidima, Ernest Mazigo,
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

Evaluating the activity of N-89 as an oral antimalarial drug: Nagwa S. M. Aly, Hiroaki Matsumori, Thi Quyen Dinh, Akira Sato, Shin-ichi Miyoshi, Kyung-Soo Chang, Hak Sun Yu, Takaaki Kubota, Yuji Kurosaki, Duc Tuan Cao, Gehan A. Rashed, Hye-Sook Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(3):282-291.
Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.23044

Abstract
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Despite the recent progress in public health measures, malaria remains a troublesome disease that needs to be eradicated. It is essential to develop new antimalarial medications that are reliable and secure. This report evaluated the pharmacokinetics and antimalarial activity of 1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro[7.11]nonadecane (N-89) using the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in vivo. After a single oral dose (75 mg /kg) of N-89, its pharmacokinetic parameters were measured, and t_1/2 was 0.97 h, T_max was 0.75 h, and bioavailability was 7.01%. A plasma concentration of 8.1 ng/ml of N-89 was maintained for 8 h but could not be detected at 10 h. The dose inhibiting 50% of parasite growth (ED₅₀) and ED₉₀ values of oral N-89 obtained following a 4-day suppressive test were 20 and 40 mg/kg, respectively. Based on the plasma concentration of N-89, we evaluated the antimalarial activity and cure effects of oral N-89 at a dose of 75 mg/kg 3 times daily for 3 consecutive days in mice harboring more than 0.5% parasitemia. In all the N-89- treated groups, the parasites were eliminated on day 5 post-treatment, and all mice recovered without a parasite recurrence for 30 days. Additionally, administering oral N-89 at a low dose of 50 mg/kg was sufficient to cure mice from day 6 without parasite recurrence. This work was the first to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics and antimalarial activity of N-89 as an oral drug. In the future, the following steps should be focused on developing N-89 for malaria treatments; its administration schedule and metabolic pathways should be investigated.

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The antimalarial activity of transdermal N-89 mediated by inhibiting ERC gene expression in P. Berghei-infected mice
Hiroaki Matsumori, Thi Quyen Dinh, Shin-ichi Miyoshi, Masayuki Morita, Hye-Sook Kim
Parasitology International.2025; 106: 103026. CrossRef
Evaluating the effect of new antimalarial N-89 for gametocytes in P. berghei-infected mice
Thi Quyen Dinh, Hiroaki Matsumori, Mamoru Niikura, Shin-ichi Miyoshi, Hye-Sook Kim
Parasitology International.2025; 109: 103093. CrossRef

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Antimalarial effect of synthetic endoperoxide on synchronized Plasmodium chabaudi infected mice: Nagwa S. M. Aly, Hiroaki Matsumori, Thi Quyen Dinh, Akira Sato, Shin-Ichi Miyoshi, Kyung-Soo Chang, Hak Sun Yu, Fumie Kobayashi, Hye-Sook Kim; Parasites Hosts Dis 2023;61(1):33-41.
Published online February 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.22119

Abstract
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The discovery of new antimalarial drugs can be developed using asynchronized Plasmodium berghei malaria parasites in vivo in mice. Studies on a particular stage are also required to assess the effectiveness and mode of action of drugs. In this report, we used endoperoxide 6-(1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro [7.11] nonadec-4-yl) hexan-1-ol (N-251) as a model antimalarial compound on P. chabaudi parasites. We examined the antimalarial effect of N-251 against ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich P. chabaudi parasites and asynchronized P. berghei parasites using the 4-day suppressive test. The ED₅₀ values were 27, 22, and 22 mg/kg, respectively, and the antimalarial activity of N-251 was verified in both rodent malaria parasites. To assess the stage-specific effect of N-251 in vivo, we evaluated the change of parasitemia and distribution of parasite stages using ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich P. chabaudi parasites with one-day drug administration for one life cycle. We discovered that the parasitemias decreased after 13 and 9 hours post-treatment in the ring-stage- and trophozoite-stage-rich groups, respectively. Additionally, in the ring-stage-rich N-251 treated group, the ring-stage parasites hindered trophozoite parasite development. For the trophozoite-stage-rich N-251 treated group, the distribution of the trophozoite stage was maintained without a change in parasitemia until 9 hours. Because of these findings, it can be concluded that N-251 suppressed the trophozoite stage but not the ring stage. We report for the first time that N-251 specifically suppresses the trophozoite stage using P. chabaudi in mice. The results show that P. chabaudi is a reliable model for the characterization of stage-specific antimalarial effects.

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The Importance of Murine Models in Determining In Vivo Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy in Antimalarial Drug Discovery
Glory Adebayo, Opeyemi I. Ayanda, Matthias Rottmann, Olusola S. Ajibaye, Gbolahan Oduselu, Julius Mulindwa, Olayinka O. Ajani, Oluwagbemiga Aina, Pascal Mäser, Ezekiel Adebiyi
Pharmaceuticals.2025; 18(3): 424. CrossRef
Evaluating the activity of N-89 as an oral antimalarial drug
Nagwa S. M. Aly, Hiroaki Matsumori, Thi Quyen Dinh, Akira Sato, Shin-ichi Miyoshi, Kyung-Soo Chang, Hak Sun Yu, Takaaki Kubota, Yuji Kurosaki, Duc Tuan Cao, Gehan A. Rashed, Hye-Sook Kim
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2023; 61(3): 282. CrossRef

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In Vitro Evaluation of Two Novel Antimalarial Derivatives of SKM13: SKM13-MeO and SKM13-F: Thuy-Tien Thi Trinh, Young-ah Kim, Hyelee Hong, Linh Thi Thuy Le, Hayoung Jang, Soon-Ai Kim, Hyun Park, Hak Sung Kim, Seon-Ju Yeo; Korean J Parasito 2022;60(6):401-407.
Published online December 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.6.401

Antimalarial drugs play an important role in the control and treatment of malaria, a deadly disease caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium spp. The development of novel antimalarial agents effective against drug-resistant malarial parasites is urgently needed. The novel derivatives, SKM13-MeO and SKM13-F, were designed based on an SKM13 template by replacing the phenyl group with electron-donating (-OMe) or electron-withdrawing groups (-F), respectively, to reverse the electron density. A colorimetric assay was used to quantify cytotoxicity, and in vitro inhibition assays were performed on 3 different blood stages (ring, trophozoite, and schizonts) of P. falciparum 3D7 and the ring/mixed stage of D6 strain after synchronization. The in vitro cytotoxicity analysis showed that 2 new SKM13 derivatives reduced the cytotoxicity of the SKM13 template. SKM13 maintained the IC₅₀ at the ring and trophozoite stages but not at the schizont stage. The IC₅₀ values for both the trophozoite stage of P. falciparum 3D7 and ring/mixed stages of D6 demonstrated that 2 SKM13 derivatives had decreased antimalarial efficacy, particularly for the SKM13-F derivative. SKM13 may be comparably effective in ring and trophozoite, and electron-donating groups (-OMe) may be better maintain the antimalarial activity than electron-withdrawing groups (-F) in SKM13 modification.

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Design, Synthesis and in vitro Evaluation of Primaquine and Diaminoquinazoline Hybrid Molecules Against the Malaria Parasite
Mukul Kore, Anjani G. Rao, Dimple Acharya, Shrikant S. Kirwale, Amritansh Bhanot, Abhishek Govekar, Ajeet Kumar Mohanty, Aniruddha Roy, Shruthi S. Vembar, Sandeep Sundriyal
Chemistry – An Asian Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of SAM13-2HCl with morpholine amide (SKM13 derivative) against antimalarial drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei infected ICR mice
Hyelee Hong, Kwonmo Moon, Thuy-Tien Thi Trinh, Tae-Hui Eom, Hyun Park, Hak Sung Kim, Seon-Ju Yeo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2024; 62(1): 42. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Comparative Assessment of Diagnostic Performance of Cytochrome Oxidase Multiplex PCR and 18S rRNA Nested PCR: Preeti Kumari, Swati Sinha, Renuka Gahtori, Afshana Quadiri, Paras Mahale, Deepali Savargaonkar, Veena Pande, Bina Srivastava, Himmat Singh, Anupkumar R Anvikar; Korean J Parasito 2022;60(4):295-299.
Published online August 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.295

Malaria elimination and control require prompt and accurate diagnosis for treatment plan. Since microscopy and rapid diagnostic test (RDT) are not sensitive particularly for diagnosing low parasitemia, highly sensitive diagnostic tools are required for accurate treatment. Molecular diagnosis of malaria is commonly carried out by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting 18S rRNA gene, while this technique involves long turnaround time and multiple steps leading to false positive results. To overcome these drawbacks, we compared highly sensitive cytochrome oxidase gene-based single-step multiplex reaction with 18S rRNA nested PCR. Cytochrome oxidase (cox) genes of P. falciparum (cox-III) and P. vivax (cox-I) were compared with 18S rRNA gene nested PCR and microscopy. Cox gene multiplex PCR was found to be highly specific and sensitive, enhancing the detection limit of mixed infections. Cox gene multiplex PCR showed a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97%. This approach can be used as an alternative diagnostic method as it offers higher diagnostic performance and is amenable to high throughput scaling up for a larger sample size at low cost.

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Therapeutic mucosal vaccination of herpes simplex virus type 2 infected guinea pigs with an adenovirus-based vaccine expressing the ribonucleotide reductase 2 and glycoprotein D induces local tissue-resident CD4+ and CD8+ TRM cells associated with protect
Afshana Quadiri, Swayam Prakash, Hawa Vahed, Jimmy Medhat Tadros, Miyo Sun, Kathy K. Hormi-Carver, Swena Jignesh Patel, Lbachir BenMohamed
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Validation of real-time PCR assays for detecting Plasmodium and Babesia DNA species in blood samples
Luz Helena Patiño, Sergio Castañeda, Milena Camargo, Li Yong Cao, Bernadette Liggayu, Alberto Paniz‐Mondolfi, Juan David Ramírez
Acta Tropica.2024; 258: 107350. CrossRef
Comparative Analysis of Multiplex/Semi-nested PCR and Microscopy for Accurate Human Malaria Species Diagnosis
Aram Khezri, Mehdi Nateghpour, Haleh Hanifian, Leila Farivar, Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Articles

An Evaluation of a New Quantitative Point-of Care Diagnostic to Measure Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity: Young Yil Bahk, Seong Kyu Ahn, Heung Jin Jeon, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung-Keun Lee, Ho-Joon Shin; Korean J Parasito 2022;60(4):281-288.
Published online August 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.4.281

Abstract
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Malaria continues to be one of the most crucial infectious burdens in endemic areas worldwide, as well as for travelers visiting malaria transmission regions. It has been reported that 8-aminoquinolines are effective against the Plasmodium species, particularly primaquine, for anti-hypnozoite therapy in P. vivax malaria. However, primaquine causes acute hemolytic anemia in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Therefore, G6PD deficiency testing should precede hypnozoite elimination with 8-aminoquinoline. Several point-of-care devices have been developed to detect G6PD deficiency. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of a novel, quantitative G6PD diagnostics based on a metagenomic blue fluorescent protein (mBFP). We comparatively evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the G6PD diagnostic modality with standard methods using 120 human whole blood samples. The G6PD deficiency was spectrophotometrically confirmed. The performance of the G6PD quantitative test kit was compared with that of a licensed control medical device, the G6PD strip. The G6PD quantitative test kit had a sensitivity of 95% (95% confidence interval (CI): 89.3-100%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI: 94.3-100%). This study shows that the novel diagnostic G6PD quantitative test kit could be a cost-effective and time-efficient, and universally mandated screening tool for G6PD deficiency.

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Performance of quantitative point-of-care tests to measure G6PD activity: An individual participant data meta-analysis
Arkasha Sadhewa, Ari Winasti Satyagraha, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Wondimagegn Adissu, Anup Anvikar, Germana Bancone, Praveen K. Bharti, Vinod K. Bhutani, Santasabuj Das, Muzamil Mahdi Abdel Hamid, Mohammad Sharif Hossain, Nitika Nitika, Bernard A. Okech, Ly
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2025; 19(3): e0012864. CrossRef
Utilization of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Test and the Prevalence of Enzyme Deficiency in Korea
Rihwa Choi, Wonseo Park, Gayoung Chun, Sang Gon Lee, Eun Hee Lee
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(9): 3179. CrossRef

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Malaria Endemicity in the Rural Communities of Ebonyi State, Nigeria: David Ekene Nwele, Ikechukwu Oliver Onyali, Milliam Okwudili Iwueze, Michael Okpara Elom, Ogbonna Elom Sabastian Uguru; Korean J Parasito 2022;60(3):173-179.
Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.3.173

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Malaria remains a global health threat. Approximately 97% of the population is at risk in sub-Saharan countries, particularly Nigeria. This study compared the performance of 2 diagnostic methods in assessing malaria endemicity in the rural communities of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A total of 1,140 study participants were screened for malaria parasite using Rapid Diagnostic Test kits (RDT) in the field, while thick and thin films for microscopy were examined in the laboratory. Our result showed that malaria prevalence was 56.8 by RDT and 38.6% by microscopic test. Age group under 10 years had the highest prevalence of 28.9% (RDT) and 23.6% (microscopy), respectively. The highest prevalence of 19.5% by RDT was recorded in Onicha Local Government Area, while the highest prevalence of 13.4% with microscopy was recorded in Ezza North Local Government Area. The sensitivity and specificity of microscopic examination were both 100%, while those of RDT were 95.5% and 75.9%, respectively.

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Subclinical Plasmodium spp. Infections in a Community Setting in Bangui, Central African Republic
Romaric Nzoumbou-Boko, Mireille Cornelia Ingrid Denissio Morissi Nalingbo, Brice Martial Yambiyo, Roger Detol, Ermeland Moussa, Didita Nalinga, Lydie Joella-Venus de la Grace Namsenei-Dankpea, Alexandre Manirakiza, Lawrence Ayong, Yap Boum
Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine.2025; Volume 16: 1. CrossRef
Explainable AI for enhanced accuracy in malaria diagnosis using ensemble machine learning models
Olushina Olawale Awe, Peter Njoroge Mwangi, Samuel Kotva Goudoungou, Ruth Victoria Esho, Olanrewaju Samuel Oyejide
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Ectoparasite species diversity and prevalence in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) within delta central senatorial district, Delta State, Nigeria

International Journal of Biosciences (IJB).2025; : 320. CrossRef
Analysis of fractional-order model for the transmission dynamics of malaria via Caputo–Fabrizio and Atangana–Baleanu operators
Benedict Celestine Agbata, Raimonda Dervishi, Mehmet Gümüş, Aseel Smerat, Godwin Christopher Ezike Mbah
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimated distribution of malaria cases among children in sub-Saharan Africa by specified age categories using data from the Global Burden of Diseases 2019
Olorunfemi A. Oshagbemi, Pedro Lopez-Romero, Cornelis Winnips, Katalin R. Csermak, Guoqin Su, Elodie Aubrun
Malaria Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

5,389 View
171 Download
4 Web of Science
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Prevalence of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency among Malaria Patients in Southern Thailand: 8 Years Retrospective Study: Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun, Supinya Thanapongpichat; Korean J Parasito 2022;60(1):15-23.
Published online February 23, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2022.60.1.15

Abstract
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Erythrocytes deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is more susceptible to oxidative damage from free radical derived compounds. The hemolysis triggered by oxidative agents such as primaquine (PQ) is used for the radical treatment of hypnozoites of P. vivax. Testing of G6PD screening before malaria treatment is not a common practice in Thailand, which poses patients at risk of hemolysis. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence of G6PD in malaria patients who live in Southern Thailand. Eight hundred eighty-one malaria patients were collected for 8-year from 2012 to 2019, including 785 (89.1%) of P. vivax, 61 (6.9%) of P. falciparum, 27 (3.1%) of P. knowlesi, and 8 (0.9%) of mixed infections. The DiaPlexC genotyping kit (Asian type) and PCR-RFLP were employed to determine the G6PD variants. The result showed that 5 different types of G6PD variants were identified in 26 cases (2.9%); 12/26 (46.2%) had Mahidol (487G>A) and 11/26 (42.3%) had Viangchan (871G>A) variants, while the rest had Kaiping (1388G>A), Union (1360C>T), and Mediterranean (563C>T) variants. G6PD Songklanagarind (196T>A) variant was not found in the study. Our result did not show a significant difference in the malaria parasite densities in patients between G6PD-deficient and G6PD-normal groups. According to our findings, testing G6PD deficiency and monitoring the potential PQ toxicity in patients who receive PQ are highly recommended.

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Prospective observational study to assess the feasibility and safety of appropriate Plasmodium vivax radical cure with tafenoquine or primaquine after quantitative G6PD testing during pilot implementation in Thailand
Prayuth Sudathip, Nardlada Khantikul, Aungkana Saejeng, Stephan Duparc, Penny Grewal Daumerie, Caroline Lynch, Elodie Jambert, Saowanee Viboonsanti, Darin Areechokchai, Jerdsuda Kanjanasuwan, Thannika Thong-ard, Panupong Kowsurat, Isabelle Borghini-Fuhrer
BMJ Global Health.2025; 10(4): e016720. CrossRef
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency induced hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia: a case report in a 7 -year-old female patient
Adalgisa Fastuca, Antonio Vergori, Giuseppe Robustelli, Chiara Piccolo, Maria Ragazzo, Maddalena Marinoni, Massimo Agosti
Italian Journal of Pediatrics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Human genetic variations conferring resistance to malaria
Xiaokun Zhang, Jie Wu, Yunxing Peng, Lan Luo, Lu Zhang, Xi Huang, Guoying Chen, Yirong Li, Haoan Yi
Journal of Translational Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants in Kachin, Myanmar
Zin Moon, Ja Moon Aung, Dorene VanBik, Hae Soo Yun, Sanghyun Lee, Sylvatrie-Danne Dinzouna-Boutamba, Zau Ring, Yeonchul Hong, Dong-Il Chung, Youn-Kyoung Goo
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases.2025; 63(4): 360. CrossRef
Hematological Indicators of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency in Malaria-Infected Individuals
Donia Zaid Hazem, Esraa Adel Mahmood, Anfal Saleh Mohammed
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences.2024; 20(1): 46. CrossRef
Single-Drop Blood Detection of Common G6PD Mutations in Thailand Based on Allele-Specific Recombinase Polymerase Amplification with CRISPR-Cas12a
Punchalee Mungkalasut, Pattaraporn Nimsamer, Poonlarp Cheepsunthorn, Sunchai Payungporn, Chalisa Louicharoen Cheepsunthorn
ACS Omega.2023; 8(47): 44733. CrossRef
Prevalence of G6PD deficiency and G6PD variants amongst the southern Thai population
Manit Nuinoon, Rungnapha Krithong, Suputcha Pramtong, Piyawit Sasuk, Chompunuch Ngeaiad, Sathanan Chaimusik, Jiraporn Kanboonma, Orawan Sarakul
PeerJ.2022; 10: e14208. CrossRef
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) genetic variations in Thai vivax malaria patients: Implications for 8-aminoquinoline radical cure
Kamonwan Chamchoy, Sirapapha Sudsumrit, Thanyapit Thita, Srivicha Krudsood, Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich, Usa Boonyuen, Paul O. Mireji
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.2022; 16(12): e0010986. CrossRef
Plasmodium vivax: the potential obstacles it presents to malaria elimination and eradication
Kassahun Habtamu, Beyene Petros, Guiyun Yan
Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Knowledge, Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Endemic Vivax Malaria in Inhabitants and Patients in Two Cities of Northern Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 2020: Young Yil Bahk, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sookkyung Park, Jeongran Kwon, Hyesu Kan, Miyoung Kim, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung Jong Hong, Hyung Wook Kwon, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasito 2021;59(6):595-605.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.595

Abstract
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An understanding of the knowledges, attitudes and perceptions of different populations is key for public health policy makers. Here, a survey was performed on knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions about malaria diagnosis, prevention, control, and treatment. The 407 survey participants included both uninfected inhabitants and patients from 2 cities (Gimpo- and Paju-si) of Northern Gyeonggi-do, known as high-risk areas for vivax malaria. We used community-based study design and non-probability sampling method using the primary data. Association between variables were tested using χ²-tests. In general, the information on malaria reported by the participants in this study was unsystematic and included inaccurate details. The knowledge of malaria symptoms, identified as headache, chills and fever, was high, but the surveyed community lacks knowledge of the specific medications used for malaria treatment, with a large number of respondents having no knowledge of any form of medication. Survey questions with high correct answer rates included questions about easy treatment of malaria in Korea, the high daytime activity of malaria-borne mosquitoes, and the infection risk posed by outdoor activities. However, a large portion of the respondents was unable to provide simple medical and biological information about the disease. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practical behavior of the surveyed community with respect to malaria and the implications reported here could be applicable to other malaria endemic areas in Korea.

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Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea: Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam; Korean J Parasito 2021;59(6):585-593.
Published online December 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.6.585

Abstract
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This study was done to provide an analytical overview on the latest malaria infection clusters by evaluating temporal trends during 2010-2019 in Korea. Incheon was the most likely cluster (MLC) for all cases of malaria during the total period. MLCs for P. falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale, and clinically diagnosed malaria without parasitological confirmation were Jeollanam-do, Incheon, Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangnam-do, and Jeollabuk-do, respectively. Malaria was decreasing in most significant clusters, but Gwangju showed an increase for all cases of malaria, P. vivax and clinically diagnosed cases. Malaria overall, P. falciparum and P. vivax seem to be under control thanks to aggressive health measures. This study might provide a sound scientific basis for future control measures against malaria in Korea.

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List of occupational diseases among farmers in Korea: a literature review
Hansoo Song, Seok-Ju Yoo, Won-Ju Park, Seunghyeon Cho, Ki Soo Park, Joo Hyun Sung, Sang Jin Park, Seong-yong Yoon, Kyeongsoo Kim, Dong-phil Choi, Hye-min Kim, Bounggyun Ju, Kanwoo Youn
Ann Occup Environ Med.2025; 37: e2. CrossRef
2024년 수도권역 말라리아 환자 및 군집사례 발생 현황
미정 고, 윤정 서, 현미 김, 경원 황
Public Health Weekly Report.2025; 18(47): 1867. CrossRef
Analysis of geometric morphometrics and molecular phylogeny for Anopheles species in the Republic of Korea
Jiseung Jeon, Heung Chul Kim, Terry A. Klein, Kwang Shik Choi
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Spatio‐temporal incidence of malaria patients in Incheon Metropolitan City
Jung‐A An, Jeong Hyeon Lee, MyungDeok Kim-Jeon, Sung‐Jong Hong, Hyung Wook Kwon
Entomological Research.2023; 53(12): 609. CrossRef

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Brief Communications

Awareness and Opinions of Inhabitants on Vivax Malaria in Two Endemic Areas, Gyeonggi-do, Korea: Young Yil Bahk, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung Jong Hong, Sung-Keun Lee, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasito 2021;59(5):513-518.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.513

Abstract
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The incidence of vivax malaria in Korea was reduced to a low plateau. For successful elimination of vivax malaria, socio-behavioral changes in the communities are essential. This study aimed to figure out awareness of the inhabitants on the vivax malaria endemicity. The 407 participants including vivax malaria patients and uninfected inhabitants in Gimpo- and Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do, known as high-risk areas in Korea. We used a community-based study design and non-probability sampling method using primary data. Except for the perception about the public health facilities’ capability to cope with anti-malaria programs, the 2 groups of participants shared the same level of awareness about public promotional and educational measures and opinions for malaria elimination from the community. Thus, our future goals for malaria prevention and elimination are to develop more active and well-organized community-based education and evaluation programs collaborating with the community healthcare authorities and local governments.

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An Epidemiological Analysis of 28 Vivax Malaria Cases in Gimpo-si, Korea, 2020: Young Yil Bahk, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Kyoung-Nam Kim, Eun-Hee Shin, Byoung-Hak Jeon, Jeong-Hyun Kim, Sookkyung Park, Jeongran Kwon, Hyesu Kan, Miyoung Kim, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasito 2021;59(5):507-512.
Published online October 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.5.507

Since 1993, vivax malaria has been recognized as a public health burden in Korea. Despite of pan-governmental malaria-control efforts and the dramatic reduction in the burden of this disease over the last 10 years, vivax malaria has not been well controlled and has remained continuously endemic. We focused interviewed and examined the charts of 28 confirmed vivax malaria patients given malarial therapy for whom daily records were kept from Gimpo-si, Gyeonggido of Korea. Various epidemiological characteristics of vivax malaria, including the incubation period, medication used, and recurrence, and an evaluation of the parasitic characteristics from the focused interviews of patients from this region are described here. Most of the participants indicated the 3 most common symptoms of malaria (headache, chills and fever). Of the 28 cases, 2 experienced a second attack and there were 17 and 11 cases with short- and long-term incubation periods, respectively, yielding a short-term to long-term ratio of 1.5. Based on the parasitemia stages, most of the participants were tested at 5 to 7 days (11 cases) and 7 to 15 days (11 cases) after initial wave of asexual parasites. In conclusion, public health authorities should consider developing management measures to decrease the time lag for diagnosis and drafting unified and robust guidelines for drug use for malaria and drawing up unified and robust guidelines on the use of medication for malaria. It also suggests that routine monitoring, surveillance, and precise medical surveys in high-risk vivax malaria endemic areas are pivotal to controlling this persistent public disease and finally eliminating it from Korea.

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Fine-Scale Spatial Prediction on the Risk of Plasmodium vivax Infection in the Republic of Korea
Kyung-Duk Min, Yae Jee Baek, Kyungwon Hwang, Na-Ri Shin, So-dam Lee, Hyesu Kan, Joon-Sup Yeom
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Utilization of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Test and the Prevalence of Enzyme Deficiency in Korea
Rihwa Choi, Wonseo Park, Gayoung Chun, Sang Gon Lee, Eun Hee Lee
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(9): 3179. CrossRef
Identification of breeding habitats and kdr mutations in Anopheles spp. in South Korea
Hyelee Hong, Tae-Hui Eom, Thuy-Tien Thi Trinh, Bao Duong Tuan, Hyun Park, Seon-Ju Yeo
Malaria Journal.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

5,487 View
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Seroprevalence of Plasmodium vivax Circumsporozoite Protein Antibody in High-Risk Malaria Areas in Korea: Jinyoung Lee, Kyoung Jin, Seong Kyu Ahn, Sung-Keun Lee, Hyung Wook Kwon, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasito 2021;59(4):415-419.
Published online August 18, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.4.415

The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of Plasmodium spp. is a diagnostic antigen and useful biomarker for monitoring short-term/seasonal changes to malaria transmission. Using P. vivax CSP antibody ELISA, epidemiological characteristics were analyzed in the residents of Ganghwa, Cheorwon, Paju, and Goseong from 2017 to 2018. In Ganghwa and Cheorwon, 1.6% and 1.2% of residents, respectively, were PvCSP-antibody-positive in 2018, which indicates a decrease of 0.4% in the positive rate compared to 2017. The annual parasite incidence (API) in Ganghwa and Cheorwon was 24.9 and 10.5 in 2017 and 20.3 and 10.7 in 2018, respectively. Although the changes were not significant, the API in Ganghwa decreased slightly by 4.5 in 2018 compared to the previous year. In Paju and Goseong, 3.9% and 2.0% of residents were positive for the PvCSP antibody. The API in Paju was 13.1 in 2017 and 16.0 in 2018, although no malaria patients were reported for the 2 years. Therefore, the results suggest that PvCSP is a useful antigen for confirming initial malaria infection. Additionally, considering that the antibody is relatively transient, it can be employed for sero-epidemiological studies to determine the extent of malaria transmission in the current year.

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Using Serological Markers for the Surveillance of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Scoping Review
Lejla Kartal, Ivo Mueller, Rhea J. Longley
Pathogens.2023; 12(6): 791. CrossRef
Mosquirix™ RTS, S/AS01 Vaccine Development, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy
Aroosa Younis Nadeem, Adeeb Shehzad, Salman Ul Islam, Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi, Young Sup Lee
Vaccines.2022; 10(5): 713. CrossRef
Serological responses to a soluble recombinant circumsporozoite protein-VK210 of Plasmodium vivax (rPvCSP-VK210) among Iranian malaria patients
Mehdi Nateghpour, Soudabeh Etemadi, Afsaneh Motevalli Haghi, Hamid Eslami, Mehdi Mohebali, Leila Farivar
European Journal of Medical Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

COVID-19 and Plasmodium ovale Malaria: A Rare Case of Co-Infection: Bilge Caglar, Ridvan Karaali, Ilker Inanc Balkan, Bilgul Mete, Gokhan Aygun; Korean J Parasito 2021;59(4):399-402.
Published online August 18, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.4.399

Abstract
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The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a major health problem worldwide. Timely diagnosis of co-infections mimicking COVID-19, such as malaria, might be challenging particularly in non-endemic areas. We report the first case of COVID-19 and Plasmodium ovale malaria co-infection from our region aiming to highligt the importance of travel history and prophylaxis in malaria management in the context of pandemic. The galloping sound can sometimes be a harbinger of zebra besides the horse.

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Optimal control analysis of a mathematical model of malaria and COVID-19 co-infection dynamics
Abou Bakari Diabaté, Boureima Sangaré, Ousmane Koutou
Journal of Biological Dynamics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Safety and Efficacy of Imatinib, Nilotinib, and Artesunate in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence
Ehsan Ghavimehr, Ali Zand, Seyed Ahmad SeyedAlinaghi, Amirali Karimi, Hamid Zaferani Arani, Pegah Mirzapour, Zahra Pashaei, Esmaeil Mehraeen, Omid Dadras
Anti-Infective Agents.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
COVID-19 and malaria co-infection: a systematic review of clinical outcomes in endemic areas
Amal H. Mohamed, Ebtihal Eltyeb, Badria Said, Raga Eltayeb, Abdullah Algaissi, Didier Hober, Abdulaziz H. Alhazmi
PeerJ.2024; 12: e17160. CrossRef
Effect of the second and third COVID-19 pandemic waves on routine outpatient malaria indicators and case management practices in Uganda: an interrupted time series analysis
Pius Mukisa, Freddy Eric Kitutu, Arthur Mpimbaza, Jaffer Okiring, Joan N. Kalyango, Joaniter I. Nankabirwa
Malaria Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Mixed infection with COVID-19 and tropical malaria (case report)
Dmitriy O. Efremov, Ainur R. Khuramshin, Sergey S. Кozlov, Nikolay I. Gulyaev
Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases.2023; 28(1): 53. CrossRef
Co-infection of COVID-19 and parasitic diseases: A systematic review
Fatemeh Nemati Zargaran, Mosayeb Rostamian, Sara Kooti, Hamid Madanchi, Keyghobad Ghadiri
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2023; 21: e00299. CrossRef
Clinical characteristics of malaria in COVID-19: A systematic review of case reports
Chandana Rayella, Praveen Devanandan, Kavitha Rasuri, Sai Sudha Yerravelly, Sanjana Andem, Ranadheer Chowdary Puvvada
Tropical Parasitology.2023; 13(1): 22. CrossRef
MIS-C and co-infection with P. vivax and P. falciparum in a child: a clinical conundrum
Michela Scalisi, Salvatore Giordano, Laura Antonella Canduscio, Maria Concetta Failla, Luca Messina, Elisa Sferrazza, Raffaella Rubino, Lucia Siracusa, Veronica Vanella, Antonio Cascio, Claudia Colomba
Italian Journal of Pediatrics.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Co-Infection with Plasmodium vivax and COVID-19 in Thailand
Parat Boonyarangka, Kittijarankon Phontham, Sabaithip Sriwichai, Kamonporn Poramathikul, Krit Harncharoenkul, Worachet Kuntawunginn, Napat Maneesrikhum, Sarayouth Srisawath, Chanida Seenuan, Chattakorn Thanyakait, Kanjana Inkabajan, Suda Pludpiem, Kingkan
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2022; 7(8): 145. CrossRef
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Qian Huang, Wen-Jie Xu, Xiao-Xiao Wang, Xuan Zhang, Ke-Nu Pan, Jia-Qi Zhang, Hua-Liang Chen, Wei Ruan, Li-Nong Yao
Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The striking mimics between COVID-19 and malaria: A review
Emadeldin Hassan E. Konozy, Makarim El-fadil M. Osman, George Ghartey-Kwansah, Hind Mohamed Abushama
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Original Article

Performance Evaluation of Biozentech Malaria Scanner in Plasmodium knowlesi and P. falciparum as a New Diagnostic Tool: Egy Rahman Firdaus, Ji-Hoon Park, Fauzi Muh, Seong-Kyun Lee, Jin-Hee Han, Chae-Seung Lim, Sung-Hun Na, Won Sun Park, Jeong-Hyun Park, Eun-Taek Han; Korean J Parasito 2021;59(2):113-119.
Published online April 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.2.113

Abstract
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The computer vision diagnostic approach currently generates several malaria diagnostic tools. It enhances the accessible and straightforward diagnostics that necessary for clinics and health centers in malaria-endemic areas. A new computer malaria diagnostics tool called the malaria scanner was used to investigate living malaria parasites with easy sample preparation, fast and user-friendly. The cultured Plasmodium parasites were used to confirm the sensitivity of this technique then compared to fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and light microscopic examination. The measured percentage of parasitemia by the malaria scanner revealed higher precision than microscopy and was similar to FACS. The coefficients of variation of this technique were 1.2-6.7% for Plasmodium knowlesi and 0.3-4.8% for P. falciparum. It allowed determining parasitemia levels of 0.1% or higher, with coefficient of variation smaller than 10%. In terms of the precision range of parasitemia, both high and low ranges showed similar precision results. Pearson’s correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation data coming from all methods. A strong correlation of measured parasitemia (r²=0.99, P<0.05) was observed between each method. The parasitemia analysis using this new diagnostic tool needs technical improvement, particularly in the differentiation of malaria species.

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In-depth biological analysis of alteration in Plasmodium knowlesi-infected red blood cells using a noninvasive optical imaging technique
Moh Egy Rahman Firdaus, Fauzi Muh, Ji-Hoon Park, Seong-Kyun Lee, Sung-Hun Na, Won-Sun Park, Kwon-Soo Ha, Jin-Hee Han, Eun-Taek Han
Parasites & Vectors.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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2 Web of Science
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Brief Communication

Clinical Usefulness of LabChip Real-time PCR using Lab-On-a-Chip Technology for Diagnosing Malaria: Jeeyong Kim, Da Hye Lim, Do-CiC Mihn, Jeonghun Nam, Woong Sik Jang, Chae Seung Lim; Korean J Parasito 2021;59(1):77-82.
Published online February 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2021.59.1.77

Abstract
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As malaria remains a major health problem worldwide, various diagnostic tests have been developed, including microscopy-based and rapid diagnostic tests. LabChip real-time PCR (LRP) is a small and portable device used to diagnose malaria using lab-on-a-chip technology. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of LRP for detecting malaria parasites. Two hundred thirteen patients and 150 healthy individuals were enrolled from May 2009 to October 2015. A diagnostic detectability of LRP for malaria parasites was compared to that of conventional RT-PCR. Sensitivity of LRP for Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale was 95.5%, 96.0%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Specificity of LRP for P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale was 100%, 99.3%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Cohen’s Kappa coefficients between LRP and CFX96 for detecting P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale were 0.96, 0.98, 1.00, and 1.00, respectively. Significant difference was not observed between the results of LRP and conventional RT-PCR and microscopic examination. A time required to amplify DNAs using LRP and conventional RT-PCR was 27 min and 86 min, respectively. LRP amplified DNAs 2 times more fast than conventional RT-PCR due to the faster heat transfer. Therefore, LRP could be employed as a useful tool for detecting malaria parasites in clinical laboratories.

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Current Trends in Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria: A Review
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Original Articles

Surveillance on the Vivax Malaria in Endemic Areas in the Republic of Korea Based on Molecular and Serological Analyses: Seong-Kyun Lee, Fengyue Hu, Egy Rahman Firdaus, Ji-Hoon Park, Jin-Hee Han, Sang-Eun Lee, Hyun-Il Shin, Shin Hyeong Cho, Won Sun Park, Feng Lu, Eun-Taek Han; Korean J Parasito 2020;58(6):609-617.
Published online December 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.609

Abstract
PDF

Plasmodium vivax reemerged in 1993. It has been sustained for more than 25 years and become one of the important indigenous parasitic diseases in northern and western parts of the Republic of Korea near the demilitarized zone. In particular, relapse is a significant concern for the control of malaria, as short- and long-term incubation periods vary among those infected in Korea. In this study, the prevalence of asymptomatic carriers was examined among residents of high endemic areas of vivax malaria during nonseasonal transmission of mosquitoes. Blood samples from 3 endemic regions in northwestern Korea were evaluated by microscopic examination, rapid diagnostic testing, and nested PCR to identify asymptomatic patients carrying malaria parasites in the community. However, no positive malaria case among residents of endemic areas was detected. Additionally, serological analysis was carried out to measure antibodies against 3 antigenic recombinant proteins of P. vivax, merozoite surface protein 1-19, circumsporozoite surface protein-VK210, and liver-stage antigen (PvLSA-N), by the protein array method. Interestingly, seropositivity of sera between previous exposure and samples without exposure to malaria was significantly higher using the PvLSA-N antigen than the other antigens, suggesting that PvLSA-N can be used as a serological marker to analyze the degree of exposure for malaria transmission in endemic areas. This indicates a very low asymptomatic carrier prevalence during the nonmalaria season in the endemic areas of Korea.

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A region-structured model for early warning of Plasmodium vivax malaria transmission risk in the Republic of Korea
Boyeon Kim, Jung Ho Kim, Jeehyun Lee, Joon-Sup Yeom
Journal of Infection and Public Health.2025; 18(3): 102665. CrossRef
Development of a Plasmodium vivax malaria model for evaluating the effects of control strategies on the malaria burden in Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Hye Seong, Jiyeon Suh, Jun Yong Choi, Jeehyun Lee, Joon-Sup Yeom
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Using Serological Markers for the Surveillance of Plasmodium vivax Malaria: A Scoping Review
Lejla Kartal, Ivo Mueller, Rhea J. Longley
Pathogens.2023; 12(6): 791. CrossRef
Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea
Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 585. CrossRef

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Spatiotemporal Trends of Malaria in Relation to Economic Development and Cross-Border Movement along the China?Myanmar Border in Yunnan Province: Xiaotao Zhao, Weerapong Thanapongtharm, Siam Lawawirojwong, Chun Wei, Yerong Tang, Yaowu Zhou, Xiaodong Sun, Jestumon Sattabongkot, Jaranit Kaewkungwal; Korean J Parasito 2020;58(3):267-278.
Published online June 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.3.267

Abstract
PDF

The heterogeneity and complexity of malaria involves political and natural environments, socioeconomic development, cross-border movement, and vector biology; factors that cannot be changed in a short time. This study aimed to assess the impact of economic growth and cross-border movement, toward elimination of malaria in Yunnan Province during its pre-elimination phase. Malaria data during 2011-2016 were extracted from 18 counties of Yunnan and from 7 villages, 11 displaced person camps of the Kachin Special Region II of Myanmar. Data of per-capita gross domestic product (GDP) were obtained from Yunnan Bureau of Statistics. Data were analyzed and mapped to determine spatiotemporal heterogeneity at county and village levels. There were a total 2,117 malaria cases with 85.2% imported cases; most imported cases came from Myanmar (78.5%). Along the demarcation line, malaria incidence rates in villages/camps in Myanmar were significantly higher than those of the neighboring villages in China. The spatial and temporal trends suggested that increasing per-capita GDP may have an indirect effect on the reduction of malaria cases when observed at macro level; however, malaria persists owing to complex, multi-faceted factors including poverty at individual level and cross-border movement of the workforce. In moving toward malaria elimination, despite economic growth, cooperative efforts with neighboring countries are critical to interrupt local transmission and prevent reintroduction of malaria via imported cases. Cross-border workers should be educated in preventive measures through effective behavior change communication, and investment is needed in active surveillance systems and novel diagnostic and treatment services during the elimination phase.

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Yun Feng, Qin-yu Gou, Wei-hong Yang, Wei-chen Wu, Juan Wang, Edward C Holmes, Guodong Liang, Mang Shi
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Ning Wu
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Effectiveness of indoor residual spraying on malaria control: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Jian-Wei Xu, Dao-Wei Deng, Chun Wei, Xing-Wu Zhou, Jian-Xiong Li
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Diagnostic Performance of Three Rapid Diagnostic Test Kits for Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum: Seo Hye Park, Seung Jegal, Seong Kyu Ahn, Haneul Jung, Jinyoung Lee, Byoung-Kuk Na, Sung-Jong Hong, Young Yil Bahk, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasito 2020;58(2):147-152.
Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.147

Abstract
PDF

Malaria is a potent burden on public healthcare worldwide due to requiring rapid diagnosis and treatment. Nowadays, prompt diagnosis with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) has been widely accepted as an effective diagnostic technique in malaria-endemic countries, primarily due to their easy operation, fast output, and straightforward interpretation. The global availability and use of RDTs have gradually grown over recent decades as field-applicable diagnostic tests for the reliable confirmation of malaria infection and proper case management. This study was conducted to evaluate diagnostic performance of 3 commercially available malaria RDT kits : BIOCREDIT^TM Malaria Ag Pf(pLDH), Malaria Ag Pf(pLDH/pHRPII), and Malaria Ag Pf/Pv(pLDH/pLDH) (where pLDH and pHRPII stand for plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase and histidine-rich protein 2, respectively) for the specific detection of Plasmodium falciparum. A total of 1,129 blood samples including 95 blood samples, confirmed as vivax malaria infection by microscopic examinations and a nested-PCR method, were tested for falciparum malaria infection. The overall sensitivity and specificity of Malaria Ag Pf(pLDH/pHRPII), Malaria Ag Pf/Pv(pLDH/pLDH), and Pf(pLDH) for P. falciparum were 99.0% and 100%, 95.8% and 100%, and 100% and 100%, respectively. It is proposed that the 3 RDT kits perform reliable level of diagnostic accuracy of detection for P. falciparum parasites.

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Babacar Souleymane Sambe, Stephanie Zobrist, William Sheahan, Divya Soni, Aissatou Diagne, Ibrahima Sarr, Arona Sabene Diatta, Serigne Ousmane Mbacke Diaw, Allison Golden, Hannah Slater, Ihn Kyung Jang, Nerie Roa, Sampa Pal, Fatoumata Diene Sarr, Joseph F
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Performance of BIOCREDIT Pf/Pv lactate dehydrogenase-based malaria rapid diagnostic test among pregnant women with suspected malaria infection in Bahir Dar City Administration, northwest Ethiopia
Banchamlak Tegegne, Endalkachew Nibret, Abaineh Munshea, Mekonnen Teferi, Mulat Yimer, Getaneh Alemu, Delenasaw Yewhalaw, Dylan R. Pillai, Samuel Kofi Tchum
PLOS One.2025; 20(5): e0322362. CrossRef
Assessment of the Performance of Lactate Dehydrogenase-Based Rapid Diagnostic Test for Malaria in Djibouti in 2022–2023
Rahma Abdi Moussa, Nasserdine Papa Mze, Houssein Yonis Arreh, Aicha Abdillahi Hamoud, Kahiya Mohamed Alaleh, Fatouma Mohamed Aden, Abdoul-Razak Yonis Omar, Warsama Osman Abdi, Samatar Kayad Guelleh, Abdoul-Ilah Ahmed Abdi, Leonardo K. Basco, Bouh Abdi Kha
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Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests: Literary Review and Recommendation for a Quality Assurance, Quality Control Algorithm
Michael J. Kavanaugh, Steven E. Azzam, David M. Rockabrand
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Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea
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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 585. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Diagnosis and Molecular Analysis on Imported Plasmodium ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri Malaria Cases from West and South Africa during 2013-2016: Hyun-Il Shin, Bora Ku, Yu Jung Kim, Tae Yun Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee; Korean J Parasito 2020;58(1):61-65.
Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.1.61

Abstract
PDF

Majority of the imported malaria cases in Korea is attributed to Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax infections, whereas P. malariae and P. ovale infections are very rare. Falciparum and ovale malaria are mostly imported from Africa, while most of the vivax malaria cases are imported from Southeast Asia. Here, we report 6 Korean imported ovale malaria cases (4 males and 2 females) who had visited in Africa during 2013-2016. These subjects were diagnosed with P. ovale based on microscopic findings, Plasmodium species-specific nested-PCR, and phylogenetic clade using 18S rRNA gene sequences. We identified 2 P. ovale subtypes, 1 P. ovale curtisi (classic type) and 5 P. ovale wallikeri (variant type). All patients were treated with chloroquine and primaquine, and no relapse or recrudescence was reported for 1 year after treatment. With increase of travelers to the countries where existing Plasmodium species, the risk of Plasmodium infection is also increasing. Molecular monitoring for imported malaria parasites should be rigorously and continuously performed to enable diagnosis and certification of Plasmodium spp.

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Adriana de Oliveira Fernandes, Valéria Vieira Moura Paixão, Yria Jaine Andrade Santos, Eduardo Borba Alves, Ricardo Pereira Rodrigues, Daniela Aparecida Chagas-Paula, Aurélia Santos Faraoni, Rosana Casoti, Marcus Vinicius de Aragão Batista, Marcel Bermude
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Elevated plasma α1-antichymotrypsin is a biomarker candidate for malaria patients
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BMB Reports.2022; 55(11): 571. CrossRef
Recent Spatial and Temporal Trends of Malaria in Korea
Yeong Hoon Kim, Hye-Jin Ahn, Dongjae Kim, Sung-Jong Hong, Tong-Soo Kim, Ho-Woo Nam
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(6): 585. CrossRef

7,051 View
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Original Article

Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax in Clinical Isolates from Southern Thailand using PvMSP1, PvMSP3 (PvMSP3α, PvMSP3β) Genes and Eight Microsatellite Markers: Supinya Thanapongpichat, Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun; Korean J Parasito 2019;57(5):469-479.
Published online October 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.469

Abstract
PDF

Plasmodium vivax is usually considered morbidity in endemic areas of Asia, Central and South America, and some part of Africa. In Thailand, previous studies indicated the genetic diversity of P. vivax in malaria-endemic regions such as the western part of Thailand bordering with Myanmar. The
objective
of the study is to investigate the genetic diversity of P. vivax circulating in Southern Thailand by using 3 antigenic markers and 8 microsatellite markers. Dried blood spots were collected from Chumphon, Phang Nga, Ranong and, Surat Thani provinces of Thailand. By PCR, 3 distinct sizes of PvMSP3α, 2 sizes of PvMSP3β and 2 sizes of PvMSP1 F2 were detected based on the length of PCR products, respectively. PCR/RFLP analyses of these antigen genes revealed high levels of genetic diversity. The genotyping of 8 microsatellite loci showed high genetic diversity as indicated by high alleles per locus and high expected heterozygosity (H_E). The genotyping markers also showed multiple-clones of infection. Mixed genotypes were detected in 4.8% of PvMSP3α, 29.1% in PvMSP3β and 55.3% of microsatellite markers. These results showed that there was high genetic diversity of P. vivax isolated from Southern Thailand, indicating that the genetic diversity of P. vivax in this region was comparable to those observed other areas of Thailand.

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Genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from Honduras in the malaria elimination phase
Alejandro Zamora, Alejandra Pinto, Denis Escobar, Hugo O. Valdivia, Lesly Chaver, Gloria Ardón, Erick Carranza, Gustavo Fontecha
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2025; 7: 100230. CrossRef
Genetic Structure of Introduced Plasmodium vivax Malaria Isolates in Greece, 2015–2019
Ioanna Spiliopoulou, Danai Pervanidou, Nikolaos Tegos, Maria Tseroni, Agoritsa Baka, Annita Vakali, Chrisovaladou-Niki Kefaloudi, Vasilios Papavasilopoulos, Anastasia Mpimpa, Eleni Patsoula
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2024; 9(5): 102. CrossRef
Asymptomatic Malaria Reservoirs in Honduras: A Challenge for Elimination
Sharon Banegas, Denis Escobar, Alejandra Pinto, Marcela Moncada, Gabriela Matamoros, Hugo O. Valdivia, Allan Reyes, Gustavo Fontecha
Pathogens.2024; 13(7): 541. CrossRef
Distinct Allelic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein 3-Alpha (PvMSP-3α) Gene in Thailand Using PCR-RFLP
Kanyanan Kritsiriwuthinan, Warunee Ngrenngarmlert, Rapatbhorn Patrapuvich, Supaksajee Phuagthong, Kantima Choosang, Jianbing Mu
Journal of Tropical Medicine.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Field Isolates from the Thai–Myanmar Border during the Period of 2006–2016
Abdifatah Abdullahi Jalei, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Kesara Na-Bangchang
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2023; 8(4): 210. CrossRef
Genetic diversity and molecular evolution of Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein and Merozoite Surface Protein-1 in northwestern Thailand
Parsakorn Tapaopong, Gustavo da Silva, Sittinont Chainarin, Chayanut Suansomjit, Khajohnpong Manopwisedjaroen, Liwang Cui, Cristian Koepfli, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Wang Nguitragool
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2023; 113: 105467. CrossRef
Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Merozoite Surface Protein-3 Alpha and Beta from Diverse Geographic Areas of Thailand
Jiraporn Kuesap, Kanchana Rungsihirunrat, Wanna Chaijaroenkul, Mathirut Mungthin
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases.2022; 75(3): 241. CrossRef
Prevalence of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency among Malaria Patients in Southern Thailand: 8 Years Retrospective Study
Thunchanok Khammanee, Nongyao Sawangjaroen, Hansuk Buncherd, Aung Win Tun, Supinya Thanapongpichat
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2022; 60(1): 15. CrossRef
PvMSP-3α and PvMSP-3β genotyping reveals higher genetic diversity in Plasmodium vivax parasites from migrant workers than residents at the China-Myanmar border
Xiaosong Li, Yao Bai, Yanrui Wu, Weilin Zeng, Zheng Xiang, Hui Zhao, Wei Zhao, Xi Chen, Mengxi Duan, Xun Wang, Wenya Zhu, Kemin Sun, Yiman Wu, Yanmei Zhang, Yucheng Qin, Benjamin M. Rosenthal, Liwang Cui, Zhaoqing Yang
Infection, Genetics and Evolution.2022; 106: 105387. CrossRef
Genetic characterization of Plasmodium vivax isolates from Pakistan using circumsporozoite protein (pvcsp) and merozoite surface protein-1 (pvmsp-1) genes as genetic markers
Zainab Bibi, Anam Fatima, Rehana Rani, Ayesha Maqbool, Samea Khan, Shumaila Naz, Shahid Waseem
Malaria Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

Subcapsular Splenic Hemorrhage in Vivax Malaria: Jae Hyoung Im, Moon-Hyun Chung, Areum Durey, Jin-Soo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Hea Yoon Kwon, Ji Hyeon Baek; Korean J Parasito 2019;57(4):405-409.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.405

Abstract
PDF

In malaria, splenic rupture is a serious complication potentially leading to death. Subcapsular hemorrhage of spleen is thought to be an impending sign of splenic rupture; however, the characteristics of subcapsular hemorrhage are not well known. We report 3 cases of subcapsular hemorrhage of the spleen in vivax malaria, with varying degrees of severity. Case 1 showed subcapsular hemorrhage without splenic rupture, was treated by antimalarial drug without any procedure. The healing process of the patient's spleen was monitored through 6 computed tomography follow-up examinations, over 118 days. Case 2 presented subcapsular hemorrhage with splenic rupture, treated only with an antimalarial drug. Case 3 showed subcapsular hemorrhage with splenic rupture and hypotension, treated using splenic artery embolization. They all recovered from subcapsular hemorrhage without any other complications. These 3 cases reveal the process of subcapsular hemorrhage leading to rupture and a potentially fatal outcome. The treatment plan of subcapsular hemorrhage should be determined carefully considering the vital signs, changes in hemoglobin, and bleeding tendency.

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Mini Review

Current Status of Parasite Infections in Indonesia: A Literature Review: Juyoung Lee, Jae-Sook Ryu; Korean J Parasito 2019;57(4):329-339.
Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.329

Abstract
PDF

Indonesia and South Korea have become inseparable in various respects since the 2 countries established diplomatic relation in 1973. Indonesia is a tropical region that stretches across the equator, comprised of 5 main islands (Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Papua) and 4 archipelagoes (Riau, Bangka Belitung, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku). As most population of Eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi, Papua and Nusa Tenggara & Maluku) live in poor areas, it is expected that there will be many parasites. Nevertheless, little is known about the status of parasites in Indonesia. This study examines the prevalences of malaria and lymphatic filaria, which are prevalent in Indonesia, as well as those of soil-transmitted-helminths (STH). As a result, the Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax case loads are almost equal. The current prevalence of P. vivax is uniformly low (<5%) in all age groups and annual parasite incidence (API) showed decreasing tendency as 0.84 per 1,000 population in 2016. However, more than 65 million people still live in malaria epidemic regions. Lymphatic filariasis remains an important public health problem and 236 cities were classified as endemic areas in 514 cities/districts in 2017. It is difficult to ascertain the current prevalence rate of STH in Indonesia, although West Sumba and Southwest Sumba in East Nusa Tenggara reported prevalence rate of more than 20%. The study also considers the (sero) prevalences of other parasites identified in Indonesia. This report should be useful not only to parasitologists but also to travelers and people with business in Indonesia.

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Hamzah Hasyim, Heni Marini, Misnaniarti Misnaniarti, Rostika Flora, Iche Andriyani Liberty, Ahmed Elagali, Hartoni Hartoni, Fadhilah Eka Maharani
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U Cahyaningsih, S Sa’diah, W Syafii, R K Sari, A J Maring, A B Nugraha
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Original Articles

Malaria Prevalence in a Low Transmission Area, Jazan District of Southwestern Saudi Arabia: Yousry Hawash, Khadiga Ismail, Khalaf Alsharif, Walaa Alsanie; Korean J Parasito 2019;57(3):233-242.
Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.3.233

Abstract
PDF

Detailed description of malaria in low transmission areas is crucial for elimination. The current study aimed to provide a comprehensive description for malaria transmission in Jazan, a low transmission district, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Patients at a tertiary care hospital were recruited in our study between August 2016 and September 2018. Malaria diagnosis was performed through a species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR), microscopy and Paramax-3^TM rapid detection test (RDT). Malaria was detected in 30 patients by the PCR, with point prevalence of 10.9%. Of these malaria infections, 80% was imported, 26.6% was asymptomatic and 23.3% was sub-microscopic. Malaria was reported throughout the year, with February/March and September/October peaks. Infection was significantly more in males than in females (P=0.01). Likewise, infections were detected more in febrile than in non-febrile patients (P=0.01). Adult aged 15-24 years, fever and travel were identified as high-risk factors. Malaria was primarily attributed to Plasmodium falciparum mono-infections, followed by P. vivax mono-infections and lastly to falciparum/vivax mixed infections accounting 76.6%, 16.6%, and 6.6% of PCR-confirmed malaria cases, respectively. The nested PCR was superior to the smear microscopy (sensitivity 76.6%; specificity 100%) and the RDT (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 94.2%). The overall percent agreement between microscopy and the RDT was 92.7% (kappa=0.63). High proportion of imported malaria including sub-microscopic and sub-patent cases were described. We suggest that incorporation of molecular tool into the conventional malaria diagnosis is beneficial in Jazan district.

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Induction of Angiogenesis by Malarial Infection through Hypoxia Dependent Manner: Mi-Kyung Park, Eun-Ji Ko, Kyung-Yoon Jeon, Hyunsu Kim, Jin-Ok Jo, Kyung-Wan Baek, Yun-Jeong Kang, Yung Hyun Choi, Yeonchul Hong, Mee Sun Ock, Hee-Jae Cha; Korean J Parasito 2019;57(2):117-125.
Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2019.57.2.117

Abstract
PDF

Malarial infection induces tissue hypoxia in the host through destruction of red blood cells. Tissue hypoxia in malarial infection may increase the activity of HIF1α through an intracellular oxygen-sensing pathway. Activation of HIF1α may also induce vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to trigger angiogenesis. To investigate whether malarial infection actually generates hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, we analyzed severity of hypoxia, the expression of hypoxia-related angiogenic factors, and numbers of blood vessels in various tissues infected with Plasmodium berghei. Infection in mice was performed by intraperitoneal injection of 2×106 parasitized red blood cells. After infection, we studied parasitemia and survival. We analyzed hypoxia, numbers of blood vessels, and expression of hypoxia-related angiogenic factors including VEGF and HIF1α. We used Western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry to analyze various tissues from Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. In malaria-infected mice, parasitemia was increased over the duration of infection and directly associated with mortality rate. Expression of VEGF and HIF1α increased with the parasitemia in various tissues. Additionally, numbers of blood vessels significantly increased in each tissue type of the malaria-infected group compared to the uninfected control group. These results suggest that malarial infection in mice activates hypoxia-induced angiogenesis by stimulation of HIF1α and VEGF in various tissues.

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Characterization of Plasmodium berghei Homologues of T-cell Immunomodulatory Protein as a New Potential Candidate for Protecting against Experimental Cerebral Malaria: Ai Cui, Yucen Li, Xia Zhou, Lin Wang, Enjie Luo; Korean J Parasito 2019;57(2):101-115.
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The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is biologically complex and involves multi-factorial mechanisms such as microvascular congestion, immunopathology by the pro-inflammatory cytokine and endothelial dysfunction. Recent data have suggested that a pleiotropic T-cell immunomodulatory protein (TIP) could effectively mediate inflammatory cytokines of mammalian immune response against acute graft-versus-host disease in animal models. In this study, we identified a conserved homologue of TIP in Plasmodium berghei (PbTIP) as a membrane protein in Plasmodium asexual stage. Compared with PBS control group, the pathology of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in rPbTIP intravenous injection (i.v.) group was alleviated by the downregulation of pro-inflammatory responses, and rPbTIP i.v. group elicited an expansion of regulatory T-cell response. Therefore, rPbTIP i.v. group displayed less severe brain pathology and feverish mice in rPbTIP i.v. group died from ECM. This study suggested that PbTIP may be a novel promising target to alleviate the severity of ECM.

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Brief Communication

An Evaluation of Active Case Detection in Malaria Control Program in Kiyuni Parish of Kyankwanzi District, Uganda: Young Yil Bahk, Pyo Yun Cho, Seong Kyu Ahn, Woo-Joo Lee, Tong-Soo Kim, Working Groups in ChildFund Korea , Uganda; Korean J Parasito 2018;56(6):625-632.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.625

Abstract
PDF

Malaria remains one of the leading health burdens in the developing world, especially in several sub-Saharan Africa countries; and Uganda has some of the highest recorded measures of malaria transmission intensity in the world. It is evident that the prevalence of malaria infection, the incidence of disease, and mortality from severe malaria remain very high in Uganda. Although the recent stable political and economic situation in the last few decades in Uganda supported for a fairly good appreciation of malaria control, the declines in infection, morbidity, and mortality are not sufficient to interrupt transmission and this country is among the top 4 countries with cases of malaria, especially among children under 5 years of age. In fact, Uganda, which is endemic in over 95% of the country, is a representative of challenges facing malaria control in Africa. In this study, we evaluated an active case detection program in 6 randomly selected villages, Uganda. This program covered a potential target population of 5,017 individuals. Our team screened 12,257 samples of malaria by active case detection, every 4 months, from February 2015 to January 2017 in the 6 villages (a total of 6 times). This study assessed the perceptions and practices on malaria control in Kiyuni Parish of Kyankwanzi district, Uganda. Our study presents that the incidence of malaria is sustained high despite efforts to scale-up and improve the use of LLINs and access to ACDs, based on the average incidence confirmed by RDTs.

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Mini Review

Epidemiological Characteristics of Re-emerging Vivax Malaria in the Republic of Korea (1993-2017): Young Yil Bahk, Hyeong-Woo Lee, Byoung-Kuk Na, Jeonga Kim, Kyoung Jin, Yeong Seon Hong, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasito 2018;56(6):531-543.
Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.6.531

Abstract
PDF

Historically, Plasmodium vivax malaria has been one of the most highly endemic parasitic diseases in the Korean Peninsula. Until the 1970s, vivax malaria was rarely directly lethal and was controlled through the Korean Government Program administered by the National Malaria Eradication Service in association with the World Health Organization’s Global Malaria Eradication Program. Vivax malaria has re-emerged in 1993 near the Demilitarized Zone between South and North Korea and has since become an endemic infectious disease that now poses a serious public health threat through local transmission in the Republic of Korea. This review presents major lessons learned from past and current malaria research, including epidemiological and biological characteristics of the re-emergent disease, and considers some interesting patterns of diversity. Among other features, this review highlights temporal changes in the genetic make-up of the parasitic population, patient demographic features, and spatial distribution of cases, which all provide insight into the factors contributing to local transmission. The data indicate that vivax malaria in Korea is not expanding expo- nentially. However, continued surveillance is needed to prevent future resurgence.

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The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2021; 59(5): 513. CrossRef
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Original Articles

Comparative Assessment of Diagnostic Performances of Two Commercial Rapid Diagnostic Test Kits for Detection of Plasmodium spp. in Ugandan Patients with Malaria: Young Yil Bahk, Seo Hye Park, Woojoo Lee, Kyoung Jin, Seong Kyu Ahn, Byoung-Kuk Na, Tong-Soo Kim; Korean J Parasito 2018;56(5):447-452.
Published online October 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.5.447

Abstract
PDF

Prompt diagnosis of malaria cases with rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) has been widely adopted as an effective malaria diagnostic tool in many malaria endemic countries, primarily due to their easy operation, fast result output, and straightforward interpretation. However, there has been controversy about the diagnostic accuracy of RDTs. This study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performances of the 2 commercially available malaria RDT kits, RapiGEN Malaria Ag Pf/Pv (pLDH/pLDH) and Asan EasyTestTM Malaria Ag Pf/Pv (HRP-2/pLDH) for their abilities to detect Plasmodium species in blood samples collected from Ugandan patients with malaria. To evaluate the diagnostic performances of these 2 RDT kits, 229 blood samples were tested for malaria infection by microscopic examination and a species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction. The detection sensitivities for P. falciparum of Malaria Ag Pf/Pv (pLDH/pLDH) and Asan EasyTestTM Malaria Ag Pf/Pv (HRP-2/pLDH) were 87.83% and 89.57%, respectively. The specificities of the 2 RDTs were 100% for P. falciparum and mixed P. falciparum/P. vivax infections. These results suggest that the 2 RDT kits showed reasonable levels of diagnostic performances for detection of the malaria parasites from Ugandan patients. However, neither kit could effectively detect P. falciparum infections with low parasitaemia (<500 parasites/μl).

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Performance of BIOCREDIT Pf/Pv lactate dehydrogenase-based malaria rapid diagnostic test among pregnant women with suspected malaria infection in Bahir Dar City Administration, northwest Ethiopia
Banchamlak Tegegne, Endalkachew Nibret, Abaineh Munshea, Mekonnen Teferi, Mulat Yimer, Getaneh Alemu, Delenasaw Yewhalaw, Dylan R. Pillai, Samuel Kofi Tchum
PLOS One.2025; 20(5): e0322362. CrossRef
Performance of a Novel P. falciparum Rapid Diagnostic Test in Areas of Widespread hrp2/3 Gene Deletion
Aynalem Mandefro, Xavier C Ding, Jocelyn Farge, Gezahegn Solomon Alemayehu, Geletta Tadele, Bacha Mekonen, Yirgalem Gebrehiwot, Nega Berhe, Berhanu Erko, Hannah C Slater, Greg T Bizilj, Rebecca Barney, Allison Golden, Gonzalo J Domingo, Lemu Golassa
Clinical Infectious Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Performance and usability evaluation of three LDH-based malaria rapid diagnostic tests in Kédougou, Senegal
Babacar Souleymane Sambe, Stephanie Zobrist, William Sheahan, Divya Soni, Aissatou Diagne, Ibrahima Sarr, Arona Sabene Diatta, Serigne Ousmane Mbacke Diaw, Allison Golden, Hannah Slater, Ihn Kyung Jang, Nerie Roa, Sampa Pal, Fatoumata Diene Sarr, Joseph F
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Assessment of the Performance of Lactate Dehydrogenase-Based Rapid Diagnostic Test for Malaria in Djibouti in 2022–2023
Rahma Abdi Moussa, Nasserdine Papa Mze, Houssein Yonis Arreh, Aicha Abdillahi Hamoud, Kahiya Mohamed Alaleh, Fatouma Mohamed Aden, Abdoul-Razak Yonis Omar, Warsama Osman Abdi, Samatar Kayad Guelleh, Abdoul-Ilah Ahmed Abdi, Leonardo K. Basco, Bouh Abdi Kha
Diagnostics.2024; 14(3): 262. CrossRef
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Tolulope Adeyemi Kayode, Agyapong Kofi Addo, Thomas Kwame Addison, Austine Tweneboah, Stephen Opoku Afriyie, Dawood Ackom Abbas, Ayesha Seth, Abraham K. Badu-Tawiah, Kingsley Badu, Cristian Koepfli
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Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests: Literary Review and Recommendation for a Quality Assurance, Quality Control Algorithm
Michael J. Kavanaugh, Steven E. Azzam, David M. Rockabrand
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Rapid diagnostic tests forPlasmodium vivaxmalaria in endemic countries
Ridhi Agarwal, Leslie Choi, Samuel Johnson, Yemisi Takwoingi
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Status of common parasitic diseases in Korea in 2019
Sun Huh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2019; 62(8): 437. CrossRef

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9 Web of Science
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The Effect of ABO Blood Groups, Hemoglobinopathy, and Heme Oxygenase-1 Polymorphisms on Malaria Susceptibility and Severity: Jiraporn Kuesap, Kesara Na-Bangchang; Korean J Parasito 2018;56(2):167-173.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.167

Abstract
PDF

Malaria is one of the most important public health problems in tropical areas on the globe. Several factors are associated with susceptibility to malaria and disease severity, including innate immunity such as blood group, hemoglobinopathy, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) polymorphisms. This study was carried out to investigate association among ABO blood group, thalassemia types and HO-1 polymorphisms in malaria. The malarial blood samples were collected from patients along the Thai-Myanmar border. Determination of ABO blood group, thalassemia variants, and HO-1 polymorphisms were performed using agglutination test, low pressure liquid chromatography and polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Plasmodium vivax was the major infected malaria species in the study samples. Distribution of ABO blood type in the malaria-infected samples was similar to that in healthy subjects, of which blood type O being most prevalent. Association between blood group A and decreased risk of severe malaria was significant. Six thalassemia types (30%) were detected, i.e., hemoglobin E (HbE), β-thalassemia, α-thalassemia 1, α-thalassemia 2, HbE with α-thalassemia 2, and β-thalassemia with α-thalassemia 2. Malaria infected samples without thalassemia showed significantly higher risk to severe malaria. The prevalence of HO-1 polymorphisms, S/S, S/L and L/L were 25, 62, and 13%, respectively. Further study with larger sample size is required to confirm the impact of these 3 host genetic factors in malaria patients.

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Exploring the functional and immune landscape of E-β thalassemia patients through RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Nibedita Mitra, Prosanto Chowdhury, Anupam Basu
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Prevalence and Association of Malaria With ABO Blood Groups in Bosaso City, Puntland, Somalia: A Cross‐Sectional Study
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Azeez Oyemomi IBRAHIM, Tosin Anthony Agbesanwa, Shuaib Kayode AREMU, Ibrahim Sebutu BELLO, Olayide Toyin ELEGBEDE, Olusegun Emmanuel GABRIEL-ALAYODE, Oluwaserimi Adewumi AJETUNMOBI, Kayode Rasaq ADEWOYE, Temitope Moronkeji OLANREWAJU, Ebenezer Kayode ARIY
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Histidine-rich protein II nanoparticle delivery of heme iron load drives endothelial inflammation in cerebral malaria
Suong T. Nguyen, Daniel Du, Daniel Wychrij, Matthew D. Cain, Qingping Wu, Robyn S. Klein, Ilaria Russo, Daniel E. Goldberg
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Genotyping of ABO and Duffy blood groups among malaria patients in Thailand
Phattharaphon Hongfongfa, Jiraporn Kuesap
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2022; 46(1): 178. CrossRef
HMOX1 genetic polymorphisms and outcomes in infectious disease: A systematic review
Fergus W. Hamilton, Julia Somers, Ruth E. Mitchell, Peter Ghazal, Nicholas J. Timpson, Srinivas Mummidi
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(5): e0267399. CrossRef
The Clinical Utility of ABO and RHD Systems as Potential Indicators of Health Status, a Preliminary Study in Greek Population
Evgenia Lymperaki, Evangelia Stalika, George Tzavelas, Efthymia Tormpantoni, Diana Samara, Eleni Vagdatli, Ioannis Tsamesidis
Clinics and Practice.2022; 12(3): 406. CrossRef
Contribution of genetic factors to high rates of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia on the Thailand-Myanmar border
Germana Bancone, Gornpan Gornsawun, Pimnara Peerawaranun, Penporn Penpitchaporn, Moo Kho Paw, Day Day Poe, December Win, Naw Cicelia, Mavuto Mukaka, Laypaw Archasuksan, Laurence Thielemans, Francois Nosten, Nicholas J. White, Rose McGready, Verena I. Carr
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Malaria infection and its association with socio-demographics, preventive measures, and co-morbid ailments among adult febrile patients in rural Southwestern Nigeria: A cross-sectional study
Azeez Oyemomi Ibrahim, Ibrahim Sebutu Bello, Olabode Muftau Shabi, Adejumoke Oluwatosin Omonijo, Abayomi Ayodapo, Babatunde Adeola Afolabi
SAGE Open Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
HMOX1 STR polymorphism and malaria: an analysis of a large clinical dataset
Fergus Hamilton, Ruth Mitchell, Aubrey Cunnington, Peter Ghazal, Nicholas J. Timpson
Malaria Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Linkages between blood groups and malaria susceptibility
Minu Nain, Amit Sharma
Journal of Vector Borne Diseases.2022; 59(3): 193. CrossRef
AB Blood Group Confers Higher Risk for Primary Brain Tumors in Pediatrics
Abdulrahman Al Shudifat, Hala Al Suqi, Kutada Soub, Leen Al Nemrawi, Moa’tasem Abu Jaber, Mohammad Al Barbarawi, Nour Shewaikani, Yazan El Adwan, Assem Al Refaei
Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2021; Volume 14: 4031. CrossRef
High susceptibility to severe malaria among patients with A blood group versus those with O blood group
Serge Tonen-Wolyec, Salomon Batina-Agasa
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Effects of IgG and IgM autoantibodies on non-infected erythrocytes is related to ABO blood group in Plasmodium vivax malaria and is associated with anemia
Luiza Carvalho Mourão, Camila Maia Pantuzzo Medeiros, Gustavo Pereira Cardoso-Oliveira, Paula Magda da Silva Roma, Jamila da Silva Sultane Aboobacar, Beatriz Carolina Medeiros Rodrigues, Ubirajara Agero, Cor Jesus Fernandes Fontes, Érika Martins Braga
Microbes and Infection.2020; 22(8): 379. CrossRef
There will be blood
Sophia Häfner
Microbes and Infection.2020; 22(9): 385. CrossRef

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Unraveling Haplotype Diversity of the Apical Membrane Antigen-1 Gene in Plasmodium falciparum Populations in Thailand: Lalita Lumkul, Vorthon Sawaswong, Phumin Simpalipan, Morakot Kaewthamasorn, Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn, Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat; Korean J Parasito 2018;56(2):153-165.
Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.153

Development of an effective vaccine is critically needed for the prevention of malaria. One of the key antigens for malaria vaccines is the apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the surface protein for erythrocyte invasion of the parasite. The gene encoding AMA-1 has been sequenced from populations of P. falciparum worldwide, but the haplotype diversity of the gene in P. falciparum populations in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), including Thailand, remains to be characterized. In the present study, the AMA-1 gene was PCR amplified and sequenced from the genomic DNA of 65 P. falciparum isolates from 5 endemic areas in Thailand. The nearly fulllength 1,848 nucleotide sequence of AMA-1 was subjected to molecular analyses, including nucleotide sequence diversity, haplotype diversity and deduced amino acid sequence diversity and neutrality tests. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise population differentiation (F_st indices) were performed to infer the population structure. The analyses identified 60 single nucleotide polymorphic loci, predominately located in domain I of AMA-1. A total of 31 unique AMA-1 haplotypes were identified, which included 11 novel ones. The phylogenetic tree of the AMA-1 haplotypes revealed multiple clades of AMA-1, each of which contained parasites of multiple geographical origins, consistent with the Fst indices indicating genetic homogeneity or gene flow among geographically distinct populations of P. falciparum in Thailand’s borders with Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia. In summary, the study revealed novel haplotypes and population structure needed for the further advancement of AMA-1-based malaria vaccines in the GMS.

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Genetic diversity and natural selection of apical membrane antigen-1 (ama-1) in Cameroonian Plasmodium falciparum isolates
Joseph Hawadak, Loick Pradel Kojom Foko, Rodrigue Roman Dongang Nana, Karmveer Yadav, Veena Pande, Aparup Das, Vineeta Singh
Gene.2024; 894: 147956. CrossRef
Genetic polymorphism and natural selection of the erythrocyte binding antigen 175 region II in Plasmodium falciparum populations from Myanmar and Vietnam
Tuấn Cường Võ, Hương Giang Lê, Jung-Mi Kang, Haung Naw, Won Gi Yoo, Moe Kyaw Myint, Huynh Hong Quang, Byoung-Kuk Na
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum AMA-1 antigen from the Northeast Indian state of Tripura and comparison with global sequences: implications for vaccine development
Tulika Nirmolia, Md. Atique Ahmed, Vinayagam Sathishkumar, Nilanju P. Sarma, Dibya R. Bhattacharyya, Pradyumna K. Mohapatra, Devendra Bansal, Praveen K. Bharti, Rakesh Sehgal, Jagadish Mahanta, Ali A. Sultan, Kanwar Narain, Saurav J. Patgiri
Malaria Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Global diversity of the gene encoding the Pfs25 protein—a Plasmodium falciparum transmission-blocking vaccine candidate
Pornpawee Sookpongthai, Korawich Utayopas, Thassanai Sitthiyotha, Theerakamol Pengsakul, Morakot Kaewthamasorn, Kittikhun Wangkanont, Pongchai Harnyuttanakorn, Surasak Chunsrivirot, Sittiporn Pattaradilokrat
Parasites & Vectors.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Diversify and Conquer: The Vaccine Escapism of Plasmodium falciparum
Alena Pance
Microorganisms.2020; 8(11): 1748. CrossRef
Plasmodium falciparum Blood Stage Antimalarial Vaccines: An Analysis of Ongoing Clinical Trials and New Perspectives Related to Synthetic Vaccines
David Ricardo Salamanca, Marcela Gómez, Anny Camargo, Laura Cuy-Chaparro, Jessica Molina-Franky, César Reyes, Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo, Manuel Elkin Patarroyo
Frontiers in Microbiology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Genotyping genetically heterogeneousCyclospora cayetanensisinfections to complement epidemiological case linkage
Joel L. N. Barratt, Subin Park, Fernanda S. Nascimento, Jessica Hofstetter, Mateusz Plucinski, Shannon Casillas, Richard S. Bradbury, Michael J. Arrowood, Yvonne Qvarnstrom, Eldin Talundzic
Parasitology.2019; 146(10): 1275. CrossRef
Reverse immunodynamics: a new method for identifying targets of protective immunity
Katrina J. Spensley, Paul S. Wikramaratna, Bridget S. Penman, Andrew Walker, Adrian L. Smith, Oliver G. Pybus, Létitia Jean, Sunetra Gupta, José Lourenço
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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8 Web of Science
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An Alternative Method for Extracting Plasmodium DNA from EDTA Whole Blood for Malaria Diagnosis: Krongkaew Seesui, Kanokwan Imtawil, Phimphakon Chanetmahun, Porntip Laummaunwai, Thidarut Boonmars; Korean J Parasito 2018;56(1):25-32.
Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2018.56.1.25

Abstract
PDF

Molecular techniques have been introduced for malaria diagnosis because they offer greater sensitivity and specificity than microscopic examinations. Therefore, DNA isolation methods have been developed for easy preparation and cost effectiveness. The present study described a simple protocol for Plasmodium DNA isolation from EDTA-whole blood. This study demonstrated that after heating infected blood samples with Tris?EDTA buffer and proteinase K solution, without isolation and purification steps, the supernatant can be used as a DNA template for amplification by PCR. The sensitivity of the extracted DNA of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax was separately analyzed by both PCR and semi-nested PCR (Sn-PCR). The results revealed that for PCR the limit of detection was 40 parasites/μl for P. falciparum and 35.2 parasites/μl for P. vivax, whereas for Sn-PCR the limit of detection was 1.6 parasites/μl for P. falciparum and 1.4 parasites/μl for P. vivax. This new method was then verified by DNA extraction of whole blood from 11 asymptomatic Myanmar migrant workers and analyzed by Sn-PCR. The results revealed that DNA can be extracted from all samples, and there were 2 positive samples for Plasmodium (P. falciparum and P. vivax). Therefore, the protocol can be an alternative method for DNA extraction in laboratories with limited resources and a lack of trained technicians for malaria diagnosis. In addition, this protocol can be applied for subclinical cases, and this will be helpful for epidemiology and control.

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Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease.2023; 8(8): 389. CrossRef
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Roland Dieki, Elsa-Rush Eyang-Assengone, Patrice Makouloutou-Nzassi, Félicien Bangueboussa, Edouard Nsi Emvo, Jean Paul Akue, Ricardo Santos
PLOS ONE.2022; 17(3): e0265582. CrossRef
Protein abundance and folding rather than the redox state of Kelch13 determine the artemisinin susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum
Robin Schumann, Eileen Bischoff, Severina Klaus, Sophie Möhring, Julia Flock, Sandro Keller, Kim Remans, Markus Ganter, Marcel Deponte
Redox Biology.2021; 48: 102177. CrossRef

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Brief Communication

Antimalarial Activity of C-10 Substituted Triazolyl Artemisinin: Gab-Man Park, Hyun Park, Sangtae Oh, Seokjoon Lee; Korean J Parasito 2017;55(6):661-665.
Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.661

Abstract
PDF

We synthesized C-10 substituted triazolyl artemisinins by the Huisgen cycloaddition reaction between dihydroartemisinins (2) and variously substituted 1, 2, 3-triazoles (8a-8h). The antimalarial activities of 32 novel artemisinin derivatives were screened against a chloroquine-resistant parasite. Among them, triazolyl artemisinins with electron-withdrawing groups showed stronger antimalarial activities than those shown by the derivatives having electron-donating groups. In particularly, m-chlorotriazolyl artemisinin (9d-12d) showed antimalarial activity equivalent to that of artemisinin and could be a strong drug candidate.

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Novel frontiers through nitrogen substitution at 6th, 10th and 11th position of artemisinin: Synthetic approaches and antimalarial activity
Priyanka Yadav, Varun Rawat, Shalini Kaushik Love, Ved Prakash Verma
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2025; 281: 117032. CrossRef
Identification of potential bi-triazole based antimalarial compounds and their effects against asexual stages of Plasmodium isolates
Marcinete Latorre Almeida, Leandro do Nascimento Martinez, Welington da Silva Paula do Nascimento, Guilherme Matos Passarini, Daniel Sol Sol de Medeiros, Minelly Azevedo da Silva, Saara Neri Fialho, Amália do Santos Ferreira, Norton Rubens Diunior Lucas P
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Ashmita Saha, Ayesha Aktar Khanam Choudhury, Nayana Adhikari, Surajit Kumar Ghosh, Anshul Shakya, Saurav Jyoti Patgiri, Udaya Pratap Singh, Hans Raj Bhat
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Current development of 1,2,3-triazole derived potential antimalarial scaffolds: Structure- activity relationship (SAR) and bioactive compounds
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European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2023; 259: 115699. CrossRef
Exploration of artemisinin derivatives and synthetic peroxides in antimalarial drug discovery research
Om P.S. Patel, Richard M. Beteck, Lesetja J. Legoabe
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2021; 213: 113193. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Isolation and Characterization of Vaccine Candidate Genes Including CSP and MSP1 in Plasmodium yoelii: Seon-Hee Kim, Young-An Bae, Ju-Young Seoh, Hyun-Jong Yang; Korean J Parasito 2017;55(3):255-265.
Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2017.55.3.255

Malaria is an infectious disease affecting humans, which is transmitted by the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes harboring sporozoites of parasitic protozoans belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Despite past achievements to control the protozoan disease, malaria still remains a significant health threat up to now. In this study, we cloned and characterized the full-unit Plasmodium yoelii genes encoding merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), circumsporozoite protein (CSP), and Duffy-binding protein (DBP), each of which can be applied for investigations to obtain potent protective vaccines in the rodent malaria model, due to their specific expression patterns during the parasite life cycle. Recombinant fragments corresponding to the middle and C-terminal regions of PyMSP1 and PyCSP, respectively, displayed strong reactivity against P. yoelii-infected mice sera. Specific native antigens invoking strong humoral immune response during the primary and secondary infections of P. yoelii were also abundantly detected in experimental ICR mice. The low or negligible parasitemia observed in the secondary infected mice was likely to result from the neutralizing action of the protective antibodies. Identification of these antigenic proteins might provide the necessary information and means to characterize additional vaccine candidate antigens, selected solely on their ability to produce the protective antibodies.

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Therapeutic Assessment of Primaquine for Radical Cure of Plasmodium vivax Malaria at Primary and Tertiary Care Centres in Southwestern India: Rishikesh Kumar, Vasudeva Guddattu, Kavitha Saravu; Korean J Parasito 2016;54(6):733-742.
Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.733

Abstract
PDF

Acquaintance is scanty on primaquine (PQ) efficacy and Plasmodium vivax recurrence in Udupi district, Karnataka, India. We assessed the efficacy of 14 days PQ regimen (0.25 mg/kg/day) to prevent P. vivax recurrence. Microscopically, aparasitemic adults (≥18 years) after acute vivax malaria on day 28 were re-enrolled into 15 months’ long follow-up study. A peripheral blood smear examination was performed with participants at every 1-2 month interval. A nested PCR test was performed to confirm the mono-infection with P. vivax. Of 114 participants, 28 (24.6%) recurred subsequently. The median (IQR) duration of the first recurrence was 3.1 (2.2-5.8) months which ranged from 1.2 to 15.1 months, including initial 28 days. Participants with history of vivax malaria had significantly higher risk of recurrence, with hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) of 2.62 (1.24-5.54) (P=0.012). Severity of disease (11.4%, 13/114) was not associated (P=1.00) with recurrence. Of 28 recurrence cases, the nPCR proved that P. vivax mono-infection recurrence rate was at least 72.7% (16/22) at first recurrence. In Udupi district, PQ dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day over 14 days seems inadequate to prevent recurrence in substantial proportion of vivax malaria. Patients with a history of vivax malaria are at high risk of recurrences.

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Automated reporting of primaquine dose efficacy, tolerability and safety for Plasmodium vivax malaria using a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
Peta Edler, Megha Rajasekhar, David J. Price, Ishag Adam, Ghulam Rahim Awab, Bridget E. Barber, Larissa W. Brasil, Nathália N. Chamma-Siqueira, Cindy S. Chu, Liwang Cui, André Daher, Margarete do Socorro M. Gomes, Lilia Gonzalez-Ceron, Matthew J. Grigg, H
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Plasmodium vivax elimination from India may need therapeutic efficacy studies - Informed shift to Artemisinin-based treatment
Meghavi Kathpalia, Loick P. Kojom Foko, Pragya Rawat, Rini Chaturvedi, Manju Rahi, Amit Sharma
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Effectiveness of an Unsupervised Primaquine Regimen for Preventing Plasmodium vivax Malaria Relapses in Northeast Myanmar: A Single-Arm Nonrandomized Observational Study
Pallavi Malla, Zenglei Wang, Awtum Brashear, Zhaoqing Yang, Eugenia Lo, Kevin Baird, Chengqi Wang, Liwang Cui
The Journal of Infectious Diseases.2024; 229(5): 1557. CrossRef
Burden and clinical characteristics of recurrent Plasmodium vivax infections, and impact of primaquine for radical cure: a systematic scoping review in India
Loick Pradel Kojom Foko, Vineeta Singh
Frontiers in Malaria.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Safety and efficacy of primaquine in patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria from South Asia: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
Reena Verma, Robert J Commons, Apoorv Gupta, Manju Rahi, Nitika, Praveen K Bharti, Kamala Thriemer, Megha Rajasekhar, Sauman Singh-Phulgenda, Bipin Adhikari, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Prakash Ghimire, Wasif A Khan, Rishikesh Kumar, Toby Leslie, Benedikt Ley
BMJ Global Health.2023; 8(12): e012675. CrossRef
Recurrence in Plasmodium vivax malaria: a prospective cohort study with long follow-up from a coastal region in South-West India
Divya Gandrala, Nitin Gupta, Alekhya Lavu, Vishnu Teja Nallapati, Vasudeva Guddattu, Kavitha Saravu
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Recurrence in Plasmodium vivax malaria: a prospective cohort study with long follow-up from a coastal region in South-West India
Divya Gandrala, Nitin Gupta, Alekhya Lavu, Vishnu Teja Nallapati, Vasudeva Guddattu, Kavitha Saravu
F1000Research.2022; 11: 279. CrossRef
Population Pharmacokinetics of Primaquine in the Korean Population
Woo-Yul Lee, Dong-Woo Chae, Choon-Ok Kim, Sang-Eun Lee, Yee-Gyung Kwak, Joon-Sup Yeom, Kyung-Soo Park
Pharmaceutics.2021; 13(5): 652. CrossRef
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Komal Raj Rijal, Bipin Adhikari, Prakash Ghimire, Megha Raj Banjara, Garib Das Thakur, Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn, Mallika Imwong, Kesinee Chotivanich, Nicholas P J Day, Nicholas J White, Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
The Journal of Infectious Diseases.2019; 220(3): 448. CrossRef
A pilot randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of two 14-day primaquine regimens for the radical cure of vivax malaria in South India
Kavitha Saravu, Chaitanya Tellapragada, Shrivathsa Kulavalli, Wilbin Xavier, Shashikiran Umakanth, Gouthami Brahmarouphu, Navyasree Kola Srinivas, Jagadish Puralae Channabasavaiah, Anzil Bava, Abdul Vahab Saadi, Vasudev Guddattu, Kapaettu Satyamoorthy, Kr
Malaria Journal.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

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Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activities of Toad Venoms from Southern Amazon, Brazil: Felipe Finger Banfi, Karla de Sena Guedes, Carla Regina Andrighetti, Ana Carolina Aguiar, Bryan Wender Debiasi, Janaina da Costa Noronha, Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues, Gerardo Magela Vieira J?nior, Bruno Antonio Marinho Sanchez; Korean J Parasito 2016;54(4):415-421.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.415

Abstract
PDF

The drug-resistance of malaria parasites is the main problem in the disease control. The huge Brazilian biodiversity promotes the search for new compounds, where the animal kingdom is proving to be a promising source of bioactive compounds. The main
objective
of this study was to evaluate the antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of the compounds obtained from the toad venoms of Brazilian Amazon. Toad venoms were collected from the secretion of Rhinella marina and Rhaebo guttatus in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The powder was extracted at room temperature, yielding 2 extracts (RG and RM) and a substance (‘1’) identified as a bufadienolide, named telocinobufagin. Growth inhibition, intraerythrocytic development, and parasite morphology were evaluated in culture by microscopic observations of Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Cytotoxicity was determined against HepG2 and BGM cells by MTT and neutral red assays. The 2 extracts and the pure substance (‘1’) tested were active against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain, demonstrating lower IC₅₀ values. In cytotoxic tests, the 2 extracts and substance ‘1’ showed pronounced lethal effects on chloroquine-resistant P. faciparum strain and low cytotoxic effect, highlighting toad parotoid gland secretions as a promising source of novel lead antiplasmodial compounds.

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Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2024; 48(4): 831. CrossRef
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Mathilde Wells, Mathieu Fossépré, Stéphanie Hambye, Mathieu Surin, Bertrand Blankert
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Felipe Finger Banfi, Gabriela Camila Krombauer, Amanda Luisa da Fonseca, Renata Rachide Nunes, Silmara Nunes Andrade, Millena Alves de Rezende, Mariana Helena Chaves, Evaldo dos Santos Monção Filho, Alex Guterres Taranto, Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues, Gera
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Charline Lenaerts, Mathilde Wells, Stéphanie Hambÿe, Bertrand Blankert
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Biochemical and Biological Profile of Parotoid Secretion of the AmazonianRhinella marina(Anura: Bufonidae)
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Characteristics of Imported Malaria and Species of Plasmodium Involved in Shandong Province, China (2012-2014): Chao Xu, Qing-Kuan Wei, Jin Li, Ting Xiao, Kun Yin, Chang-Lei Zhao, Yong-Bin Wang, Xiang-Li Kong, Gui-Hua Zhao, Hui Sun, Xin Liu, Bing-Cheng Huang; Korean J Parasito 2016;54(4):407-414.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.407

Abstract
PDF

Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Shandong Province, China; therefore, it is important to explore the characteristics of the current malaria prevalence situation in the province. In this study, data of malaria cases reported in Shandong during 2012-2014 were analyzed, and Plasmodium species were confirmed by smear microscopy and nested-PCR. A total of 374 malaria cases were reported, 80.8% of which were reported from 6 prefectures. Of all cases, P. falciparum was dominant (81.3%), followed by P. vivax (11.8%); P. ovale and P. malariae together accounted for 6.4% of cases. Notably, for the first time since 2012, no indigenous case had been reported in Shandong Province, a situation that continued through 2014. Total 95.2% of cases were imported from Africa. The ratio of male/female was 92.5:1, and 96.8% of cases occurred in people 20-54 years of age. Farmers or laborers represented 77.5% of cases. No significant trends of monthly pattern were found in the reported cases. All patients were in good condition after treatment, except for 3 who died. These results indicate that imported malaria has increased significantly since 2012 in Shandong Province, especially for P. falciparum, and there is an emergence of species diversity.

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Toward the Elimination of Malaria in China: A Retrospective Analysis of Malaria-Endemic Characteristics and Prevention Effects in Yantai, Shandong Province, 1951 to 2017
Xiao Song, Yang Wang, Xiangli Kong, Haifang Wang, Xiaodan Huang, Hongmei Liu, Lijuan Liu, Xiuxia Guo, Chongxing Zhang, Yuqiang Zhao, Jingxuan Kou, Huaiwei Wang, Peng Cheng, Maoqing Gong
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.2020; 20(3): 197. CrossRef
The impact of imported malaria by gold miners in Roraima: characterizing the spatial dynamics of autochthonous and imported malaria in an urban region of Boa Vista
Jaime Louzada, Nathália Coelho Vargas de Almeida, Joao Luiz Pereira de Araujo, Júlio Silva, Thiago M Carvalho, Ananias A Escalante, Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular epidemiological surveillance of Africa and Asia imported malaria in Wuhan, Central China: comparison of diagnostic tools during 2011–2018
Yiting Xie, Kai Wu, Weijia Cheng, Tingting Jiang, Yi Yao, Mingxing Xu, Yan Yang, Huabing Tan, Jian Li
Malaria Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Misidentification of Plasmodium ovale as Plasmodium vivax malaria by a microscopic method: a meta-analysis of confirmed P. ovale cases
Manas Kotepui, Frederick Ramirez Masangkay, Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui, Giovanni De Jesus Milanez
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Monitoring and evaluation of intervals from onset of fever to diagnosis before “1-3-7” approach in malaria elimination: a retrospective study in Shanxi Province, China from 2013 to 2018
Ting Wang, Shui-Sen Zhou, Jun Feng, Myo Minn Oo, Jing Chen, Chang-Fu Yan, Yi Zhang, Ping Tie
Malaria Journal.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Surveillance of Antimalarial Resistance Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, and Pfkelch13 Polymorphisms in African Plasmodium falciparum imported to Shandong Province, China
Chao Xu, Qingkuan Wei, Kun Yin, Hui Sun, Jin Li, Ting Xiao, Xiangli Kong, Yongbin Wang, Guihua Zhao, Song Zhu, Jingxuan Kou, Ge Yan, Bingcheng Huang
Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiological analysis of 133 malaria cases in Shanxian county, Shandong Province, China
Qi-Qi Shi, Peng Cheng, Chong-Xing Zhang, Xiu-Xia Guo, Li-Juan Liu, Hai-Fang Wang, Jing-Xuan Kou, Xiao-Dan Huang, Huai-Wei Wang, Mao-Qing Gong
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine.2017; 10(8): 802. CrossRef

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Impact of Irrigation Extension on Malaria Transmission in Simret, Tigray, Ethiopia: Bonhee Chung; Korean J Parasito 2016;54(4):399-405.
Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.4.399

Abstract
PDF

Poor subsistence farmers who live in a semi-arid area of northern Ethiopia build irrigation systems to overcome water shortages. However, there is a high risk of malaria transmission when increased standing water provides more favorable habitats for mosquito breeding. This is a serious problem because there are many barriers to malaria control measures and health care systems in the area. Using a causal loop diagram and computer simulations, the author attempted to visually illustrate positive and negative feedbacks between mosquito and human populations in the context of Simret, which is a small village located in northern Ethiopia and is generally considered a malaria-free area. The simulation results show that the number of infectious mosquitos increases to 17,215 at its peak, accounting for 3.5% of potentially dangerous mosquitos. At the same time, the number of sick people increases to 574 at its peak, accounting for 15% of local population. The malaria outbreak is controlled largely because of a fixed number of vulnerable people or local population that acts as an intermediate host.

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Abas Mouliom, Fredline Ilorme, Joël Marcelin Ateba, Germaine Ekoyol, Jean Fotso, Jean Pierre Kidwang, Janvier Tchopwe, Sali Djele, Joel olivier Dzika, Estelle Essangui Same, Lawrence Ayong, Innocent Mbulli Ali, Else Carole Eboumbou Moukoko
Parasite Epidemiology and Control.2025; 31: e00464. CrossRef
Habitat Diversity, Stability, and Productivity of Malaria Vectors in Irrigated and Nonirrigated Ecosystems in Western Kenya
Pauline Winnie Orondo, Xiaoming Wang, Ming-Chieh Lee, Steven G Nyanjom, Harrysone Atieli, Benyl M Ondeto, Kevin O Ochwedo, Collince J Omondi, Wilfred Ouma Otambo, Guofa Zhou, Daibin Zhong, Andrew K Githeko, James W Kazura, Guiyun Yan, Athanase Badolo
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Mady Cissoko, Issaka Sagara, Moussa H. Sankaré, Sokhna Dieng, Abdoulaye Guindo, Zoumana Doumbia, Balam Allasseini, Diahara Traore, Seydou Fomba, Marc Karim Bendiane, Jordi Landier, Nadine Dessay, Jean Gaudart
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(11): 3982. CrossRef

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Imported Malaria over Fifteen Years in an Inner City Teaching Hospital of Washington DC: Sri Lakshmi Hyndavi Yeruva, Archana Sinha, Mariam Sarraf-Yazdy, Jhansi Gajjala; Korean J Parasito 2016;54(3):261-264.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.261

Abstract
PDF

As endemic malaria is not commonly seen in the United States, most of the cases diagnosed and reported are associated with travel to and from the endemic places of malaria. As the number of imported cases of malaria has been increasing since 1973, it is important to look into these cases to study the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease in the United States. In this study, we would like to share our experience in diagnosing and treating these patients at our institution. We did a retrospective chart review of 37 cases with a documented history of imported malaria from 1998 to 2012. Among them, 16 patients had complicated malaria during that study period, with a mean length of hospital stay of 3.5 days. Most common place of travel was Africa, and chemoprophylaxis was taken by only 11% of patients. Travel history plays a critical role in suspecting the diagnosis and in initiating prompt treatment.

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Aongart Mahittikorn, Wanida Mala, Polrat Wilairatana, Sukhontha Siri, Frederick Ramirez Masangkay, Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui, Manas Kotepui
Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease.2022; 49: 102408. CrossRef
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Sandip K. Patel, Nishant Rajora, Saurabh Kumar, Aditi Sahu, Sanjay K. Kochar, C. Murali Krishna, Sanjeeva Srivastava
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Effective High-Throughput Blood Pooling Strategy before DNA Extraction for Detection of Malaria in Low-Transmission Settings: Myat Htut Nyunt, Myat Phone Kyaw, Kyaw Zin Thant, Thinzer Shein, Soe Soe Han, Ni Ni Zaw, Jin-Hee Han, Seong-Kyun Lee, Fauzi Muh, Jung-Yeon Kim, Shin-Hyeong Cho, Sang-Eun Lee, Eun-Jeong Yang, Chulhun L. Chang, Eun-Taek Han; Korean J Parasito 2016;54(3):253-259.
Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2016.54.3.253

Abstract
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In the era of (pre) elimination setting, the prevalence of malaria has been decreasing in most of the previously endemic areas. Therefore, effective cost- and time-saving validated pooling strategy is needed for detection of malaria in low transmission settings. In this study, optimal pooling numbers and lowest detection limit were assessed using known density samples prepared systematically, followed by genomic DNA extraction and nested PCR. Pooling strategy that composed of 10 samples in 1 pool, 20 ?l in 1 sample, was optimal, and the parasite density as low as 2 p/?l for both falciparum and vivax infection was enough for detection of malaria. This pooling method showed effectiveness for handling of a huge number of samples in low transmission settings (<9% positive rate). The results indicated that pooling of the blood samples before DNA extraction followed by usual nested PCR is useful and effective for detection of malaria in screening of hidden cases in low-transmission settings.

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Estimation on local transmission of malaria by serological approach under low transmission setting in Myanmar
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Current Status of Standard Diagnostics and Treatment for Malaria, Tuberculosis, and Hepatitis in Myanmar
Eun-Taek Han, Jong-Seok Lee, Jae-Hun Cheong, Chulhun L. Chang, Myat Htut Nyunt, Wah Wah Aung, Yi Yi Kyaw, Kyaw Zin Thant
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Mini Review

Plasmodium knowlesi as a Threat to Global Public Health: Roland Wesolowski, Alina Wozniak, Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska, Karolina Szewczyk-Golec; Korean J Parasito 2015;53(5):575-581.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.575

Abstract
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Malaria is a tropical disease caused by protozoans of the Plasmodium genus. Delayed diagnosis and misdiagnosis are strongly associated with higher mortality. In recent years, a greater importance is attributed to Plasmodium knowlesi, a species found mainly in Southeast Asia. Routine parasitological diagnostics are associated with certain limitations and difficulties in unambiguous determination of the parasite species based only on microscopic image. Recently, molecular techniques have been increasingly used for predictive diagnosis. The aim of the study is to draw attention to the risk of travelling to knowlesi malaria endemic areas and to raise awareness among personnel involved in the therapeutic process.

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J. Divyaparvathy, Harishma Ramesh
Indian Journal of Community Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics uncovers distinct metabolic signatures and potential therapeutic targets in Plasmodium knowlesi
Naphatsamon Uthailak, Sadudee Chotirat, Ammarind Anatjitsupha, Waraporn Thongyod, Phornpimon Tipthara, Jetsumon Sattabongkot, Joel Tarning, Wang Nguitragool, Onrapak Reamtong, Érika Martins Braga
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Nurul Athirah Naserrudin, Rozita Hod, Mohammad Saffree Jeffree, Kamruddin Ahmed, Mohd Rohaizat Hassan
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N R Puetri, Y Fahrimal, Farida, Salmiaty
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Articles from Symposium on Control of NTDs around Lake Victoria, Tanzania

High Malaria Prevalence among Schoolchildren on Kome Island, Tanzania: Min-Jae Kim, Bong-Kwang Jung, Jong-Yil Chai, Keeseon S. Eom, Tai-Soon Yong, Duk-Young Min, Julius E. Siza, Godfrey M. Kaatano, Josephat Kuboza, Peter Mnyeshi, John M. Changalucha, Yunsuk Ko, Su Young Chang, Han-Jong Rim; Korean J Parasito 2015;53(5):571-574.
Published online October 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.571

Abstract
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In order to determine the status of malaria among schoolchildren on Kome Island (Lake Victoria), near Mwanza, Tanzania, a total of 244 schoolchildren in 10 primary schools were subjected to a blood survey using the fingerprick method. The subjected schoolchildren were 123 boys and 121 girls who were 6-8 years of age. Only 1 blood smear was prepared for each child. The overall prevalence of malaria was 38.1% (93 positives), and sex difference was not remarkable. However, the positive rate was the highest in Izindabo Primary School (51.4%) followed by Isenyi Primary School (48.3%) and Bugoro Primary School (46.7%). The lowest prevalence was found in Muungano Primary School (16.7%) and Nyamiswi Primary School (16.7%). These differences were highly correlated with the location of the school on the Island; those located in the peripheral area revealed higher prevalences while those located in the central area showed lower prevalences. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species (38.1%; 93/244), with a small proportion of them mixed-infected with Plasmodium vivax (1.6%; 4/244). The results revealed that malaria is highly prevalent among primary schoolchildren on Kome Island, Tanzania, and there is an urgent need to control malaria in this area.

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Malaria Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Similar Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Non–P. falciparum Malaria Infections among Schoolchildren, Tanzania1
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Talal S. Alwajeeh, Rashad Abdul-Ghani, Amal F. Allam, Hoda F. Farag, Safia S. M. Khalil, Amel Y. Shehab, Mona H. El-Sayad, Raed A. Alharbi, Shaia S. R. Almalki, Ahmed A. Azazy
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PLOS ONE.2017; 12(5): e0176982. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Effect of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor R115777 on Mitochondria of Plasmodium falciparum: Young Ran Ha, Bae-Geun Hwang, Yeonchul Hong, Hye-Won Yang, Sang Joon Lee; Korean J Parasito 2015;53(4):421-430.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.421

Abstract
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The parasite Plasmodium falciparum causes severe malaria and is the most dangerous to humans. However, it exhibits resistance to their drugs. Farnesyltransferase has been identified in pathogenic protozoa of the genera Plasmodium and the target of farnesyltransferase includes Ras family. Therefore, the inhibition of farnesyltransferase has been suggested as a new strategy for the treatment of malaria. However, the exact functional mechanism of this agent is still unknown. In addition, the effect of farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTIs) on mitochondrial level of malaria parasites is not fully understood. In this study, therefore, the effect of a FTI R115777 on the function of mitochondria of P. falciparum was investigated experimentally. As a result, FTI R115777 was found to suppress the infection rate of malaria parasites under in vitro condition. It also reduces the copy number of mtDNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase III. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the green fluorescence intensity of MitoTracker were decreased by FTI R115777. Chloroquine and atovaquone were measured by the mtDNA copy number as mitochondrial non-specific or specific inhibitor, respectively. Chloroquine did not affect the copy number of mtDNA-encoded cytochrome c oxidase III, while atovaquone induced to change the mtDNA copy number. These results suggest that FTI R115777 has strong influence on the mitochondrial function of P. falciparum. It may have therapeutic potential for malaria by targeting the mitochondria of parasites.

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Allelic Diversity of MSP1 Gene in Plasmodium falciparum from Rural and Urban Areas of Gabon: Denise Patricia Mawili-Mboumba, No? Mbondoukwe, Elvire Adande, Marielle Karine Bouyou-Akotet; Korean J Parasito 2015;53(4):413-419.
Published online August 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.413

Abstract
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The present study determined and compared the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum strains infecting children living in 2 areas from Gabon with different malaria endemicity. Blood samples were collected from febrile children from 2008 to 2009 in 2 health centres from rural (Oyem) and urban (Owendo) areas. Genetic diversity was determined in P. falciparum isolates by analyzing the merozoite surface protein-1 (msp1) gene polymorphism using nested-PCR. Overall, 168 children with mild falciparum malaria were included. K1, Ro33, and Mad20 alleles were found in 110 (65.5%), 94 (55.9%), and 35 (20.8%) isolates, respectively, without difference according to the site (P>0.05). Allelic families’ frequencies were comparable between children less than 5 years old from the 2 sites; while among the older children the proportions of Ro33 and Mad20 alleles were 1.7 to 2.0 fold higher at Oyem. Thirty-three different alleles were detected, 16 (48.5%) were common to both sites, and 10 out of the 17 specific alleles were found at Oyem. Furthermore, multiple infection carriers were frequent at Oyem (57.7% vs 42.2% at Owendo; P=0.04) where the complexity of infection was of 1.88 (±0.95) higher compared to that found at Owendo (1.55±0.75). Extended genetic diversity of P. falciparum strains infecting Gabonese symptomatic children and high multiplicity of infections were observed in rural area. Alleles common to the 2 sites were frequent; the site-specific alleles predominated in the rural area. Such distribution of the alleles should be taken into accounts when designing MSP1 or MSP2 malaria vaccine.

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J.M. Ndong Ngomo, N.P. M’Bondoukwe, W. Yavo, L.C. Bongho Mavoungou, M.K. Bouyou-Akotet, D.P. Mawili-Mboumba
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Roland I. Funwei, Bolaji N. Thomas, Catherine O. Falade, Olusola Ojurongbe
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